1、The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2024 Pathways to ScaleIns Arvalo-Snchez,Janet Heisey,Sarang Chaudhary,Timothy Clay,Victoria Strokova,Puja Vasudeva Dutta,and Colin AndrewsThe State of Economic Inclusion Report 2024Scan the QR code to see this and prior editions of The State of Economic Inclusi

2、on Report.The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2024 Pathways to ScaleIns Arvalo-Snchez,Janet Heisey,Sarang Chaudhary,Timothy Clay,Victoria Strokova,Puja Vasudeva Dutta,and Colin Andrews 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433Tel

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15、2024917592vContentsForeword xiAcknowledgments xiiiAbout the Authors xvExecutive Summary xviiAbbreviations xxxiIntroduction 1Partnership for Economic Inclusion and The State of Economic Inclusion Report 1Landscape Survey 2023 2How to Navigate SEI 2024 3Notes 4References 51 Economic Inclusion in Overl

16、apping Crises 6Introduction 7Safeguarding Poor and Vulnerable Populations Amid Overlapping Crises 7Building Long-Term Resilience to Shocks 9Creating Jobs for the Poorest People 13Notes 17References 17Spotlight 1 A Look at the Evidence Emerging from Government-Led Programs 222 A Growing Global Footpr

17、intEconomic Inclusion Is Expanding 28The Global Footprint of Economic Inclusion ProgramsIsGrowing 29Governments Lead the Effort to Scale Up 29Scale-Up Is Under Way but Falling Significantly ShortofNeeds 31The Greater Diversity of Programs Is Evident 33The Surge in Programs Has Prompted an Update oft

18、heEconomic Inclusion Framework 39Household-and Area-Focused Programs Provide Insight into the Diverse Approaches to Economic Inclusion 40Large-Scale Programs Bring to Light Diverse Approaches 44Notes 47References 483 Program Design for Scale 50Introduction 51viTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT

19、2024Five Dimensions of Scale Reflect Program Growth Beyond Coverage 52Programs Can Scale Up by Adding NewPopulationGroups 53Programs That Scale Up by Expanding to New Geographic Areas May Require Adaptation 58Programs Broadening Their Activities Must Balance Participant Needs,Monitoring,Cost,and Com

20、plexity 60Programs Seek to Achieve Womens Economic Empowerment 64Effective Scale Up Requires Good Diagnostics 67References 68Spotlight 2 Adapting Economic Inclusion to aGrowing Youth Population 704 Program Delivery at Scale and Policy Integration 74Introduction 75Implementation Arrangements Vary Wid

21、ely to Ensure Effective Delivery 76Engaging the Private Sector in Service Delivery Shows Strong Potential 85Incorporating Community Structures into Program Delivery Can Facilitate Local Buy-In 86Digital Platforms and Tools Can Significantly Facilitate Service Delivery 90Integrating Programs into Nat

22、ional Policies Can Facilitate Political Support and Budget Allocation 92Notes 98References 99Spotlight 3 Economic Inclusion in an Increasingly Digital World 101Special Focus:Climate-Resilient Economic Inclusion 104Introduction 105Economic Inclusion Programs as Enablers of Climate-Resilient Developme

23、nt 108A Growing Body of CREI Programs 109Climate-Resilient Programs Tackle Climate Change and Poverty by Design 112For Successful Program Delivery,Collaboration Is Needed Across Diverse Sectors,Ministries,and Implementers 120What Will It Take to Scale Up Climate-Resilient EconomicInclusion?122Notes

24、124References 124Policy Recommendations 129Appendix A Survey Methodology 135Appendix B Comparison of Landscape Survey Data in SEI 2021 and SEI 2024 143Appendix C Economic Inclusion Programs Surveyed Globally 161Glossary 195CONTENTSviiBOXESES.1 Emerging Evidence from Government-Led Programs xixI.1 Ke

25、y Terms Used in SEI 2024 2I.2 Landscape Survey of Economic Inclusion Programs 2023 31.1 Global Megatrends with Implications for Poverty Reduction 81.2 Building Resilience After the COVID-19 Pandemic 101.3 Adaptive Social Protection and Climate Resilience 121.4 The Jobs Challenge and Women 131.5 Faci

26、litating Access to Markets and Better Job Opportunities in Ethiopia 152.1 Social Assistance Programs Provide a Solid Foundation for Scaling Up 302.2 Definitions of Poverty and Vulnerability Segments from the Landscape Survey 2023 352.3 Examples of Household-Focused Economic Inclusion Programs 422.4

27、Examples of Area-Focused Economic Inclusion Programs 433.1 BOMAs REAP Approach for Different Population Groups 543.2 Empowering Displaced People:What Does the Evidence Say?563.3 Combining“Push”and“Pull”Programming 583.4 Testing Variations in Program Components in Uganda 623.5 Building Resilience in

28、Response to COVID-19 633.6 Empowering Women:What Does the Evidence Say?664.1 Building on Existing Safety Nets and Delivery Systems in Nigeria 794.2 Building Institutional Linkages in Ghana 804.3 Why Do Some Economic Inclusion Programs Fail?Lessons from Iraq 824.4 Creating an Economic Inclusion Ecosy

