1、China-Africa Business Council 3rd Floor,Building 27,ABP Block 18,No.188 S4th Ring W Rd,Fengtai District,Beijing,P.R.China 100070Web:Email:Tel:0086-10-6416 9865This report is a work of the staff of China-Africa Business Council with external contributors.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions e

2、xpressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the China-Africa Business Council,its board members,or the Chinese government.However,there may be area that need further verification.Due to potential misunderstandings caused by translation,please refer to the original text.We welcome a

3、nd will appreciate any correction in the report.You may quote,download,or print this manuscript for personal use,and you may include passage from this publication in your own documents,blogs,websites and other materials.Please identify the source as China-Africa Business Council.Preface.IAbbreviatio

4、ns.IIIExecutive Summary.VChapter 1 Achievements of Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects.11.1 Chinese enterprises extensive and diversified investment in Africa.11.1.1 Steady growth in investment cooperation.11.1.2 Investment projects taking roots.21.1.3 Continued broadeni

5、ng of investment areas.51.2 Chinese enterprises investments and Foreign Direct Investment in Africa:analysis and prospects.61.2.1 Model selection and basic set up of analysis.61.2.2 Data modelling and predictive effectiveness analysis.71.2.3 Predictive analysis of investment in Africa by Chinese ent

6、erprises and investment absorption by African countries.81.3 Three major features of Chinese enterprises contribution to Africas industrialization.131.3.1 Investment in infrastructure strengthens the foundations for industrialization and development.131.3.2 Market-oriented investment improves local

7、industrialization systems.141.3.3 Investing in new fields promotes industrial transformation,upgrading and efficiency gains.15Chapter 2 Supporting the Industrialization of Africa:Mechanisms,Dynamics and Innovation in China-Africa Industrial Cooperation.192.1 Mechanisms and paths of China-Africa indu

8、strial cooperation.192.1.1 Innovative cooperation mechanisms.192.1.2 Promoting trade and investment.212.1.3 Improvement in infrastructure.232.1.4 Cultivating industrial talent.24Contents2.2 Complementarities and dynamics of China-Africa industrial cooperation.262.2.1 Complementarity of industries an

9、d structures.262.2.2 Complementarity of resources and markets.272.2.3 Complementarity of knowledge and technology.282.3 Innovation in China-Africa industrial cooperation from the perspective of new quality productive forces.302.3.1 Leading industrial transformation through technological cooperation

10、and innovation.302.3.2 Promoting industrial upgrading with innovation in the digital economy.322.3.3 Improving investment returns with innovations in financial cooperation.33Chapter 3 Catalyzing Industrialization in Africa Through Targeted Investment Cooperation With China.373.1 Africas position in

11、the global value chain:challenges and opportunities.373.1.1 Africas manufacturing landscape and opportunities.373.1.2 Significance of manufacturing in Africas economic transformation.393.2 Africas sunrise sectors/industries and implications for future investment.403.2.1 Africas sunrise industries an

12、d their impacts to Africas industrialization.403.2.2 Comparative analysis of production and investment opportunities.603.3 Recommendations for Chinese stakeholders in promoting Africas industrialization.683.3.1 Harness existing complementary capacities to build localized supply chains 683.3.2 Antici

13、pate and capitalize on future demand and market dynamics within Africa.693.3.3 Strategic early entry into emerging hubs.693.3.4 Enhance regional infrastructure and connectivity.69Chapter 4 Business Climate Trajectories in Africa:Dynamics,Challenges and Opportunities by Region.714.1 Dynamism and inte

14、gration:West Africa in the era of reforms and modern infrastructure.724.1.1 Political,economic and infrastructural prerequisites in West Africa.724.1.2 Proactive governance and voluntarism:the reforming momentum for the business climate in West Africa.73III4.1.3 Ease of doing business:a competitiven

15、ess issue and a differentiating factor between countries.754.2 Central Africa:a new economic breath of life through integration and harmonization of policies.764.2.1 Considerable economic potential,but integration could be improved.774.2.2 Efforts to improve the business climate.784.3 Southern Afric

16、a:economic diversification and bold reforms for a competitive business environment.814.3.1 Economic and infrastructural developments.814.3.2 Structural reforms and incentive policies for enhanced economic attractiveness.824.4 East Africa:inclusive growth,ambitious reforms and regional integration.84

17、4.4.1 Strong economic foundations and growing regional integration.844.4.2 A changing business environment.854.5 North Africa:economic transformation and strategic reforms for an attractive business climate.874.5.1 Favorable economic conditions .884.5.2 Reforms for transparency and administrative ef

18、ficiency.884.6 China and Africa:a transformative partnership for the continents business climate.904.6.1 Evolution of Chinese FDI in Africa.914.6.2 Structuring Chinese initiatives for the African business climate.914.6.3 Impact of Chinese investments on the continents business climate .924.6.4 Futur

19、e prospects and new dynamics.92Chapter 5 The Future of China-Africa Engagement in Financial Cooperation.955.1 Incentives and drivers of Chinas investments in Africa.955.1.1 Key factors in promoting Africas industrialization .955.1.2 Aricas urgent needs addressing food crisis.965.1.3 Africas request

20、to narrow trade deficit.975.1.4 Africas effective measures to lower debt burden.985.1.5 Vision to an integrated African market.985.2 Methods and directions for financial cooperation.995.2.1 Promoting Africas industrialization.995.2.2 Supporting the modernization of Africas agriculture .1005.2.3 Expa

21、nding exports of African products to China .102IV5.2.4 Assisting clean energy transition.1045.3 Future of China-Africa financial cooperation.1055.3.1 Challenges of Africas economic revival.1055.3.2 Principles of China-Africa financial cooperation.106Concluding Remarks.107Annex.109Index.113Corporate/

22、Economic Zone Information.117Bibliography.119Acknowledgements.123Preface IThe trade,economic and investment cooperation between China and Africa entered a new stage of development in 2024.Since the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)was launched in 2000,notable progress has been made in trade,e

23、conomic and investment cooperation between the two sides,registering a significant growth in bilateral trade and investment.In particular,China has played a critical role investing in Africas infrastructure development,offering solutions for key issues holding Africa back from reaching its full deve

24、lopment potential.The Eight Major Initiatives proposed at the FOCAC 2018 Beijing Summit,which was held in Beijing in September 2018,the Nine Programs proposed at the 8th FOCAC Ministerial Conference,held in Dakar in November 2021,and the Initiative on Supporting Africas Industrialization launched at

25、 the China-Africa Leaders Dialogue,held in Johannesburg in August 2023,have guided and driven a number of competent Chinese enterprises to invest in various production sectors in Africa,and consequently enhanced the productivity of local manufacturing.In 2024,domestic economic reforms in China and A

26、frican countries are further advanced while the global economic conditions are constantly changing.Under this backdrop,the next meeting of FOCAC will be held soon and trade,economic and investment cooperation between China and Africa will usher in a new cycle,across more areas,and deliver more new r

27、esults.The friendship between China and Africa will be carried forward from generation to generation and bring actual benefits to the peoples of the two sides.Looking back at the past three years,the trade,economic and investment cooperation between China and Africa,in which Chinese enterprises play

28、ed an important part,has been dynamic and constantly developing.Despite the challenges brought about by the COVID-19,Chinese enterprises have been transforming and upgrading their investment structure in Africa and bringing new capital and technology to the continents emerging industries.The develop

29、ment of China-Africa Business Council(CABC)member companies presents a vivid picture of the sectorial shift of the investment made by Chinese private enterprises in Africa:from the four traditional investment attracting industries,i.e.manufacturing,infrastructure,industrial parks and trade,to new ar

30、enas such as health care,transportation and logistics,e-commerce and the processing of agricultural products.Meanwhile,Africa has been proactively improving its business environment to attract more Chinese investment.Chinas model of reform and opening up and attracting foreign investment shows that

31、active government support for foreign investors,the training and retraining of local employees,and the stabilizing of foreign exchange markets and rates are all efficient ways to improve the business environment.The ultimate goal,of course,is to enhance the competitiveness of attracting foreign inve

32、stment.In these respects,the governments of African PrefaceIIPreface countries have worked to see that the market plays the leading role,introduced a series of policies to attract foreign investment,continued to accelerate the integration of the African Continental Free Trade Area(AfCFTA),and at the

33、 same time,continuously promoted the efficiency of government services.These measures will create a more enabling environment for Chinese enterprises to invest and grow in Africa.The 2024 meeting of FOCAC will be held in Beijing this autumn.Completing the research and preparation of the Chinese Inve

34、stment in Africa 2024 report before this historically significant event is timely and highly relevant.We hope that this report will not only help foster pragmatic trade,economic and investment cooperation between China and Africa,which suits the realities of Africa,promotes the diversified economic

35、development of the continent and enhances its development capacity,but also create an international platform for the world to learn about and showcase the achievements and potential of China-Africa business cooperation.Ding Jianlin Executive Chairman of CABC;Chairman and General Manager of Zhejiang

36、Financial Assets ExchangeWu Yanmin Chairman of CABC;President of Wynca GroupWang Jiandong Executive Chairman of CABC;Chairman of the Board of Fang Tongzhou HoldingsAbbreviations IIIAAAMAfrican Association of Automotive ManufacturersACFICAll-China Federation of Industry and CommerceAESAlliance of Sah

37、el StatesAFAPAfrican Fertiliser and Agribusiness PartnershipAfCFTAAfrican Continental Free Trade AreaAfDBAfrican Development Bank GroupAPIExInvestment and Exports Promotion AgencyAPIPPrivate Investment Promotion AgencyAPIXAgency for the Promotion of Investments and Large ProjectsARISE IIPARISE Integ

38、rated Industrial PlatformsAUAfrican UnionAUDA-NEPADAfrican Union Development Agency-New Partnership for Africas DevelopmentBDCChina Development BankBEACBank of Central African StatesBIECExport-Import Bank of ChinaBITBilateral Investment TreatyBITCBotswana Investment and Trade CentreCABCChina-Africa

39、Business CouncilCADFundChina-Africa Development FundCAETEChina-Africa Economic and Trade ExpoCACCFChina-Africa Production Capacity Cooperation FundCAPIPPChina-Africa Private Investment Promotion PlatformCEMACCentral African Economic and Monetary CommunityCETCommon External TariffCFCCasablanca Financ