29、stem in the Arab Republic of Egypt 844.5 Engaging Community Facilitators in Ghana and Tanzania 874.6 Enterprise Ecosystem Development in India 884.7 A Structured Approach to Savings Groups in Malawi 894.8 Philanthropic Donors Supporting Government-Led Programs 954.9 Evolution of a National Strategy

30、of Sustainable Graduation in Rwanda 97S3.1 Digital Ecosystem for Job Creation in Jordan 102SF.1 Economic Inclusion and Climate Resilience:What Does the Evidence Say?106SF.2 The Climate-Poverty Nexus 106SF.3 Climate Resilience and Womens Economic Empowerment 107SF.4 Climate-Resilient Economic Inclusi

31、on Program Areas 112SF.5 Farmer Field Schools Build Climate Resilience 116SF.6 Potential for Nature-Based Solutions within CREI Programs 117SF.7 A Rise in the Use of Parametric Insurance 118SF.8 Building Climate Resilience through Partnership:An Example from Burundi 121viiiTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCL

32、USION REPORT 2024FIGURESES.1 Distribution of Economic Inclusion Programs and Participants,by Lead Institution xviiiESB1.1 Evidence and Cost of Select Government-Led Programs xixES.2 Distribution of Economic Inclusion Programs and Participants,by Region xxiES.3 Key Features of Program Design xxiiES.4

33、 Programs Have Scaled Up Along Core Dimensions xxiiiES.5 Complementary Approaches to Economic Inclusion at the Household and Area(System)Levels xxiiiES.6 Percentage of Programs in Which External Organizations Are Involved in Program Service Delivery xxivES.7 Percentage of Programs Using Digital Tech

34、nology for Program Management and Delivery xxviES.8 Percentage of Government-and Nongovernment-Led Programs Financed by External Institutions xxixB1.5.1 Components and Objectives of the Livestock and Fisheries Sector Development Project in Ethiopia 162.1 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs and

35、 Participants,by Lead Institution 302.2 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs,by Number of Current Direct Participants 322.3 Distribution of Program Coverage Rates,by Share of Population Living in Poverty 322.4 Percentage of Economic Inclusion Programs and Participants,by Region 332.5 Poverty Se

36、gments and Population Groups Targeted:Percentage of Programs 342.6 Main Program Objectives Overall and by Poverty Focus 362.7 Distribution of Programs,by Number and Type of Components,Sequencing,and Duration 382.8 Pathways to Economic Inclusion at Scale:A Framework 402.9 Complementary Approaches to

37、Economic Inclusion at the Household and Area(System)Levels 413.1 Programs Have Scaled Up Along Core Dimensions 533.2 Customization of Malawis Social Support for Resilient Livelihoods Project 543.3 Distribution of Government-and Nongovernment-Led Programs,by Number of Components 613.4 Distribution of

38、 Programs Serving All or a Subset of Participants,by Number of Components 64S2.1 Main Program Objectives and Components of Youth-Focused Programs Versus Nonyouth-FocusedPrograms 714.1 Percentage of Programs in Which the Lead Agency Plays Selected Roles 764.2 Percentage of Programs in Which an Extern

39、al Organization Plays Selected Roles,by Role Played 77CONTENTSix4.3 Percentage of Programs in Which External Organizations Are Involved in Program Service Delivery 834.4 Percentage of Programs Using Digital Technology for Program Management and Delivery 914.5 Percentage of Government-and Nongovernme

40、nt-Led Programs Financed by External Institutions 94BSF2.1 The Climate-Poverty Nexus 106SF.1 The CREI Framework 110SF.2 Design Adaptations of CREI Programs 114B.1 Distribution of Government-Led and Nongovernment-Led Economic Inclusion Programs 144B.2 Distribution of Participants in Government-Led an

41、d Nongovernment-Led Programs 144B.3 Distribution of Economic Inclusion Programs,by Region 145B.4 Distribution of Participants in Economic Inclusion Programs,by Region 145B.5 Percentage of All Programs with a Presence in Rural,Urban,and Peri-Urban Areas 146B.6 Distribution of Programs by State,Region

42、al,and National Presence 147B.7 Distribution of Government-Led and Nongovernment-Led Programs,by Number of Current Direct Participants 147B.8 Distribution of Program Coverage as a Share of the Population Living below the National PovertyLine 148B.9 Main Program Objectives of Economic Inclusion Progr

43、ams 149B.10 Proportion of Programs,by Poverty Segments Targeted 150B.11 Proportion of Programs,by Population Group Targeted 151B.12 Proportion of Programs,by Targeting Methodologies 152B.13 Distribution of Programs,by Number of Components 153B.14 Proportion of Programs,by Their Components 153B.15 Di

44、stribution of Programs,by Duration of Interventions 154B.16 Distribution of Programs,by Sequencing of Components 155B.17 Proportion of Programs That Scaled Up along Core Dimensions 155B.18 Proportion of Programs That Use Digital Tools to Support Specific Activities 156B.19 Proportion of Programs Tha

45、t Use Digital Tools to Provide Components 157B.20 Distribution of Programs,by Financing Organization 158B.21 Proportion of Programs in Which the Lead Agency Takes on Specific Roles 159B.22 Proportion of Programs with an External Agency Involved in the Delivery of Components 160MAPSES.1 CREI Programs

46、 and Climate Vulnerability xxviiiSF.1 CREI Programs and Climate Vulnerability 110 xTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024TABLESS1.1 Studies Noted in This Spotlight 23S1.2 Key Policy-Relevant Knowledge Gaps in the Economic Inclusion Literature 262.1 Examples of Economic Inclusion in Four Country

47、 Income Groups 372.2 Household-and Area-Focused Programs:A Comparison 422.3 Top 20 Programs,by Cumulative Participants 453.1 Dimensions of Scale:Programmatic and Institutional 52SF.1 Targeting Criteria for CREI Programs 114A.1 Response Rate for the Partnership for Economic Inclusion Landscape Survey

48、2023 136B.1 Percentage of All Programs with a Presence in Different Contexts 146C.1 Economic Inclusion Programs Included in the Global Survey 162xiForewordPeople living in extreme poverty have faced tremendous challenges over the past few years,with many having emerged from the global pandemic with

49、their precarious household finances further disrupted by climate shocks or displacement.The number of people living in extreme poverty has also increased,underscoring the importance of development initiatives that are evidence-backed,scalable,and capable of building resilience to future shocks.Econo

50、mic inclusion is one such initiative that delivers on that challenge.The State of Economic Report 2024:Pathways to Scale reveals that millions of people have benefited from economic inclusion programs that empower participants to build skills and experience,secure better employment,provide food for

51、their table,send children to school,and build resilience to shocks and crises.In short,these programs help those who face the greatest challenges find a pathway out of poverty.The report reveals that the number of economic inclusion programs has grown,in part,because governments extended their socia

52、l protection programs to help citizens build resilience to multiple shocks.More people were included in these programs,and their geographic footprint has grown.However,as the report highlights,the current scale of these efforts falls short of the need,and there is significant potential to scale up p

53、roven economic inclusion models to get back on track to reach the Sustainable Development Goals.This report documents the progress made in global economic inclusion efforts and builds on the foundation laid by the first report in this series,The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021:The Potential

54、to Scale.While the first report explored the potential to scale,this latest report identifies those programs that have achieved scale,both government-and nongovernment-led,and highlights the progress and challenges of scaling up.The report also explores the vital roles governments,nongovernment orga

55、nizations(NGOs),and the private sector are playing to achieve scale and how these institutions are working together.This collaborative effort is vital for achieving scale and ensuring that economic inclusion programs reach their full potential.Evidence from government-led programs in different count

56、ries and contexts shows they can be delivered at scale,cost-effectively.Governments,as the primary drivers of scaled economic inclusion programs,are increasingly institutionalizing these initiatives,integrating them into policies,and are exploring ways to expand coverage,broaden scope,and expand fun

57、ctions.The report summarizes new findings from government-led programs,complementing the extensive evidence presented in the 2021 report;identifies remaining knowledge gaps;and provides insights for future programmatic approaches.Among the most-pressing priorities shaping the future of economic incl

58、usion are two critical areas:womens economic empowerment and climate resilience.The report provides examples of programs that prioritize gender equality and ensure that women and girls are integral to program scale-up.A Special Focus section on climate-resilient economic inclusion examines the emerg

59、ing agenda of integrating climate resilience into program design and the need for targeted support to poor and vulnerable communities facing climate-induced challenges.xiiTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024As members of the Steering Committee for the Partnership for Economic Inclusion(PEI),w

60、e are encouraged by the progress toward scale that economic inclusion programs are making and the critical lessons on good practice that have emerged.PEIs work to support the adoption and scale-up of government-led economic inclusion programs,working with governments,bilateral and multilateral organ

61、izations,NGOs,research institutions,and the private sector,remains critical.This partnership network provides an opportunity for all stakeholders to share cutting-edge knowledge on economic inclusion and contribute to evidence-based best practices.It also invests in innovations in government-led eco

62、nomic inclusion to further expand our understanding of how to effectively scale up these programs.Protecting people living in extreme poverty is at the heart of the World Banks vision of creating a world free of poverty on a livable planet.The World Bank aims to scale up social protection programs,w

63、orking alongside partners to support at least 500 million people in developing countries by 2030aiming for half of those to be women and girls.Economic inclusion is a key component of this ambitious goal,and The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2024 represents a significant milestone in our ongoin

64、g efforts to scale up sustainable economic inclusion programs for the poorest populations.We look forward to continued and successful collaboration.Gregory ChenManaging DirectorUltra-Poor Graduation InitiativeBRAC InternationalOlivia LelandCo-Founder and CEOCo-ImpactDr.Ariane HildebrandtDirector Gen