40、e CityCGTNChina Global Television NetworkDR Development ReinmaginedEACEast African CommunityECOWASEconomic Community of West African StatesEGEnvironmental goodsEPIExport Potential IndicatorFDIForeign Direct InvestmentAbbreviationsIVAbbreviations FOCACForum on China-Africa CooperationGDIZGlo-Djigb In

41、dustrial ZoneGERGlobal Enterprise RegistrationGIPCGhana Investment Promotion CentreGSMAGlobal System for Mobile Communications AssociationHIFUHigh-Intensity Focused UltrasoundICBCIndustrial and Commercial Bank of ChinaICSIDInternational Centre for Settlement of Investment DisputesIEAInternational En

42、ergy AgencyILOInternational Labor Organization IRENAInternational Renewable Energy AgencyIRPIntegrated Resource PlanITCInternational Trade CentreNIPCNigerian Investment Promotion CommissionOECDOrganization for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOHADAOrganization for the Harmonization of Business L

43、aw in AfricaPEBECPresidential Enabling Business Environment Council PIDAProgramme for Infrastructure Development in AfricaREIPPPPRenewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement ProgrammeRIDMPRegional Infrastructure Development Master PlanSAJORECSino-Africa Joint Research CenterSAPPSouthern A

44、frican Power PoolSDGsSustainable Development GoalTAATTechnologies for African Agricultural TransformationTFPTotal Factor ProductivityUNCTADUN Trade and Development WAEMUWest African Economic and Monetary UnionZDAZambia Development AgencyExecutive Summary VExecutive SummaryIndustrialization is an ess

45、ential path to a countrys economic development,and economic growth and structural change driven by industrialization are key drivers of modernization and sustainable development.Accelerating the industrialization process in Africa has increasingly attracted significant attention from various players

46、 within and outside the continent and has been translated into action,resulting in a strong synergy of efforts to support Africas industrialization.In recent years,the scale of Chinas investment in Africa has been growing steadily,areas of investment have been expanding,and various investment projec

47、ts have taken root,reflecting the trend of the extensive development and diversification of Chinas economic and trade cooperation with Africa.This has not only boosted Africas economic growth,but also contributed significantly to the process of Africas industrialization.Chinese enterprises are engag

48、ed in Africas industrial system through market-oriented investment and investment in infrastructure and new areas,improving Africas industrial system,promoting the progress of Africas industrialization and upgrading its overall quality.At the same time,the industrial structure and resource markets o

49、f China and Africa are deeply complementary.Chinas experience of cutting-edge industrial development can meet the urgent needs of African countries for industrial development and upgrading their industrial structure,help African countries cultivate their own production capacity,and thus promote the

50、deep integration and synergistic upgrading of China and Africa in the global industrial chain.Through the implementation of the FOCAC and the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),the creation of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation zones,the China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo(CAETE)and other mecha

51、nisms and initiatives,China is working to promote China-Africa cooperation in developing production capacity,and providing long-term support for the process of industrialization in Africa.Due to a weak economic foundation and other practical factors,the manufacturing industry in most African economi

52、es is currently underdeveloped,but Africas advantages in human resources,mineral resources,energy costs and transport costs provide great potential for the development of the manufacturing industry and achieving industrialization.From an industrial point of view,mineral processing,agriculture and ag

53、ro-processing,automobile manufacturing,VIExecutive Summary textiles,building materials,chemicals,pharmaceuticals,new energy and other industries are all sunrise industries endowed with certain advantages for Africas benefit.This also provides a unique opportunity for Chinese investors to transfer th

54、ese production capacity to Africa.Regionally,the dynamics of investment and the means used to improve the business environment vary from one part of Africa to another,as a result of regional differences in economic,political and social foundations.Overall,however,Africa has made significant progress

55、 in improving the business environment through the development of modern infrastructure in all parts of the continent,as well as through the continued advancement of the integration process,the implementation of investment incentives and the enhancement of administrative efficiency.In this regard,Ch

56、inese investment in Africas infrastructure,energy and IT sectors has also played an important role.In order to meet Africas core concern of accelerating industrialization,the practical requirements of addressing the food crisis,narrowing the trade deficit and reducing the debt burden,as well as the

57、common vision of building an integrated market,the future of China-Africa investment and cooperation in financing should be focused on assisting Africa in building high-quality infrastructure,developing clean energy sources,promoting the modernization of agriculture,increasing the added-value of res

58、ource goods and expanding the export of African commodities to China.The Chinese government will continue to uphold the principle of non-interference in the internal governance of partnering countries in Africa,and encourage its African partners to independently explore their own development paths b

59、ased on their own national conditions,with a view to achieving the goals of industrialization and industrial transformation and upgrading.Aims and objectives:Compiled and published by the China-Africa Business Council(CABC)and written in collaboration with renowned think tanks and experts in China a

60、nd overseas,this report aims to study how to advance the development of Africas industrialization and thus promote economic recovery and growth,create jobs,improve peoples livelihoods and eradicate poverty,so as to achieve the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)and the African Un

61、ions(AU)Agenda 2063.This report will explore the impact of China-Africa policy frameworks and existing cooperation modes on Africas industrialization,based on a review of the current situation,requirements,advantages,opportunities and challenges of industrialization in Africa.It will then focus on c

62、larifying the role of Chinese enterprises in the transformation of Africas economic development and indicate the future potential of China-Africa investment cooperation.Approach and methodology:The compilers of this report mainly use an analysis of literature and data and a case study methodology to

63、 draw conclusions based on authoritative information gathered from a wide range of sources.The sources used for the literature analysis include,but are not limited to,policy documents,research papers and also information and statistics from industry players,Executive Summary VIIreputable institution

64、s,and multilateral and regional financial organizations.The data analysis mainly applies predictive analytics methods in statistics and econometrics to predict the future of China-Africa investment and financing cooperation based on the historical data of Chinas investment in Africa.The case studies

65、 included in the report mainly come from related public information and surveys of CABC member enterprises,and the types of enterprises represented cover a variety of fields,such as agriculture,energy and mining,infrastructure construction,manufacturing,the digital economy,and pharmaceuticals.Most o

66、f these enterprises are relatively visible and are highly representative of enterprises in their sectors.The report is structured as follows:Chapter 1 outlines the achievements and outlook of Chinese enterprises investment in Africa,including an analysis of Chinas investment in Africa and a forecast

67、 regarding Africas attraction of foreign investment.It is written in Chinese by the expert research team of China-Africa Business CouncilChapter 2 discusses the mechanisms,dynamics and innovation of China-Africa industrial cooperation.It is written in Chinese by the Department of International Relat

68、ions at Tsinghua University team.Chapter 3 describes the development of industrialization in Africa,especially the challenges and opportunities facing the development of the manufacturing industry,and proposes relevant suggestions to Chinese investors from the perspective of industrial development.I

69、t is written in English by Development Reimagined team.Chapter 4 demonstrates the trends in the development of the business environment in various regions of Africa and the contribution made by Chinas investment in Africa to help improve the business environment in Africa.It is written in French by

70、the Bank of Africa BMCE Group.Finally,Chapter 5 looks ahead to the prospect of China-Africa cooperation in investment and financing,analyses the core concerns of Africas promotion of industrialization and indicates the likely future direction of China-Africa cooperation.It is written in English by D

71、r.Mwangi Wachira,former economist from the World Bank and policy advisor of the Kenya government.Chapter one is written in Chinese by the expert research team of China-Africa Business Council1Chapter 1 Achievements of Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects1.1 Chinese enterp

72、rises extensive and diversified investment in AfricaChinas investment in Africa has not only promoted Africas economic and social development,but also deepened the friendly relations between China and African countries.The steady growth in the scale of investment,the continuous expansion of areas of

73、 investment,and the extent to which Chinese investment projects have taken root in Africa reflects the extensive development and diversification trend of Chinas economic and trade cooperation with Africa.This has laid a solid foundation for the two sides to carry out broader and deeper cooperation i

74、n the future.1.1.1 Steady growth in investment cooperationChina is the largest developing country investing in Africa,and China-Africa investment cooperation has been growing steadily.By the end of 2022,Chinas Foreign Direct Investment(FDI)in Africa exceeded$47 billion,and more than 3,000 Chinese en

75、terprises had invested and developed their business in Africa.1 In the first half of 2023,Chinas FDI in Africa exceeded$1.82 billion,a year-on-year increase of 4.4 percent.At the same time,Africa was Chinas second largest market for overseas contracted projects,with Chinese enterprises having signed

76、 contracts for projects in Africa with a total contract value of more than$700 billion.2 In 2023,Chinas FDI in Africa maintained its growth trend,with the construction of industrial parks providing sustained impetus for the growth of investment.The China-Egypt TEDA Suez Economic and Trade Cooperatio

77、n Zone,the Hisense South Africa Industrial Park,Nigerias Lekki Free Trade Zone,the Holley Industrial Groups North Africa Industrial Park and other parks continue to demonstrate the effects of industrial agglomeration,attracting a number of 1 MOFCOM (2023).Li Fei Attends Press Conference of State Cou

78、ncil Information Office to Introduce the Third China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo and the State of China-Africa Economic and Trade Co-operation(in Chinese).http:/ MOFCOM(2023).Statistics on China-Africa Trade and Economic Cooperation in the First Half of 2023(in Chi-nese).https:/ 1 Achievements of

79、 Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects2Chinese-funded enterprises to go to Africa to invest and develop business.These projects cover a variety of fields,such as building materials,automobiles,household appliances,and agro-processing.1.1.2 Investment projects taking rootsC

80、hinese enterprises have invested in Africa in a variety of fields,including infrastructure construction,energy development and healthcare.In the field of infrastructure construction,Chinese enterprises have helped build a large number of roads,railways and bridges in Africa,such as the Mombasa Nairo

81、bi Railway in Kenya,Senegals Foundiougne Bridge and other mega-projects,which have greatly improved Africas transportation networks,facilitated the movement of people and materials,and injected new vitality into Africas economic development.Private enterprises have actively increased their investmen

82、t particularly in Africas digital infrastructure in response to Chinas BRI,specifically with investment in undersea cables,data centers,mobile communication networks and other areas.These investments have not only upgraded the network infrastructure in African countries,but also promoted China-Afric

83、a economic and trade cooperation and the development of the digital economy.Feature 1 Chinese Private Enterprises Investing in Africas Digital EconomySome enterprising wealthy Chinese pioneers have already made farsighted plans for Africas digital economy,and the Hengtong Group has invested 2.7 bill

84、ion yuan in the international submarine PEACE Cable System,connecting the three continents of Asia,Africa and Europe,which it is now rapidly building.Tencent has invested in financial technology companies Paystack,TymeBank and Ozow,in education technology companies uLesson and Kukua,as well as digit

85、al healthcare companies Remedial Health and Reliance Health.Transsion Holdings has rapidly established mobile internet in Africa,and also jointly invested in a range of enterprises in conjunction with other internet companies and venture capital firms.Enterprises invested in include PalmPay,a digita

86、l payment platform known as the“African version of Chinas Alipay,”Boomplay,Africas leading music streaming platform known as the“African version of Chinas QQ Music,”and Phoenix Browser,a comprehensive content distribution application.Chinese venture capital firms Hillhouse Group and Crystal Stream C

87、apital have invested in Lori Systems,a digital freight transport platform,to support the creation of an African version of Chinas Lalamove.In terms of cross-border e-commerce between China and Africa,Ants Capital has invested in Kilimall and HSRH Venture Capital in Tospino,while Chinese early-stage

88、investor Roselake,has placed particular emphasis on investing in Africas fintech,logistics technology and health technology sectors.33 Zhang,Tailun(2023).The value of investment in Africas digital economy.China Investment(in Chinese).(Z9):88-89.1.1 Chinese enterprises extensive and diversified inves

89、tment in Africa3Feature 2 TBEA Powering African Industrialization Through Advanced Electrical InfrastructureTBEA is a leading manufacturer of power transformers and other electrical equipment and a prominent developer of transmission projects.TBEA has successfully completed numerous transmission and

90、 substation projects across various African countries,including Angola,Tanzania,Kenya,Togo,Gambia,Chad,Cameroon,the Democratic Republic of the Congo(DRC),Zambia,and Burundi.A notable project by TBEA is the Pensulo-Kasama&Pensulo-Msoro-Chipata West 330 kV transmission line in Zambia.The project,funde

91、d by a$300 million concessional buyers credit from the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China,involved the construction of three new 330 kV substations in Kasama,Msoro,and Chipata West,the expansion of the Pensulo 330 kV substation,and approximately 670 km of 330 kV transmission lines.Besides impro

92、ved the stability of the power supply in Zambias eastern and northern regions,the project established crucial corridors for future interconnections between Tanzania and Zambia,the Southern African Power Pool(SAPP),the East African Power Pool,and the power interconnections for Zambia-Malawi,and Zambi

93、a-Mozambique.By providing a stable and reliable power supply,they enable the establishment and growth of industries that require consistent electricity,specially manufacturing and processing plants.Additionally,the improved infrastructure supports the development of regional power pools,enhancing en

94、ergy trade and cooperation among African countries.In the field of energy development,Chinese enterprises have participated in the construction of a number of large-scale power stations,such as the Merowe Dam in Sudan and the Kafue Gorge Lower Hydropower Station in Zambia,which have provided African

95、 countries with a stable power supply.Feature 3 East African Electricity HighwayIn November 2022,the 500 KV Ethiopia-Kenya DC Power Transmission Project,implemented under the general contract of China Electric Power Equipment and Technology Co.,Ltd.of the State Grid Corporation of China,entered the

96、commissioning stage.The project is known as the Eastern Electricity Highway Project and is the first transnational DC interconnection project in East Africa.As a result,Ethiopia has been able to export surplus hydropower,and the tension in Kenyas domestic power supply has also been effectively allev

97、iated.The project has become a successful example of interconnecting transnational power grids for mutual benefit.In the field of healthcare,China has assisted in the construction of medical facilities and schools and has dispatched medical teams to provide medical services to people in Africa,upgra

98、ding the level of medical education in Africa and making positive contributions to social progress.Chapter 1 Achievements of Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects4Feature 4 Addis Ababa Silk Road General Hospital,an International Chinese-Funded General HospitalIn order to m

99、eet the medical needs of the Ethiopian people and improve the overall medical level in Ethiopia,Afei Holding Group established Addis Ababa Silk Road General Hospital(Afei Hospital)in Addis Ababa,the capital of Ethiopia.Officially opened in November 2019,Afei Hospital is the first Chinese-funded gene

100、ral hospital in Ethiopia and one of the most advanced hospitals in the region in terms of quality of medical care.The hospital integrates emergency treatment,first aid,general outpatient care,surgery,intensive care,a diagnostic center and a rehabilitation and physiotherapy center.It has 15 departmen

101、ts and 120 beds(including 6 intensive care beds)and an annual capacity of 65,000 outpatient(including emergency)visits and 5,000 inpatient visits.The medical team at Afei Hospital comes from eight countries,including China,Ethiopia,the United States,Germany,Russia,Belarus,Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan,and

102、many internationally renowned medical organizations have established good cooperative relationships with the hospital.As the service base of Chinese Medical Volunteers in Africa,Afei Hospital is able to mobilize Chinas top medical experts to provide services to patients.Afei Hospital has become a hi

103、gh-end medical service provider in Ethiopia and has been praised by the Ethiopian people for its outstanding performance in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.In terms of actual projects,Chinas investment in Africa is generating increasingly significant economic and social benefits.For example,in t

104、he areas of transport,energy,electricity,housing and livelihood infrastructure,China has implemented a number of landmark projects and so-called small and beautiful projects,which have firmly stimulated local economic development and improved peoples livelihoods.Meanwhile,the active participation of

105、 Chinese enterprises in the construction of digital infrastructure,e-commerce,mobile payment and other areas,has also promoted the digital transformation and industrial upgrading of African countries.In terms of investment modes,Chinas investment in Africa has become increasingly flexible and divers

106、ified.In addition to sole proprietorships and joint ventures,equity participation and mergers and acquisitions are also gradually increasing.This diversity investment modes makes Chinese enterprises more competitive in the African market,while also providing more choices and opportunities for the ec

107、onomic development of African countries.The main body of Chinas investment in Africa is also becoming increasingly diversified.According to the statistics of Chinas Ministry of Commerce(MOFCOM),at present,more than 70 percent of the enterprises investing in Africa are private enterprises,and private

108、 enterprises have become the new driving force of Chinas investment in Africa.This not only enriches the main body of investment,but also enhances the vitality and innovation of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.The participation of private enterprises not only brings more capital and tech

109、nical support,but also more flexible and efficient business models and management experience,which helps to enhance the competitiveness of Chinese enterprises in the African market and promote the extensive development of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.1.1 Chinese enterprises extensive

110、and diversified investment in Africa51.1.3 Continued broadening of investment areasChina is investing in increasingly diverse projects in Africa,gradually expanding from traditional sectors such as construction,mining,electrical power and engineering into a wider range of areas.This includes not onl

111、y traditional areas such as manufacturing,technology,wholesale and retail,agriculture and real estate,but also covers emerging areas such as the digital economy,green development,aerospace and aviation,and financial services.In this sense a new vigour has been injected into China-Africa economic and

112、 trade cooperation.China and Africa have joined hands to expand cooperation in“Silk Road E-commerce,”successfully holding the African Goodies Online Shopping Festival,where they implemented the“100 African stores and 1,000 African products on e-commerce platforms”initiative,stimulating Chinese enter

113、prises to help the development of e-commerce,mobile payment,media and entertainment industries in Africa.China has also actively supported the development of the Great Green Wall of Africa,and Chinese enterprises have participated in the construction and operation of green energy projects in Africa,

114、creating a demonstration zone for low-carbon development in Africa.In addition,China has signed civil air transport agreements with 27 African countries and has successfully built and launched meteorological communication satellites for countries such as Algeria and Nigeria.This diversified investme

115、nt pattern has helped Africa to achieve economic diversification and improve the resilience and competitiveness of its economies and has also provided Chinese enterprises with more investment options and opportunities.This trend of diversified investment demonstrates that Chinas investment in Africa

116、 is developing at a deeper level and in a wider range of areas than previously.Feature 5 China-Africa Private Investment Promotion PlatformAfter active preparations,the All-China Federation of Industry&Commerce(ACFIC)formally established the China-Africa Private Investment Promotion Platform in orde

117、r to thoroughly implement the agreed outcomes of the 8th Ministerial Conference of FOCAC held in Dakar in November 2021.With ACFIC as the leading organization,the Platform consists of 28 members,including relevant think tanks and research institutions,financial institutions,chambers of commerce,and

118、service organizations.The office of the Platform is jointly composed of ACFICs International Cooperation Department and the CABC.The Platform focuses on the implementation of investment-driven projects,and uses approaches such as pooling wisdom,integrating businesses and financing to increase the qu

119、antity and quality of investment by Chinese private enterprises in Africa.It also helps enterprises solve critical or concerning problems in their investment and project operation in Africa.Through trade finance and debt-equity combination forms,it helps small and medium-sized enterprises to carry o

120、ut trade and investment businesses in Africa.According to preliminary statistics,under the coordination of the Platform,since 2022,new investments made in Africa by the key enterprises served by the CABC have amounted to over$800 million.In particular,relevant member enterprises have implemented pro

121、jects such as the export of African avocados to China,agro-product cultivation,“big logistics”fleets,the construction of large hydropower projects,demonstration zones of industrial parks for emerging sectors,the study of cross-border asset securitization and other financial instruments.Chapter 1 Ach

122、ievements of Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects61.2 Chinese enterprises investments and Foreign Direct Investment in Africa:analysis and prospects1.2.1 Model selection and basic set up of analysisThe ARIMA(autoregressive integrated moving average)model is a powerful too

123、l used in statistics and econometrics to predict future values based on past data points.The model consists of three components,the first of which is the AR autoregressive component,which describes the relationship between the current values of the time series and its past values.The autoregressive

124、term is a linear combination of p lagged values(i.e.,past observations)in the model.The second component is the difference component,which is used to smooth non-stationary time series data.If the time series data are non-smooth(i.e.,their statistical properties vary over time),differencing may be re

125、quired to smooth the data.The difference order,d,indicates the number of times the difference was performed.The third component is the moving average(MA)component.This describes the relationship between the current value of the time series and the past forecast error(i.e.,the difference between the

126、actual value and the forecast value).The moving average term is a linear combination of the q forecast errors in the model.Thus,p,d,and q in the ARIMA(p,d,q)model represent the number of autoregressive terms,the order of the difference,and the number of moving average terms,respectively.Chinas FDI f