65、eral,Global Health,Equality of Opportunity,Digital Technologies,and Food SecurityFederal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development(BMZ)Michael GaffeyDirector GeneralIrish Aid Iffath SharifGlobal Director,Social ProtectionWorld Bank xiiiAcknowledgmentsThe report was prepared by an authoring t

66、eam from the Partnership for Economic Inclusion(PEI)in the World Banks Social Protection Global Practice,including Ins Arvalo-Snchez,Janet Heisey,Sarang Chaudhary,Timothy Clay,Victoria Strokova,Puja Vasudeva Dutta,and Colin Andrews.Shilohni Sumanthiran and Yetimwork Habte provided extensive support

67、to the authors and editors during the research,drafting,and editing stages of the report.The team is grateful for the overall strategic guidance and support from Iffath Sharif,Loli Arribas-Banos,and Jamele Rigolini,as well as to Michal Rutkowski(all with the World Bank)during the reports conceptuali

68、zation.The team further appreciates guidance from PEIs Steering Committee members Greg Chen(BRAC International),Doris King(Co-Impact),Susanne Lein(Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit),and Paula Nolan(Irish Aid).We are grateful for the thorough guidance and direction from peer revi

69、ewers Thomas Bossuroy(World Bank),Aline Coudouel(World Bank),Felipe F.Dizon(World Bank),Ugo Gentilini(World Bank),Keetie Roelen(Open University,UK),Klas Sander(World Bank),and Joana Silva(World Bank).In addition,we appreciate the detailed suggestions on the preliminary draft provided by PEI Advisory

70、 Council members Frank DeGiovanni(Ford Foundation,retired),Nathanael Goldberg(Innovations for Poverty Action),Rita Larok(AVSI),Nana Oye Lithur(former cabinet minister,Ghana),Marvi Memon(former minister,Pakistan),and Carolina Trivelli(Peruvian Studies Institute).This report would not have been possib

71、le without the detailed survey contributions from nearly 100 organizations,including governments,nongovernmental organizations,United Nations agencies,and development organizations,as well as from World Bank operational staff.A special thanks goes to PEIs technical partners for providing program dat

72、a and inputs:BOMA,CARE,Concern Worldwide,the Food and Agriculture Organization,Fundacin Capital,ideas42,Innovations for Poverty Action,Trickle Up,the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,Village Enterprise,and World Vision International.Appendix C documents the contributing programs in full

73、.Several individuals generously provided time and resources for background interviews,including Paul Carr and Dermot Hegarty(Concern Worldwide);Kajal Chatterjee(United Nations Development Programme UNDP,Bangladesh);Sandrine Chetail(Mercy Corps);Carolina de Miranda and Victor Ortiz Mangano(Fundacin C

74、apital);Theara Khoun and Mao Meas(UNDP,Cambodia);Anna Mecagni(BOMA);and HarryEdmund Moroz,Alreena Renita Pinto,Claudia Zambra Taibo,and Michele Zini(all of the World Bank).We thank the following World Bank colleagues who provided valuable contributions,ideas,and feedback during the consultation and

75、report-writing processes:Afrah Alawi Al-Ahmadi,Thomas Bossuroy,Helle Buchhave,Hugo Brousset Chaman,Sarah Coll-Black,Wendy Cunningham,Tracy Hart,Alex Kamurase,Matteo Morgandi,Edmundo Murrugarra,Ashesh Prasann,Patrick Premand,Claudia P.Rodriguez Alas,xivTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024Luz S

76、tella Rodriguez,Solenne Rougeaux,Nian Sadiq,Klas Sander,Emil Tesliuc,Margaux Vinez,and Stephen Joseph Winkler.John Felton and Sabra Ledent edited the report.Tyler McClelland(World Bank)coordinated the publication process and oversaw design.The team also appreciates all the administrative support pro

77、vided by Adriana Cecilia Espinal and Yolaina Montoya(both of the World Bank)during the various stages of the reports preparation.Finally,we are grateful to the team at the World Banks Publications Office,particularly the close guidance and support provided by Cindy A.Fisher,Jewel McFadden,and Christ

78、ina Ann Davis.xvAbout the AuthorsColin Andrews is global lead for social assistance in the World Banks Social Protection Global Practice.He has more than 15 years of social protection experience in Africa and South Asia and in global policy.His current work focuses on social protection financing,foo

79、d and nutrition security,and disaster risk reduction.From 2019 to 2023,Colin led the Partnership for Economic Inclusion(PEI).Previously,Colin managed lending operations on safety nets and service delivery in Africa.He has published widely on safety net impacts,crisis response,and financing.He also h

80、as worked for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,the European Commission,and nongovernmental organizations(NGOs).Colin holds a masters degree in economics from Trinity College,Dublin.Ins Arvalo-Snchez is a consultant with the World Banks PEI and Social Protection Global Prac

81、tice.She is an economist with more than 15 years of experience in economic and financial inclusion,rural development,and social protection in various countries in Africa,Asia,Latin America,and the Middle East.Ins has extensive experience in conducting evaluative and operational research,designing mo