127、low and stock data in Africa often show certain time trends and cyclical changes,and at the same time may be affected by a variety of factors,such as policy changes,market demand,and the economic environment.The ARIMA model is able to find a mathematical model that can describe the laws of the data

128、by analyzing and fitting these data to the model,so as to achieve predictions of future data.By analyzing the historical data,the ARIMA model can capture the trend of Chinas FDI flows and stock data to Africa and predict future trends accordingly.This is important for developing long-term investment

129、 strategies and planning.In addition to this,the ARIMA model can analyze cyclical changes in the data,such as seasonal fluctuations.This is informative in understanding the cyclical demand in the African market and formulating corresponding investment strategies.The ARIMA model can be written as:(1

130、pi=1iLi)Xt=(1+qi=1iLi)twhere Xt denotes the time series,which in this report mainly represents Chinas outward investment flows to African countries,or Chinas outward investment stock to African countries,and t denotes the residual series.In the analysis which follows,the report follows the following

131、 modelling procedure:1.2 Chinese enterprises investments and Foreign Direct Investment in Africa:analysis and prospects7(1)Data checking:In the process of data analysis,the first thing that needs to be checked is whether the time series data are smooth.If the data are not smooth,then the difference

132、order d needs to be determined to make the data smooth.In the process of data analysis,if the time series itself is smooth,then the ARMA model is used for modelling,and you move to step(2)for the determination of the ARMA model order.If the time series itself is not smooth,as determined by the above

133、 process when using a difference order of d,then ARIMA(p,d,q)is used for modelling.It should be noted that during data examination,there are cases where some indicators are modelled using the ARMA model and some are modelled using the ARIMA model,which is mainly based on the relative smoothness of t

134、he time series.The choice of model does not affect the effectiveness of model forecasting.(2)Model identification:Determine the number of autoregressive terms p and the number of moving average terms q.This is usually done by using the AIC criterion and the SIC criterion to determine the optimal ord

135、er.In the process of specific judgement,since the AIC and SIC criteria are both better the lower they are,so in the calculation process this report will set the upper limit of the number of autoregressive terms p and the number of moving average terms q as the unit root of the length of the time ser

136、ies,and calculate the AIC and SIC values of various combinations of parameters by iterating the calculation of p and q step by step,and then determine the model order by minimizing the AIC and SIC values according to the principle of minimizing the AIC and SIC values.(3)Model estimation:According to

137、 the lag order of the model calculated in step(2),Matlab software is used to estimate the model parameters using the maximum likelihood estimation method for the Chinese FDI flow data and Chinese FDI stock data to each African country.(4)Prediction:Based on the model estimation results calculated in

138、 step(3),use the estimated model to predict the sample data,and calculate the corresponding R-square,mean absolute error,and mean relative error of the estimated model,and use each parameter of the model estimation to evaluate the effect of model prediction.1.2.2 Data modelling and predictive effect

139、iveness analysisThe ARMA and ARIMA models are each used to study the flow data and stock data of Chinas FDI in Africa.In the process of calculation,the ADF test was firstly used to analyze the smoothness of the time series.Secondly,the ARIMA model lag order test was carried out based on AIC and SIC

140、criteria,and the model prediction was carried out using the modelling results.Overall,based on the results of the model calculations,the following main conclusions were drawn:(1)The use of the ARIMA model enables the modelling and forecasting of flow data as well as stock data of Chinese FDI in Afri

141、ca.The ARIMA model is able to capture the characteristics of trend,seasonality and random fluctuations in the data.The flow data and stock data of Chinas investment in Africa show directionality,cyclicality and stochasticity.For example,with the deepening development of China-Africa economic and tra

142、de relations,Chinas investment flow and stock in Africa will show a growing trend;at the same time,due to the changes in the international political Data checkingModel identificationModel estimationPredictionChapter 1 Achievements of Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects8a

143、nd economic situation,these data will also be affected by cyclical or stochastic factors.The ARIMA model is able to identify these characteristics by analyzing the historical data and build a suitable model accordingly to predict future data.In the modelling process,the smoothness of the data needs

144、to be checked first,and if the data are not smooth,they need to be transformed into smooth data by methods such as differencing.Then,according to the relevant characteristics of the data,the appropriate autoregressive order(p)and moving average order(q)are selected.Finally,by fitting the model and e

145、valuating the predictive effect of the model,the prediction results of the flow data and stock data of Chinas FDI in Africa can be obtained.(2)The ARIMA model is more effective in modelling and predicting the stock data of Chinas FDI in Africa compared with the flow data of Chinas FDI in Africa.Stoc

146、k data usually reflects the cumulative effect over a period of time,and changes in this data are smoother and more stable compared to flow data.The ARIMA model is often able to capture the intrinsic pattern of the data more accurately when dealing with smoother or more directional data,so as to cons

147、truct a more effective prediction model.The stock data of Chinas FDI in Africa is affected by more long-term and stable factors,such as policy environment,economic fundamentals,and natural resource endowment.These factors do not change significantly in the short term but can have a significant impac

148、t on the investment stock in the long term.The ARIMA model is able to handle such long-term trends and cyclical changes by using its difference(I)part to eliminate non-stationarity in the data,and by capturing the long-term trends and cyclical characteristics through the autoregressive(AR)and moving

149、 average(MA)parts,thus obtaining a more accurate prediction result.In terms of data characteristics,flow data tend to be affected by more short-term fluctuations and random factors,such as changes in the international political and economic situation and unexpected events.These factors lead to large

150、 fluctuations in flow data in the short term,making it challenging for ARIMA models to capture these short-term fluctuations.In contrast,stock data are more stable and predictable,and therefore ARIMA models may be more effective in modelling and forecasting them.1.2.3 Predictive analysis of investme

151、nt in Africa by Chinese enterprises and investment absorption by African countriesAs a whole,Chinas investment in African countries exhibits a clear growth trend.A forecast of Chinas flow of FDI in Africa and stock of direct investment in Africa for the next 10 years is shown in the figures below.Th

152、ese forecasts are based on the ARIMA model identified in this report and use the latest available data for 2022 as a benchmark.4 Through the results below it can be seen that the future flow of Chinas investment in Africa exhibits a clear growth trend,but its overall growth rate is convex,meaning th

153、at the growth rate of investment in Africa will first increase before going stable.The forecast value of the flow of Chinas investment in Africa in 2032 is$4.201 billion.4 All raw data in this section are from the WIND database.1.2 Chinese enterprises investments and Foreign Direct Investment in Afr

154、ica:analysis and prospects9In contrast with this,Chinas investment stock in Africa has been growing for a long time,but the scale is set first to decline and then grow later.The stock of Chinese investment in Africa in 2032 is forecast to be$39.247 billion.Although Chinas investment flow to Africa c

155、ontinues to be positive,the converted stock will suffer some losses due to depreciation and amortization,investment losses and other reasons.Therefore,there will be a degree of short-term decline,but with the continued advancement of Chinas investment flows in Africa,there is a tendency for long-ter

156、m growth in the scale of Chinas stock.Figure 1 Projected Flows and Stock Size of Chinese Investment in Africa 30000003500000400000045000005000000550000038000039000040000041000042000043000044000020232024202520262027202820292030203120322033203420352036203720382039204020412042Stocks in multiples of$10,

157、000Investment flow in multiples of$10,000Investment flowStockThe scale of Chinas investment in African varies from country to countryThe scale of Chinas FDI in the following countries is relatively high:Sudan,5 the DRC,Nigeria,Ethiopia,Lesotho,6 Rwanda,Angola,Zimbabwe,Algeria,Namibia,Togo7,Morocco a

158、nd Egypt.8 5 Sudan is rich in natural resources such as oil,natural gas,gold and agricultural products,and,coupled with ongoing infrastructure development,its investment potential is huge.6 Lesotho is actively promoting reform in its energy market,accelerating the implementation of its textile reviv

159、al program and adopting a series of liberal and open economic policies to attract foreign investors.7 The annual average growth rate of Chinas investment in Togo is 23.97%.Based on this level,the growth rate can double in 3 to 4 years,therefore the forecast results of Chinas investment in Togo are r

160、elatively high.8 As a mathematical model and derivation tool for describing data patterns,the ARIMA models prediction and simulation results are both objective values.Chapter 1 Achievements of Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects10Figure 2 Projected Chinese FDI Stock in A

161、frican Countries in 20320 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 Projected Chinese FDI Stock in African Countries(Unit:US$10,000)SudanDRCNigeriaEthiopiaLesothoRwandaAngolaZimbabweAlgeriaNamibiaTogoMoroccoEgyptSo Tom and PrncipeGhanaCongoGuineaTanzaniaCte dIvoireZambiaChadMala

162、wiMauritaniaSierra LeoneBeninCameroonEq.GuineaMozambiqueNigerSeychellesMaliEritreaSenegalMauritiusLibyaBotswanaGabonDjiboutiMadagascarSouth AfricaKenyaUgandaGambiaBurundiLiberiaCARTunisiaComorosCabo VerdeNote:The forecast results of Chinas FDI stock in African countries are in the same order as the

163、legend.Figure 3 Projected Stock of Chinese FDI in African Countries in 20420 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 Projected Stock of Chinese FDI in African Countries(Unit:US$10,000)SudanDRCNigeriaEthiopiaLesothoRwandaAngolaZimbabweAlgeriaNamibiaTogoMoroccoEgyptSo Tom and PrncipeGhanaCongoGuineaTanzan

164、iaCte dIvoireZambiaChadMalawiMauritaniaSierra LeoneBeninCameroonEq.GuineaMozambiqueNigerSeychellesMaliEritreaSenegalMauritiusLibyaBotswanaGabonDjiboutiMadagascarSouth AfricaKenyaUgandaGambiaBurundiLiberiaCARTunisiaComorosCabo VerdeNote:The results of the projections of Chinas investment stock in Afr

165、ican countries are in the same order as in the legend.1.2 Chinese enterprises investments and Foreign Direct Investment in Africa:analysis and prospects11Firstly,African countries have attracted different scales of Chinese investment due to economic,political and resource-related differences.For exa

166、mple,countries such as Kenya,the DRC,South Africa,Ethiopia and Nigeria have consistently been the focus of Chinese investment in Africa over the past few years.In addition,the scale of Chinese investment in different countries in Africa is also related to the political and economic relations between

167、 each country and China.Some countries have established close economic and trade cooperation with China,jointly developing resources and building infrastructure through joint ventures and co-operation,and the scale of Chinese investment in these countries tends to be large.Other countries,on the oth

168、er hand,have relatively little Chinese investment and less cooperation with China for political and economic reasons,and the scale of Chinese investment in these countries is relatively small.Secondly,some countries have attracted large investments from China in energy and minerals because of their

169、abundant natural resources,such as minerals and oil.Others,on the other hand,have attracted more investment in manufacturing and infrastructure development because of their abundant labour force and high infrastructure needs.Finally,the policy environment of African countries has also had a signific

170、ant impact on the scale of Chinese investment in them.Some countries have offered favorable policies,such as tax breaks and land concessions,in order to attract FDI,and these policies have attracted more investment.Overall upward trend in Africas attraction of FDIBelow follows a forecast of Africas

171、attraction of FDI flows over the next 10 years based on the ARIMA model,using the latest available data for 2022 as the baseline.There is a clear growth trend in Africas attraction of FDI,but overall the curve is convex,in that Africas FDI attraction growth rate is set first to increase and then lev

172、eled.In terms of the precise value,the level of FDI attracted to Africa is forecast to be$78,559 million.Figure 4 Forecast of the Level of FDI Attracted to AfricaFDI attracted to Africa(Unit:US$1 million)500005500060000650007000075000800008500020202021202220232024202520262027202820292030203120322033

173、2034203520362037203820392040204120422043Chapter 1 Achievements of Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects12Level of FDI attracted in Africa varies markedly from country to countryThere are large variations in the capacity of African countries to attract FDI,with the followin

174、g countries,including South Africa,Egypt,Nigeria,the Republic of the Congo,Morocco,Ghana,Ethiopia,Senegal,Mozambique,the DRC,Gabon,Algeria,Uganda,and Kenya attracting a higher level of FDI.Figure 5 Forecast of FDI Stock Attraction by African Countries in 2032-4000-20000200040006000800010000(Unit:US$

175、1 million)Egypt South Africa Nigeria Congo Morocco Ghana Ethiopia Mozambique Senegal DRC Gabon Algeria Tanzania Mauritania Libya Eq.Guinea Sudan Tunisia Zambia Niger Mali Somalia Rwanda Mauritius Botswana Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Malawi Guinea Lesotho Seychelles Cabo Verde Togo Eritrea Madagascar S

176、o Tom and Prncipe Kenya Cte dIvoire Chad Djibouti Liberia CAR Guinea-Bissau Burundi Comoros Saint Helena South Sudan Uganda Cameroon Zimbabwe Benin Namibia Gambia AngolaNote:The results of the projections of the stock of FDI attracted by African countries are in the same order as in the legend.1.3 T

177、hree major features of Chinese enterprises contribution to Africas industrialization13Figure 6 Forecast of FDI Stock Attraction by African Countries in 2042(Unit:US$1 million)-4000-2000020004000600080001000012000 South Africa Egypt Nigeria Congo Morocco Ghana Ethiopia Senegal Mozambique DRC Gabon Al

178、geria Uganda Tanzania Libya Mauritania Eq.Guinea Sudan Cameroon Tunisia Niger Zambia Somalia Mali Zimbabwe Rwanda Botswana Mauritius Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Benin Malawi Guinea Lesotho Seychelles Cabo Verde Namibia Togo So Tom and Prncipe Liberia Gambia CAR Kenya Cte dIvoire Chad Djibouti Eritrea

179、Burundi Guinea-Bissau Comoros Saint Helena South Sudan Madagascar AngolaNote:The results of the projections of the stock of FDI attracted by African countries are in the same order as in the legend.1.3 Three major features of Chinese enterprises contribution to Africas industrializationWith the cont

180、inual deepening of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation,Chinese enterprises investments in Africa have become increasingly diversified,which has not only promoted economic growth in Africa,but also significantly boosted the process of Africas industrialization.Through market-oriented investme

181、nt,infrastructure investment and investment in new fields,Chinese enterprises are improving Africas industrial system,promoting the progress of Africas industrialization and upgrading its quality.Chapter 1 Achievements of Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects141.3.1 Invest

182、ment in infrastructure strengthens the foundations for industrialization and developmentInfrastructure is an important underpinning for industrialization,and investment in infrastructure by Chinese enterprises in Africa has provided a solid foundation for the process of industrialization in Africa.T

183、he scale of Chinas annual FDI in Africas manufacturing industry has remained above$400 million,and the scale of cooperation in infrastructure construction has stayed above$37 billion,which has helped Africas industrialization and its process of economic diversification.In the field of transport,Chin

184、ese enterprises have constructed numerous highways,railways and ports,the completion of which has greatly improved the efficiency of intra-African logistics,reduced logistical costs and provided strong support for Africas industrialization and regional integration.For example,the Mombasa Nairobi Rai

185、lway has reduced Kenyas logistics and transport costs by more than 40 percent,greatly boosting the local economy.Feature 6 Greenroads Africa Logistics Program and Global Network Operations ModelGreenroad International Logistics has been developing outside China for 16 years,with branches in 31 Afric

186、an countries.Greenroad Africa is closely linked with the companys branches in Asia,Europe,the Americas and the Middle East,forming an efficient international network operations model.It focuses on engineering and overseas warehousing logistics,as well as contract logistics and others,and is ranked a

187、mong the top 50 private Chinese logistics enterprises.The company has completed logistics support for key national engineering projects including the Gouina Hydroelectric Plant in Mali,the Huzibazi hydropower station in Burundi,and the Lusaka Airport in Zambia.The company has also promoted the devel

188、opment of China-Africa trade through the introduction of state-supported logistics solutions,participated in the operation of the Hunan-Guangdong-Africa rail-sea intermodal transport corridor,and built hundreds of thousands of square meters of overseas warehouses and supervisory warehouses in Africa

189、.Meanwhile,China and African countries have jointly planned industrial projects linked to infrastructure,so as to improve the effectiveness and yields from infrastructure.For example,in the construction of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway,the Chinese Government has guided enterprises to combine larg

190、e-scale infrastructure construction with the construction of industrial parks and special economic zones,and endeavored to build industrial belts along the routes,so as to form a positive interaction between large-scale infrastructure and industrial development.China Merchants Group has also partici

191、pated in the construction of a new port in Djibouti,with the aim of significantly increasing the ports throughput capacity to cope with the ever-increasing cargo volume of the new railway.In the energy sector,Chinese enterprises have invested in a number of power and oil and gas projects in Africa,p

192、roviding Africa with a stable energy supply.This not only solves the problem of energy shortages in Africa,but also provides robust energy security for Africas industrialization and development.1.3 Three major features of Chinese enterprises contribution to Africas industrialization151.3.2 Market-or

193、iented investment improves local industrialization systemsChinese enterprises are increasingly focusing on market demand and industrial development trends in their investments in Africa and are improving Africas local industrial system through market-oriented investment.Making full use of Africas re

194、sources and strong labour market,Chinese enterprises have set up local production bases to produce products that meet the needs of the local market,drive the development of related industrial chains,and promote the upgrading and transformation of African industries.One example is the home appliance

195、project invested in by Hisense Group.Hisense Group entered the African market in 1996,with a focus on product trading and low brand recognition.It set up an African trade and production company in 2013,which has gradually constructed production lines in South Africa in accordance with the idea of“tr

196、ade to drive investment and investment to promote development.”It has relied on the strengths of Chinese domestic R&D and industrial chain management,and gradually expanded the African company into a home appliance industrial park.At present,Hisenses home appliances achieves a leading market share i

197、n countries such as South Africa,Nigeria,Ghana,Tanzania,Uganda,and Algeria.Following the industrial park in South Africa,Hisense has signed a deal in August 2024 to build a TV factory in Egypt.The factory is expected to begin production in 2025,expanding the reach of Hisense products to 21 countries

198、 and regions including North Africa,East Africa,and the Arab League.Through technology transfer and personnel training,it has driven the development of local supporting industries and upgraded the level of local home appliance manufacturing.At the same time,some Chinese enterprises provide productio

199、n technology,industrial R&D,raw and auxiliary materials,production modes,production management and other industrial support in the process of production and operation in Africa.This has been done in order to improve the competitiveness and added value of local industries,enhance production capacity

200、and efficiency in Africa,and help African countries to establish more complete industrial systems.1.3.3 Investing in new fields promotes industrial transformation,upgrading and efficiency gainsWith the advancement of science and technology and the reorganization of the global industrial chain,Chines

201、e enterprises have continued to expand their investment in Africa into new fields,promoting the transformation and upgrading of African industries and enhancing quality and efficiency.In the field of new energy,Chinese enterprises have invested in the construction of a number of solar and wind power

202、 generation projects in Africa.For example,the Longyuan South Africa De Aar Wind Power Project is the first wind power project independently invested,constructed and operated by a Chinese state-owned power generation enterprise in Africa.After the project is put into operation,it will provide a stab

203、le annual supply of clean power of about 760 million kWh for the local area,which can satisfy the power consumption needs of 300,000 local households.The new energy project not only provides clean energy for African countries,but also drives the development of the local new energy industry.At the sa

204、me time,the enterprises also actively promote new energy technologies and products,helping African countries to improve their utilization rate of new energy.In the field of green industry,Chapter 1 Achievements of Investment by Chinese Enterprises in Africa and Future Prospects16China has implemente

205、d hundreds of clean energy and green development projects in Africa,and the cumulative installed capacity of photovoltaic power plants constructed by Chinese enterprises in cooperation with African countries has exceeded 1.5 gigawatts(GW),placing these companies at the forefront of international gre

206、en partnerships with Africa.In Morocco,the Noor II and Noor III photothermal power stations built by Chinese enterprises have provided clean energy for more than 1 million Moroccan households,completely changing the situation of Moroccos long-term dependence on imported electricity.At the same time,

207、Chinese enterprises actively promote the concept of environmental protection and related technologies to help Africa achieve a higher level of eco-friendly technology and promote sustainable industrial development in Africa.In addition,Chinese enterprises investment in Africa also reaches to the dig

208、ital economy,e-commerce and other emerging fields,helping African countries build digital infrastructure and promoting the digital transformation and upgrading of African industries.Chapter two is written in English by the Department of International Relations at Tsinghua University team.192.1 Mecha

209、nisms and paths of China-Africa industrial cooperationIn recent times,industrial chains have become one of the focal points of global strategic competition.Owing to such practical factors as its weak economic foundation,Africa faces long-term challenges in industrial development and transformation.A

210、s a firm and reliable partner of Africa,China has always been committed to linking its cooperation with Africa to Africas Agenda 2063 and the industrial development strategies of African countries,and to supporting Africas industrialization and process of industrial transformation and upgrading.2.1.