82、nitoring and evaluation systems,and working with operations to build the capacity of local teams and to translate research and evaluation results into insights for program implementation.She has coauthored several publications on economic inclusion,including The State of Economic Inclusion Report 20

83、21.Previously,Ins worked as a consultant with private philanthropical organizations and NGOs,including the Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance and Trickle Up.She holds an MA in development economics from the University of Sussex,England.Sarang Chaudhary is an advisor with the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr I

84、nternationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH,where he focuses on the digital transformation of social protection systems and building global consensus on interoperability standards.Previously,he served as an economist with the World Banks PEI and Social Protection Global Practice,where he designed and supporte

85、d the implementation of national social assistance and economic inclusion programs.Sarang also led a nonprofit in India focused on community-driven development and grassroots program implementation in collaboration with state and city governments.He holds a bachelors degree in electronics and commun

86、ication engineering from APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University in India and a masters degree in public policy from the University of California,Berkeley.Timothy Clay is an economist with the World Banks PEI and Social Protection Global Practice.He specializes in researching and designing policies and

87、 programs focused on job creation,economic inclusion,and climate resilience.Timothy has spent most of his career at the World Bank in technical and operational roles,primarily focusing on programming in Africa and South Asia.Recently,he led PEIs cross-sectoral climate resilience work program to intr

88、oduce climate-resilient adaptations and innovations to improve the resilience of poor and vulnerable communities.Timothy holds an MSc in public policy from both Maastricht University and the United Nations UniversityMERIT.xviTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024Puja Vasudeva Dutta is an econom

89、ist with expertise in social protection and economic inclusion.She was a researcher in the Poverty Research Unit at the University of Sussex in England and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in India,focusing on poverty,inequality,and labor markets research.Puja was then in the World

90、Banks Social Protection Global Practice in South Asia and East Asia from 2006 to 2018,where she worked on social protection policy reform,program design,and delivery systems in Afghanistan,Cambodia,India,Laos,the Maldives,Myanmar,and Viet Nam.She is now an independent consultant with global assignme

91、nts with the World Banks PEI and Social Insurance Administration Diagnostic and in the Pacific with the Partnerships for Social Protection program,funded by the Government of Australias Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.She holds a DPhil in economics from the University of Sussex.Janet Heisey

92、is a senior consultant with the World Banks PEI,where she leads its partnership work,is the editor of the In Practice publication series,and supports country engagement and knowledge management workstreams.She is coauthor of Working for Inclusion:Economic Inclusion in Contexts of Forced Displacement

93、 and The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021.She also has consulted on World Bank economic inclusion programs in Ethiopia and Kenya.She has more than 20 years of experience developing strategy and partnerships and designing economic inclusion programs for people living in poverty,including peopl

94、e with disabilities and displaced populations.Previously,Janet created and led a technical assistance unit at Trickle Up,working in partnership with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees to design economic inclusion programs that foster refugee self-reliance.She holds a bachelors degree from Michiga

95、n State University.Victoria Strokova is the program manager for the World Banks PEI.With more than 15 years of experience in international development,she has technical expertise in social safety nets(cash transfers),building social protection systems(social registries),labor and economic inclusion

96、programs,and cross-sectoral topics such as jobs and human capital.At the World Bank,Victoria has gained extensive experience across multiple regions and global units within the Social Protection Global Practice,as well as in cross-cutting units like the Jobs Group and the Human Capital Project,where

97、 she was coprogram manager for the Human Capital Umbrella program and coled cross-sectoral analytical work on disruptive technology.Previously,she led operational and analytical work in Ethiopia and Liberia,focusing on the design,implementation,and evaluation of economic inclusion programs in rural;

98、urban;and fragility,conflict,and violence contexts.She holds a masters degree in public policy with honors from the University of Chicagos Harris School of Public Policy.xviiExecutive SummaryIntroductionThe State of Economic Inclusion Report(SEI)is a flagship initiative under the Partnership for Eco

99、nomic Inclusion.1 The first report in this series,The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021:The Potential to Scale(SEI 2021;Andrews et al.2021),established a baseline of the global landscape,reviewed the evidence on impact and costs,and introduced a framework for scaling up economic inclusion.This

100、 new reportThe State of Economic Inclusion Report 2024:Pathways to Scale(SEI 2024)explores efforts to scale up policy and programming,including progress and challenges around government-led programs,and the interplay with nongovernment actors and the private sector.The SEI 2024 emerges in a context

101、of overlapping crises,which have affectedpoor and vulnerable people disproportionately.For example,since 2020,the COVID-19 pandemic increased the number of people living in extreme poverty to 700 million.Additionally,the number of people experiencing severe food insecurity more than doubled during t

102、his period(UNDESA 2023),while up to 122million more individuals may fall into extreme poverty by 2030 due to climate change(IPCC 2022).These overlapping crises have had global repercussions but have disproportionately affected poor and vulnerable people.The United Nations(UN)Sustainable Development