211、1 Innovative cooperation mechanismsInstitutional innovation in the framework of China-Africa industrial cooperationIn 2015,the Chinese Government published its Guiding Opinions of the State Council on the Promoting International Cooperation in Industrial Capacity and Equipment Manufacturing which cl

212、early proposed international industrial cooperation as an important element of the new round of the high-standard opening-up of China to the world and enhancing international competitive advantages.Under the framework of FOCAC and the BRI,industrial cooperation has become an important focus of China

213、-Africa cooperation.The Ten Major China-Africa Cooperation Plans include the Program for China-Africa Cooperation in Industrialization and the Program for China-Africa Cooperation in Infrastructure Construction.The first of the Eight Major Initiatives is the Industrial Promotion Initiative,and the N

214、ine Programs include the Trade Promotion,Digital Innovation and Capacity Building programs.These all constitute a series of action plans and projects that are closely related to China-Africa industrial cooperation.Chapter 2 Supporting the Industrialization of Africa:Mechanisms,Dynamics and Innovatio

215、n in China-Africa Industrial CooperationChapter 2 Supporting the Industrialization of Africa:Mechanisms,Dynamics and Innovation in China-Africa Industrial Cooperation20In addition,China has set up the China-Africa Production Capacity Cooperation Fund to undertake cooperation relating to Africas“thre

216、e networks and industrialization”(high-speed railway network,highway network,regional aviation network and industrialization).By 2021,China had established industrial cooperation mechanisms with 15 African countries,helping them to improve the level of their industrialization.Innovative initiatives

217、by provincial governments in China for cooperation with AfricaUnder the guidance of national top-down design,provincial governments in China have successively introduced policies related to industrial cooperation with Africa.In Hunan,the China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation Pilot Zone and the

218、 CAETE,two national-level platforms for cooperation with Africa,are accelerating the pace of growth in Hunan-Africa industrial cooperation.The China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation Pilot Zone aims to explore new paths and modes of cooperation,focusing on the construction of six centers,9 such

219、as the African non-resource-based products distribution and trading center,the China-Africa cross-border e-commerce cooperation center,and the China-Africa industrial chain cultivation center.CAETE is the first concrete initiative of the Eight Major Initiatives and the largest economic and trade coo

220、peration platform under the framework of FOCAC.Since 2019,CAETE has been held in Changsha three times,with a total of 336 co-operation projects signed,amounting to$53.32billion,making it a new window for Chinas local economic and trade cooperation with Africa.10In Guangdong,overseas economic and tra

221、de cooperation zones are an important vehicle for Guangdong-Africa industrial cooperation.Four of Guangdong Provinces first seven provincial-level overseas economic and trade cooperation zones are in Africa,and the Financial Service Measures to Support the Development of Guangdong Provinces Overseas

222、 Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones have been introduced to support the financing of overseas economic and trade cooperation zones.11In addition,Guangdong has held two Guangdong-Africa Exchange and Cooperation Weeks to showcase the results of Guangdong-Africa cooperation in industrial projects and

223、 industrial cooperation.12 The Zhejiang provincial government,relying on the advantages of a prosperous private economy and flexible institutional mechanisms,has also demonstrated initiative by publishing its Action Plan for Zhejiang Economic and Trade Cooperation with Africa(2019-2022)nationwide.It

224、 did this to encourage businesses in Zhejiang to implement the Chinese 9 C(2024).New Opportunities,New Phenomena,New Patterns-Hunan-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation on the Fast Track(in Chinese).https:/ China Financial Information Network(2024).China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo Attracts Atte

225、ntion in Africa for the First Time(in Chinese)https:/ 11 S(2023).Guangdong Brands Enter Africa,Guangdong-Africa Cooperation Breeds New Opportuni-ties(in Chinese).https:/ C(2019).Guangdong Province to Build an Upgraded Version of Guangdong-Africa Cooperation in the New Era(in Chinese).https:/ 2.1 Mec

226、hanisms and paths of China-Africa industrial cooperation21Governments“going global”strategy by going out and meeting unmet needs in Africa with industries from Zhejiang13.2.1.2 Promoting trade and investmentChina has remained Africas number one trading partner for 15 consecutive years.In 2023,Chinas

227、 FDI in Africa continued to grow14,with China-Africa trade reaching a historical peak of$282.1 billion,up 1.5 percent year-on-year.15 In 2021 and 2022,China-Africa economic and trade cooperation overcame the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic,and total bilateral trade grew,bucking wider trends.This dem

228、onstrated the resilience and vitality of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation in the face of the complex international situation16.In terms of overall industry distribution,Chinas investment in Africa in recent years has focused on energy,mining and manufacturing.17Strong support for the sust

229、ainable development of the energy sector in AfricaThere is great potential for the development of mining in Africa.By the end of 2021,Chinas FDI stock in Africas mining industry had reached$9.99 billion,accounting for 22.6 percent of Chinas investment stock in Africa.18 Chinas cooperation with Afric

230、as energy and mining industries has driven the development of local industrialization.On the one hand,China-Africa energy cooperation brings economic benefits to Africa.Africa is rich in mineral resources,possessing a total value of about 23 percent of global mineral resources,but it accounts for on

231、ly about 9 percent of global output.In this context,the development of the mining industry plays a pivotal role in GDP growth and addressing unemployment issues and exports of a large number of African countries.19 On the other hand,China strongly supports the development of green energy and green m

232、ining in Africa,and in 2021,President Xi Jinping announced at the UN General Assembly that he would strongly support the green and low-carbon development 13 Zhejiang Province Department of Commerce(2019).Zhejiang-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation Ex-change Meeting Held in Hangzhou(in Chinese).ht

233、tp:/ MOFCOM (2024).MOFCOM Holds Press Conference on China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation Pilot Zone (in Chinese).http:/ P(2024).China Has Remained Africas Top Trading Partner for 15 Consecutive Years-China-Afri-ca Economic and Trade Cooperation Has Achieved Fruitful Results(in Chinese).http:/

234、 P(2022).China Has Remained Africas Top Trading Partner for 15 Consecutive Years-China-Af-rica Economic and Trade Cooperation Has Achieved Fruitful Results(in Chinese)http:/ Development and Reform Commission(2022).Chinas trade with African countries,January-November 2022(in Chinese).https:/ 17 Chine

235、se Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation(2023).China-Africa Economic and Trade Relations Report 2023(in Chinese).https:/ Ibid.19 P(2022).Large-Scale Mining Investment Conference in Africa Calls for Enhanced Cooperation to Tap Africas Mining Potential(in Chinese).http:/ 2 Supporting

236、 the Industrialization of Africa:Mechanisms,Dynamics and Innovation in China-Africa Industrial Cooperation22of energy in developing countries and would not build any new coal-fired power stations outside China.20 The Declaration on China-Africa Cooperation on Climate Change adopted at the 8th FOCAC

237、Ministerial Conference also reaffirms the commitment to long-term support for the sustainable development of Africas energy and mining sectors.21Multi-sector investment in African manufacturingIn recent years,Chinas investment in Africas manufacturing industry has continued to expand,with the scale

238、of annual FDI remaining at more than$400 million.This has played an important role in promoting Africas economic development and industrialization process.22 The latest data show that by the end of 2021,Chinas FDI stock in Africas manufacturing sector had reached$5.93 billion,accounting for 13.4 per

239、cent of Chinas FDI stock in Africa.23 In the field of building materials manufacturing,the production of ceramics,cement and other materials has become a point of special interest for Chinese enterprises to invest in Africa.For example,Wangkang Group has invested in four ceramic production lines in

240、Nigeria,with an average daily output of 140,000 m2,which is the largest production level of any single enterprise in Africa.24 In the field of light industry,China makes full use of its capital and technological strengths to help Africa translate its rich human resource strengths into strong economi

241、c development.In addition to traditional labour-intensive industries,Chinese enterprises are also focusing on investment in healthcare and pharmaceuticals,new energy,IT and other high-tech manufacturing industries,injecting new vitality into China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.20 C(2021).Xis

242、 speech at general debate of 76th session of the UN General Assembly (in Chinese)https:/ Xinhua(2021).Declaration on China-Africa Cooperation to Address Climate Change(full text)(in Chinese).http:/ CCTV(2024).MOFCOM:Chinas Direct Investment in Africa to Maintain Growth in 2023(in Chinese).https:/ Ch

243、inese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation(2023)China-Africa Economic and Trade Relations Report 2023(in Chinese).https:/ Huang Jinlong(2019).China Building Materials African Advantage.China Investment(20):28-30.(in Chinese)2.1 Mechanisms and paths of China-Africa industrial coope

244、ration23Feature 7 Nearly 20 Years in Africa for Reyoung PharmaceuticalsFounded in 1966,Reyoung Pharmaceuticals began to develop its business in Africa almost 20 years ago in around 2006.In order to meet both its corporate development goals and domestic and international legal and regulatory requirem

245、ents,Reyoung initially worked mainly with pharmaceutical and healthcare companies to transship OEM and self-branded products for export to the African market.As the production and supply partner of Humanwell Healthcare in the African market,Reyoung mainly produces penicillin and cephalosporin tablet

246、s,capsules,and various small-volume injections,as well as some antipyretic,analgesic and antihypertensive medicines.At present,penicillin and cephalosporin tablets produced by Reyoung are already the best-selling brands on the Malian market.Meanwhile,some of Reyoung Pharmaceuticals own brand medicin

247、es are also gradually entering Africa through Humanwell Healthcares platform.2.1.3 Improvement in infrastructureIn its cooperation with Africa,China has always prioritized investment in infrastructure construction,supported Africa in making infrastructure construction a priority development directio

248、n for economic revitalization,and made important contributions to Africas industrialization process.Africas infrastructure development needs to attract Chinese investmentInfrastructure comprises the set of facilities and systems that serve social production and peoples livelihoods,and it is the basi

249、c system on which society depends for its survival and development.Much of Africa lags behind the rest of the world in terms of infrastructure development and,according to the latest World Bank data,by 2021 only 51 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa had electricity and only 36 percent w

250、as connected to the internet.25 At the same time,African countries are in a period of rapid industrialization and urbanization,and generally have a strong need for infrastructure development.It is estimated that if sub-Saharan Africa wants to achieve its SDGs,it needs to invest about 7.1 percent of

251、its GDP in infrastructure construction every year,but the investment level in 2023 was only 3.5 percent.Against this backdrop,infrastructure investment in Africa has become an important topic for China-Africa industrial cooperation.26Significant milestones in infrastructure investment in AfricaUnder

252、 the guidance of a series of Chinese government policies on investment in Africa,a large proportion of Chinas investment in Africa is now in infrastructure construction,with the scale of 25 World Bank(2021).Sub-Saharan Africa.https:/data.worldbank.org/region/sub-saharan-africa26 International Financ

253、e Cooperation(2023).Infrastructure in Africa.https:/www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2023/working-paper-infrastructure-in-africa.pdfChapter 2 Supporting the Industrialization of Africa:Mechanisms,Dynamics and Innovation in China-Africa Industrial Cooperation24cooperation in infrastructure constructio

254、n remaining at more than$37 billion per year.27 Since the establishment of the dialogue mechanism of the FOCAC in 2000,Chinese enterprises have built more than 10,000 km of railways,nearly 100,000 km of roads,nearly 1,000 bridges,nearly 100 ports and a large number of hospitals and schools in Africa

255、.28 One of the reasons why infrastructure can benefit Africas industrialization lies in the strong complementarity between infrastructure and industrial parks.As the pace of Chinas investment in industrial parks in Africa steadily progresses,Chinas investment in infrastructure in Africa can also pro

256、duce a linkage effect,serving as a powerful impetus in Africas industrialization and industrial upgrading.2.1.4 Cultivating industrial talentIt is better to teach a man to fish than to give him a fish,and the process of industrialization in Africa cannot be separated from the cultivation of industri

257、al talent.In the area of human resources development,China has provided diversified,high-quality education and training support to African countries through policy guidance and enterprise participation.This has a positive and far-reaching impact on Africas industrialization process.Feature 8 China C

258、ivil Engineering Construction Corporation Nigeria Builds West Africas First Electrified Metro SystemChina Civil Engineering Construction Corporation(CCECC)has been rooted in Nigeria for more than 40 years and has become an important witness of economic and trade cooperation between China and Nigeria

259、.Over the years,the CCECC has gradually won the recognition of the Lagos State Government through its good technical strength,brand image and performance ability,and in 2009,the Lagos State Government awarded the Lagos Rail Mass Transit Blue Line project to the CCECC Nigeria.The opening ceremony for

260、 Phase I of the Blue Line of Lagos Rail Mass Transit,constructed by the CCECC,was held on 24 January 2023.The CCECC Nigeria strictly controlled the construction quality,overcame many difficulties,and ensured the successful completion of the first phase of the project by the end of 2022 with efficien

261、t and high-quality project construction.This project also means that the first electrified metro system in West Africa has been built in the most populous city in Africa.Chinese Governments emphasis on cooperation in vocational education and trainingChina places great importance on the cultivation o

262、f manpower for industrialization in Africa and has cooperated with Africa in vocational education and training.29 China encourages young 27 MOFCOM(2024).MOFCOM Holds Regular Press Conference.(11 April,2024)(in Chinese)http:/ 28 P(2023).African Countries Accelerate Infrastructure Development(in Chine

263、se).http:/ 29 Ministry of Foreign Affairs(2021).Forum on China-Africa Cooperation-Dakar Action Plan(2022-2024).(in Chinese)https:/ Mechanisms and paths of China-Africa industrial cooperation25Africans to go to China to receive high-quality education through the provision of government scholarships,s

264、o as to cultivate industrial talent for Africa possessing professional knowledge and an international outlook.China has also carried out a series of vocational and technical training programmes,strengthened knowledge sharing and technology transfer,and implemented vocational skills training programs

265、 such as the“Lu Ban Workshop”through mechanisms such as the“Future Africa-China-Africa Vocational Education Cooperation Program,”cultivating a large local workforce and tangibly benefitting the industrialization process of African countries.30Chinese-funded enterprises efforts in talent training in

266、Africa Being on the front line of Africas industrialization,Chinese-funded enterprises in Africa are able to cultivate in a targeted way the technical workforce needed for production.For example,Huawei has invested more than$150 million in a series of talent cultivation programs to provide professio

267、nal training and practical opportunities for African youth,covering more than 150 countries and benefiting more than 1.54 million people31.These talent training programs not only provide talent protection for Huaweis business expansion in Africa,but also cultivate an industrial workforce with profes

268、sional skills and a spirit of innovation for the benefit of African countries.This robustly promotes the integrated development of informatization and industrialization in Africa.Feature 9 Huaweis“Seeds for the Future”Program Takes Root in TanzaniaHuawei launched its Seeds for the Future program in

269、2008,with the aim of helping to develop local information and communications technology(ICT)talent and encouraging countries and regions to participate in building digital communities.To date,the program has grown to reach 139 countries and regions around the world.In 2016,Huawei launched this progr

270、am in Tanzania to help develop the local digital economy and bridge the gap between academia and industry.By the end of 2023,the program had provided more than 240 Tanzanian university students with the opportunity to learn cutting-edge ICT.Through the program,Huawei is actively fostering Tanzanian

271、ICT talent,helping Tanzania achieve technological self-reliance and participating substantially in the development of the countrys communications technology.30 Ministry of Education(2021).Tianjin Establishes 12 “Lu Ban Workshops”in Africa-Contributing Chinas Approach to Vocational Education in Afric

272、a.(in Chinese)http:/ Huawei(2021).Promoting Digital Talent Cultivation,Crossing the Digital Divide,and Promoting Sustainable Development-Huawei Sustainability Report-2021 Chairmans Message(In Chinese).https:/ 2 Supporting the Industrialization of Africa:Mechanisms,Dynamics and Innovation in China-Af

273、rica Industrial Cooperation262.2 Complementarities and dynamics of China-Africa industrial cooperationThe volatile international situation has led some critics to have pessimistic expectations of Chinese investment in Africa,but these views are often not based on facts.In fact,the industrial structu

274、res of China and Africa are deeply complementary,and Chinas investment in Africa still has a strong impetus and can provide long-term support for the process of industrialization in Africa.2.2.1 Complementarity of industries and structuresThe urgent need to upgrade Africas industrial structureFor a

275、long time,the transformation of Africas industrial and economic structure has been slow,and the overall industrial structure has not changed significantly after many years of development.At the early stage of the industrialization process,some countries in Africa relied on the abundance of their nat

276、ural resources to achieve initial industrial development and had certain advantages in the upstream of the industrial chain.At the same time,however,this type of economic model can lead to the formation of a monolithic economic structure in a country,which is less stable in the face of complex chang

277、es in the international economic situation and has a high degree of economic vulnerability.For example,Nigeria,Angola and Sudan are vulnerable to fluctuations in international oil prices,and Zambia and the DRC are also vulnerable to international mineral price shocks.These countries are on the fring

278、e of the global industrial chain,and most of them can only export various raw materials or products requiring a low degree of processing.As a result,there is significant room for development and upgrading in the downstream links of the industrial chain and an extremely urgent need for upgrading the

279、industrial structure at the macro level.China-Africa industrial structure development shows compatibility and complementarities Chinas experience of cutting-edge industrial development can meet the urgent needs of African countries for industrial development and upgrading of their industrial structu

280、res.For example,the level of infrastructure in African countries lags behind other countries and they lack relevant technical resources.As a country which has achieved major advances in its infrastructure,China has accumulated rich technical and construction experience.It can use various financing m

281、ethods to provide the missing link in the financing chain of infrastructure construction in Africa and promote the sustainable development of its infrastructure construction.The industrial structure of both sides is highly complementary,and the prospects for cooperation are very broad.2.2 Complement

282、arities and dynamics of China-Africa industrial cooperation27Feature 10 China Road and Bridge Corporation Constructs East Africas First ExpresswayInvested in,developed,constructed and operated by China Road and Bridge Corporation,the Nairobi Expressway is 27.1 km long,connecting Jomo Kenyatta Intern

283、ational Airport,the Nairobi Terminal of the Mombasa Nairobi Railway,Nairobi Ring Road and downtown.It is the first high-grade highway built in Kenya using the public-private partnership mode and also the first expressway in East Africa.The road has been operational since May 14,2022 on a trial basis

284、.The Nairobi Expressway has significantly reduced traffic congestion in Nairobi,lowered logistical costs and boosted economic development.It has also attracted more international investment to Kenya and helping it become an economic,transport,diplomatic and tourism hub in the East African region.2.2

285、.2 Complementarity of resources and marketsPromoting the expansion and upgrading of local industries in AfricaWith its accumulation of competitive industries,China is able to provide African countries with opportunities for technological optimisation and industrial upgrading,cultivate their independ

286、ent productive capacity,and thus improving their position in the global industrial chain.In the area of agriculture,as Chinese consumer demand continues to grow,China has a strong demand for high-quality and diversified agricultural products and is a huge potential market for high-quality African ag

287、ricultural products.Africa is rich in natural resources,and its agricultural resources are very distinctive and of high quality.However,at the same time,local agriculture is facing the problems of low productivity and low added value.In light of this,China has been actively implementing industrial m

288、atching and cooperation in Africa in line with the concepts of providing infrastructure to facilitate investors and skills to support self-sufficiency,in order to support the modernization process of African agriculture.32Africas overall mineral reserves account for about 30 percent of the global to

289、tal,but total financing is less than 5 percent of the global total.33 In contrast,Chinas consumption of metal products accounts for more than 50 percent of the global total,but some key mineral varieties(such as sulphur,potassium,boron,lithium and bromine)are very scarce,meaning that China has a hig

290、h degree of external dependence for these minerals.In this context Africa is an important source of Chinas mineral imports.Chinas imports of mineral products from Africa were$62.58 billion and$67.09 billion in 2021 and 2022 respectively,accounting for 32 C(2015).Chinas Policy Documents on Africa(ful

291、l text)(in Chinese)https:/ Economic Watch(2023).Focus of the 2023 China International Mining Conference:Opportunities and Chal-lenges of Digging into Africa.(in Chinese)https:/ Chapter 2 Supporting the Industrialization of Africa:Mechanisms,Dynamics and Innovation in China-Africa Industrial Cooperat