103、Goal(SDG 1)of ending extreme poverty by 2030 may be missed without a concerted effort(Sachs et al.2023).As a result,economic inclusion programs are more relevant now than ever.Using a multidimensional approach,these programs address multiple constraints faced by poor and vulnerable individuals,house

104、holds,and communities with the aim to increase their incomes and assets.As ample evidence shows,these programs can play a critical role in creating job opportunities for poor and vulnerable individuals and building their resilience to various shocks,including those exacerbated by climate change.This

105、 report identifies the following 10 key messages with respect to the scale-up of economic inclusion programming globally.Message 1:The Number of Economic Inclusion Programs Has Almost Doubled,and Coverage Has Increased by 50Percent This report surveyed 405 economic inclusion programs in 88 countries

106、,an increase from 219 programs in 75 countries in 2021.2 Many programs included in the 2021 report have also expanded despite,or in some cases in response to,the current context of overlapping crises.As a result,coverage of these programs has expanded from 9.8million households in 2021 to more than

107、15 million households,benefiting more than 70million individuals directly or indirectly.xviiiTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024FIGURE ES.1Distribution of Economic Inclusion Programs and Participants,by Lead InstitutionGovernment-led programsNongovernment-led programs73.826.202040Percent6080

108、100ParticipantsPrograms43.057.0Source:Partnership for Economic Inclusion,World Bank.Note:Data on the number of participants are missing for 72 programs(16 nongovernment-led and 56 government-led programs),most of which were in the last phases of preparation before actual delivery of support for part

109、icipants began.Overall,405 programs were surveyed(231 nongovernment-led and 174 government-led programs).The total number of participants(15,323,059)and beneficiaries(70,043,913)include direct participants and indirect beneficiaries.Governments continue to lead the scale-up of economic inclusion pro

110、grams,with 43percent of all programs being government led,covering 74percent of participants(refer to figure ES.1).However,nongovernment-led programs also contribute significantly to the increase in coverage,leading 57percent of economic inclusion programs.Although their coverage is lower(26percent

111、of participants),nongovernment organizations(NGOs)can help pilot economic inclusion approaches in new geographic areas or with different population groups or test new methods or approaches.NGOs also play a key role in government-led programs as service providers and technical assistance providers,he

112、lping increase the capacity of government agencies to implement and scale up economic inclusion programs.Message 2:Compelling Evidence of Impact Underpins This Surge and Scale of ProgramsThe growth in programs is in part a result of the strong body of evidence showing that these programs can effecti

113、vely build resilience and facilitate economic opportunities for the poor population.A global review of evidence in SEI 2021 found that economic inclusion programs can significantly impact food security,consumption,income,business revenues,and asset accumulation(Andrews et al.2021).More-recent eviden

114、ce reviewed in the current report suggests that government-led programs are cost-effective and are high-return investments(refer to boxES.1).Investing in economic inclusion programs pays off in the long run,with the benefits significantly outweighing the initial costs.A recent meta-analysis highligh

115、ts evidence from studies conducted in Afghanistan,Bangladesh,the Democratic Republic of Congo,Ghana,Nepal,and Niger,revealing cost-benefit ratios between 121 percent and 379percent and internal rates of return ranging from 16percent to ExECUTIvE SUMMARyxix66percent(J-PAL2023).For policy makers,this

116、robust evidence from diverse settings demonstrates that economic inclusion programs consistently deliver economic benefits that surpass the initial investment,can be considered effective tools for poverty alleviation,and are wise investments with considerable returns,all leading to broader social an

117、d economic development.While this evidence is encouraging,more research is required to fill critical learning gaps on how government-led economic inclusion programs can be effectively and efficiently scaled up.BOX ES.1Emerging Evidence from Government-Led ProgramsGovernment-led economic inclusion pr

118、ograms have demonstrated significant impacts on various economic outcomes among vulnerable populations.Evidence from programs in Afghanistan,Niger,Senegal,and Zambia highlights substantial improvements in food security,consumption,income,and business revenues(refer to figure ESB1.1).Programs not onl

119、y improved economic well-being but also contributed to the resilience of rural households,particularly through diversifying womens economic activities.Moreover,these programs have demonstrated positive impacts on psychosocial well-being and womens empowerment.Although limited to a few studies,eviden

120、ce shows that,when implemented through government systems,these programs are highly cost-effective and yield high returns on investment.In Niger,for example,the program demonstrated a cost-benefit ratio of 127percent 18 months after implementation,while in Zambia,the program broke even within 12 mon

121、ths,albeit with a slightly lower cost-effectiveness.Assuming sustained impacts,both Niger and Zambia show positive returns on investment,at 73percent and 36percent,respectively(Bossuroy et al.2022;Botea et al.2023).FIGURE ESB1.1Evidence and Cost of Select Government-Led ProgramsAfghanistan(FCV)Cost

122、per participant:$1,675In womensempowermentand mentalwell-being11.5 pp in womenslabor marketparticipation16%in consumptionand 32%in income20%in debtNiger(Rural)andSenegal(Urban)Cost per participant:Niger($584),Senegal($442)In improvements inpsychosocialwell-being in NigerIn business revenuesfor women