292、ion2859 percent and 57 percent of Chinas total imports.34 At the same time,Chinese enterprises have been building supply chains for exploration,mining,extraction,processing and sales of minerals in Africa,especially setting up upstream and downstream integrated industrial parks to enhance the added

293、value of local mineral processing.For example,the Zambia-China Economic&Trade Cooperation Zone has brought together non-ferrous metal mining,processing and metallurgy industries,a series of non-ferrous metal derivatives and heavy industrial products such as machinery,chemicals,building materials,tra

294、de and logistics,and cement and non-ferrous metal processing industry projects,such as wire and cable production.This has involved around 100 registered enterprises and constitutes a modern non-ferrous metal industrial park with a relatively complete infrastructure and industrial chain,and a strong

295、impetus and potential for widespread reach.35Delivering a global industrial chain cycleAgainst the backdrop of the accelerated restructuring of the composition of global production,China has proposed a new“dual development dynamic,”with the domestic economy as the mainstay and the domestic economy a

296、nd international engagement providing mutual reinforcement.The new development dynamic will fully stimulate the potential of the Chinese market and help African countries benefit from Chinas diversified import demand and huge potential consumer market.Under the new development dynamic,Chinas industr

297、ial transfer to Africa will not be limited to unilateral industrial output.After completing initial production in local industrial clusters in Africa,the products can be returned to China for in-depth processing.This dynamic has not only delivered a global arrangement and the optimal allocation of C

298、hina and Africas competitive industries,but also promotes the in-depth integration of China and Africa in the global industrial chain,thus promoting the synergistic upgrading of the industrial chain between China and Africa.2.2.3 Complementarity of knowledge and technologyChinas experience of indust

299、rial development benefits AfricaChinas rich experience in technology,management and project operation accumulated during the process of its own industrialization can help Africa accelerate its industrial development process.A representative example is the industrial park model that China has success

300、fully brought to Africa.Chinas industrial parks started from the Shekou Industrial Zone,which was founded in 1979 at the beginning of the period of reform and opening up.Now,after more than 40 years of development,a series of parks involving different industrial levels and covering a wide range of e

301、conomic fields has emerged and China-Africa joint industrial parks are an important vehicle for Chinas industrial investment in Africa.Since the 1990s,Chinese enterprises have actively invested in,constructed and operated various industrial parks in 34 China-Africa Economic and Trade Fair Secretaria

302、t(2023).China-Africa Economic and Trade Relations Report(2023).(in Chinese)https:/ China Belt and Road Network(2021).Zambia-China Economic&Trade Cooperation Zone(in Chinese).https:/ 2.2 Complementarities and dynamics of China-Africa industrial cooperation29Africa.As of 2023,the number of Chinese-fun

303、ded parks in Africa included in the statistics of MOFCOM had reached 25,attracting more than 620 enterprises to enter the parks.Cumulative investment in these parks was$7.35 billion and they employed 42,000 local staff and paid a total of$1.48 billion in taxes and fees to the host countries.The park

304、s comprise a number of industrial clusters in the areas of mineral resources,equipment manufacturing,light industry and textiles,and household electrical appliances,among others.36Local African knowledge aids Chinese integrationThe large number of countries in Africa and the different national condi

305、tions of each country pose a significant challenge to Chinese industries expanding overseas.But at the same time,these differences also highlight the importance of African local knowledge in industrial policy planning and enterprise market development.For example,in Africas cement,iron and steel and

306、 other building material sectors,Chinese enterprises do not have as accurate a grasp of African market trends and policy guidance as African enterprises.Often their investment in production capacity is either too large or too small,and products do not accurately correspond to customer demand.However

307、,when the Chinese side provides African enterprises with production and technical services,and the African partner leads the business strategy and marketing,the two sides can combine their relative strengths to establish a more optimized business model.37 The organic integration of Chinas technology

308、 and management experience with the strengths of African local knowledge can effectively reduce the local start-up,operation and maintenance costs of Chinese investment on the ground and improve the efficiency of Chinas industrial match up with Africa.With the help of local knowledge,Chinese investo

309、rs are able to gain rich insights into local legal systems,better adapt to the African market and investment rules,and reduce legal risks.At the same time,Chinese enterprises in Africa can better understand and respect local culture and traditions to ensure the smooth implementation of projects.In a

310、ddition,Chinas industrial investment can also be based on the actual needs of the African market to produce appropriate products,which can be better integrated with the local level of development to form a sustainable impetus for local industrialization.3836 China News(2023).Chinese Companies Build

311、25 Industrial Parks in Africa,Employing 42,000 Local Workers.(in Chinese)https:/ Tang Xiaoyang(2019).Chinese Manufacturing Investments and Knowledge Transfer:A Report From Ethiopia.(in Chinese).38 China Daily(2023).Three“Chinese Characteristics”Help Africas Industrialization.(in Chinese)https:/cn.ch

312、i- 2 Supporting the Industrialization of Africa:Mechanisms,Dynamics and Innovation in China-Africa Industrial Cooperation302.3 Innovation in China-Africa industrial cooperation from the perspective of new quality productive forcesAt present,there are some concerns in Chinese society that the relocat

313、ion of Chinas manufacturing industries,especially labour-intensive industries,may bring about the regional“hollowing out of industries”in China.However,it has been proven that industrial cooperation between China and Africa will not lead to the“hollowing out of industries”in China but could instead

314、promote the development of new productive forces and the joint upgrading of the China-Africa industrial chain.The fundamental reason for this is that innovation is the first driving force for the development of new productive forces.The most distinctive feature of new productive forces compared with

315、 traditional productive forces is that innovation plays a leading role.39 In the current stage of the global scientific and technological revolution and industrial change,technological cooperation and innovation are of great significance in promoting the transformation and upgrading of China-Africa

316、industries.2.3.1 Leading industrial transformation through technological cooperation and innovationChinas technological strengths enable Africas industrial transformationThe African continent is endowed with abundant natural resources and huge market demand,but it faces a number of difficulties owin

317、g to its relatively low level of industrial development.Among them,the low level of industrial technology in Africa is one of the main factors constraining the development of industrialization in Africa.Once there is a lack of core technology and innovation capacity,it is difficult to establish an i

318、nternationally competitive industry.After decades of development,China has formed a complete industrial system and accumulated a wealth of technological experience,now possessing certain technological strengths in both traditional industries and emerging fields.Chinas manufacturing technology indust

319、ry chain is mature,and labour-intensive industries such as home appliances,textiles and toys possess a world-leading level of technology.Chinas high-tech industry is also developing rapidly,and new energy,new materials,IT and other fields have become the calling card of Chinas competitive industries

320、.In 2023,Chinas exports of the“new trio,”namely electric passenger vehicles,lithium-ion batteries and solar batteries,totaled RMB1.06 trillion,an increase of 29.9 percent year-on-year.40 Therefore,China-Africa industrial cooperation is not 39 P(2024).The Internal Features and Development Focus of th

321、e New Quality Productive Forces(In-Depth Study and Implementation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism With Chinese Characteristics for the New Era).(in Chinese)http:/ General Administration of Customs of the PRC(2024).The Combined Exports of the New Trio Products Grew 29.9 Percent in 2023,Exceeding t

322、he Trillion-RMB Mark for the First Time Chinas New Engine of Foreign Trade Is Becoming Increasingly Stronger.(in Chinese)http:/ 2.3 Innovation in China-Africa industrial cooperation from the perspective of new quality productive forces31a transfer of backward industries,but an innovative path that s

323、uits the actual situation and development model of China and Africa,producing incremental growth rather than removing stock.For example,Jiangsu Tianyi Group invested in the construction of Avanti New Energy Materials Co.,Ltd.in Nigeria,which,since its establishment in 2013,has created more than 4,00

324、0 jobs for the local community and will enable Nigeria to become a key player in the global lithium industry,helping the country to advance its industrial value chain.41China-Africa standards matching enhances efficiency of industrial cooperation Standards matching is an important pillar of China-Af

325、rica industrial cooperation.The China-Africa Cooperation Vision 2035 proposes that China support Africa in building a sound system of technology standards and in upgrading its quality infrastructure capacity.42 Strengthening the matching of technical concepts and technical standards between China an

326、d African countries can reduce transaction costs,improve the efficiency of cooperation and promote the in-depth development of China-Africa industrial cooperation.For example,the Mombasa Nairobi Railway in Kenya,built and operated by Chinese enterprises,is the first modern railway in the country in

327、a hundred years.It adopts Chinese standards,technology and equipment,and is regarded as the“path of Friendship,”“path of Cooperation”and“path of mutual victory”between China and Africa in the new era.It has transported a total of 5.415 million passengers and 1.308 million standard(TEU)containers,con

328、tributing 1.5 percent to Kenyas economic growth and directly or indirectly creating 46,000 jobs,thus achieving significant economic and social benefits.43China and Africa can promote the improvement of standard matching in the following three specific areas.Firstly,strengthening exchanges and cooper

329、ation between standardisation organisations and jointly formulating technical standards that meet the interests of both China and Africa.Secondly,promoting mutual trust and mutual recognition between China and African countries in terms of industrial standards and product quality etc.,to reduce barr

330、iers to trade and obstacles related to standards.Thirdly,strengthening cooperation in the area of intellectual property rights protection,and jointly fighting against infringements,and safeguarding the innovation achievements and legitimate rights and interests of both sides in the field of industri

331、al technology.41 P(2024).Nigeria Expects to Build Africas New Energy Industry Center With Chinese Enterprises.(in Chinese)http:/ MOFCOM(2021).China-Africa Cooperation Vision 2035.(in Chinese)http:/ C(2021).White Paper on China-Africa Cooperation in the New Era(in Chinese)https:/ 2 Supporting the Ind

332、ustrialization of Africa:Mechanisms,Dynamics and Innovation in China-Africa Industrial Cooperation32Feature 11 Haifu Medical Technology:Non-Invasive Surgical Technology Arrives in Four African CountriesThere is a lack of sufficient medical treatment in Africa,where 80 percent of operations are still

333、 based on laparotomies for major trauma,and less than 10 percent of doctors have mastered the technique of laparoscopic treatment.The lack of high-quality blood sources and the side-effects and slow recovery brought about by traditional major trauma surgeries are the key problems of medical treatment in Africa.Haifu Medical Technology was the first to introduce High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound(HI