123、 participantsin Niger(107%)andSenegal(22%)In consumptionin Niger(15%)and Senegal(6%)Zambia(Rural)Cost per participant:$384In food securityand subjectivewell-being45%in businessprofits19%in consumptionSources:Bossuroy et al.2022,2024;Botea et al.2023;Bedoya et al.2023.Note:FCv=fragility,conflict,and

124、violence;pp=percentage points.(Box continues next page)xxTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024Message 3:The Program Landscape Is Diverse,in Both Geographic Coverage and Program DesignThe majority of economic inclusion programs(79percent)are implemented in low-income and lower-middle-income cou

125、ntries.Sub-Saharan Africa hosts the largest share of these programs and the most participants(refer to figure ES.2),but these programs can be found in all regions of the world.Rural areas remain the primary focus of operations,accounting for 84percent of programs,with 43percent exclusively targeting

126、 rural populations.This finding is in line with the majority of the worlds extreme-poor population residing in rural areas(World Bank 2022).However,there is a notable trend of economic inclusion programs,particularly more recent ones,expanding their operations into urban areas.Approximately 38percen

127、t of programs now serve urban or peri-urban populations.Thispercentage includes programs with national coverage,those designed to cater to both urban and rural areas,and those initially launched in rural areas that have since expanded to include urban and peri-urban populations.Programs are also des

128、igned with a range of policy objectives with an emphasis on enhancing job opportunities for the poor and womens empowerment(refer to figure ES.3,panel a).These programs enhance self-employment opportunities for poor and vulnerable populations(47percent of all programs),diversifying participants inco

129、me sources(36percent),and increasing their productivity(31percent).With an increased recognition of the need to address the barriers to womens economic empowerment,33percent of programs prioritize empowering womena significant rise since 2021,when only 17percent of all programs had this objective.Pr

130、ograms are refining design and delivery to meet the needs of different population groups.Economic inclusion programs typically prioritize vulnerable populations at the lower end of the income distribution,targeting the ultra-poor(40percent of programs),extreme-poor(53percent),and poor(55percent)popu

131、lations.Many programs also focus on specific demographic groups,including women(90percent of programs),youth(65percent),displaced and conflict-affected populations(39percent),and people with disabilities(39percent)(refer to figure ES.3,panel b).However,critical learning gaps still exist.First,assess

132、ing the cost-effectiveness of large-scale government-led programs in different contexts is needed.Second,researching how more-scalable program delivery methods,such as group coaching and digitally delivered training,can influence program impact and cost-effectiveness is required.Third,identifying th

133、e appropriate package that can achieve maximum impact in a given context and for targeted groups is important.By addressing these research questions,policy makers and practitioners can enhance the design and implementation of economic inclusion programs to better serve vulnerable populations and ach

134、ieve sustainable impacts at scale.BOX ES.1Emerging Evidence From Government-Led Programs(continued)ExECUTIvE SUMMARyxxiFIGURE ES.2 Distribution of Economic Inclusion Programs and Participants,by RegionEAPECALACMENASASSA02040Percent6080100ParticipantsPrograms4.03.517.36.911.656.86.917.374.8Source:Par

135、tnership for Economic Inclusion,World Bank.Note:The figure is based on survey data for 405 programs:16,EAP;14,ECA;70,LAC;28,MENA;47,SA;and 230,SSA.The total number of participants is 15,323,059 and beneficiaries is 70,043,913,which includes direct participants and indirect beneficiaries.Data on the

136、number of participants are missing for 72 programs,most of which were in the last phases of preparation before actual delivery of support for participants began.EAP=East Asia and Pacific;ECA=Europe and Central Asia;LAC=Latin America and the Caribbean;MENA=Middle East and North Africa;SA=South Asia;S

137、SA=Sub-Saharan Africa.These multidimensional programs customize a comprehensive package based onconstraints,vulnerability,and local context,often providing specific components to a subset of participants to tailor support to their needs(refer to figure ES.3,panel d).Programs seek to achieve the core

138、 objectives by providing a comprehensive package of support,and more than 81 percent of programs,both government and nongovernment led,include 59 components and so are very complex programs.These components may include training(96 percent),coaching(89 percent),business capital(77 percent),and market

139、 links(74 percent)(refer to figure ES.3,panel c).These components are usually delivered in a sequence,ensuring that participants receive support when they can benefit most.Message 4:Programs Are Taking Diverse Paths to ScaleThe majority(74percent)of economic inclusion programs have scaled up along s

140、everal dimensions,including and beyond coverage expansion(refer to figure ES.4).In fact,the landscape reveals an increasingly wider range of sectoral interventions that constitute the foundations on which economic inclusion packages are built,including social safety nets,jobs and livelihoods,financi

141、al inclusion,social development,and agricultural and environmental interventions.This report identifies two diverse but often complementary strategies for economic inclusion at scale(refer to figure ES.5).SEI 2021 emphasized household-focused programs that use a“push”strategy to enable households an

142、d individuals to build the assets,income,knowledge,and confidence to access services and engage in broader systems,including market systems.In addition to these programs,SEI 2024 also identifies“area-focused”programs or community-or sector-level strategies that seek to improve the broader availabili

143、ty and quality of economic opportunities and services.These programs use a“pull”strategy to enroll people broadly,including those living in extreme poverty,and engage them in the community,region,market,or other systems that the program seeks to change.xxiiTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024

144、FIGURE ES.3Key Features of Program DesignEnhancedself-employmentopportunityIncome diversificationWomensempowermentIncreased productivityFinancial inclusionFood securityEnhanced marketaccessClimate resilienceSocial inclusionIncreased access towage employmentEnhanced accessto social servicesSocial coh

145、esion010203040Percenta.Program objectives50Percentb.Population groups89.664.739.038.527.920.719.819.52.5020406080100WomenYouthDisplacement/conflict affectedPeople withdisabilitiesClimate affectedChildrenElderlyMarginalizedOther0.718.052.628.601020304050602 components34 components56 components78 comp

146、onentsPercentd.Number of components53.877.033.695.689.173.673.865.70204060Percent80100TransferBusiness capitalAccess to wageemploymentSkills trainingCoachingFinancial servicesfacilitationMarket linksClimate resiliencec.Components46.736.333.331.427.424.423.520.020.013.66.95.4Source:Partnership for Ec

147、onomic Inclusion,World Bank.Note:Figures show thepercentage of all programs(N=405).ExECUTIvE SUMMARyxxiiiFIGURE ES.4Programs Have Scaled Up Along Core DimensionsIncreasedcoverage54%of programs increased coverage to reach more people,by movingto new geographic areas or by reaching new population grou

148、psFunctionalexpansion29%of programs added services or components to improve participantoutcomesInstitutionalizationwithin nationalgovernment 16%of programs have become more integrated with government structuresOrganizational26%of programs have expanded organizational capacity,including byforming new

149、 partnershipsOperational45%of programs have started using digital tools or introduced other changesto how the program is deliveredSource:Partnership for Economic Inclusion,World Bank.Note:Figure shows thepercentage of all programs(N=405)that have scaled up along five dimensions.FIGURE ES.5Complement

150、ary Approaches to Economic Inclusion at the Household and Area(System)LevelsArea-or system-focused programsProgram foundationsProgram foundationsMarketsystemsdevelopmentNaturalresourcesmanagementCommunity-leddevelopmentSocialsafety nets(cash-plus,public works-plus)PovertygraduationapproachesLiveliho

151、odsand wage-laborinterventions Offer support to the broad community in a geographic area or system to improve its access to markets or services Include comprehensive economic inclusion assistance to ensure that poor and vulnerable households can also engageHousehold-focused programs Are targeted and

152、 offer comprehensive support to poor and vulnerable households Intervention engages individuals or households in economic activities Goal is to build assets and market linksSource:Partnership for Economic Inclusion,World Bank.Still,significant knowledge gaps remain on how area-focused approaches are

153、 helping increase income and assets for poor and vulnerable populations.As programs move to scale,a strategic approach will also involve understanding the interplay between household-focused and area-focused interventions to catalyze sector-wide transformation.xxivTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REP

154、ORT 2024Message 5:Ensuring Program Quality Requires Collaboration Across Stakeholders and Strong Monitoring,Evaluation,and Learning In this evolving landscape,ensuring program quality is key for sustaining impacts.Both government-led and nongovernment-led programs rely extensively on external agenci

155、es for service delivery(refer to figure ES.6).Globally,81percent of programs collaborate with external agencies to deliver at least one program component.For government-led programs,this figure rises to 91percent.Engaging NGOs as service providers can be an important strategy for scaling economic in

156、clusion programs through government systems,especially in low-capacity contexts.Evidence-based design and effective monitoring,evaluation,and learning can improve program quality and impact.Given the complexity of program bundles,drawing on good practices and diagnosing key constraints for various p

157、opulation groups and in specific contexts can enhance success rates and cost-effectiveness.Successful programs exhibit a commitment to monitoring participant progress,making real-time adjustments,and refining program design as needed.Many large-scale programs have demonstrated agility by adding or r

158、emoving components,adjusting component sequencing,or making other significant modifications to enhance quality.FIGURE ES.6 Percentage of Programs in Which External Organizations Are Involved in Program Service DeliveryPercent5.47.434.638.043.546.950.40204060Multilateral institutions(nonWorld Bank)Ot

159、hersCommunity members or groupsFinancial service providersPrivate organizationsGovernmentsNongovernmental organizationsSource:Partnership for Economic Inclusion,World Bank.Note:Figure shows the percentage of all programs(N=405).ExECUTIvE SUMMARyxxvMessage 6:Utilizing Community Structures in Program

160、Delivery Can Facilitate Local Buy-InEconomic inclusion programs use community structures and groups across the delivery chain,including for targeting and enrollment,component provision,monitoring,and grievance and case management.Engaging community groups bolsters the social inclusion of participant

161、s,encourages active participation in developing and implementing programs,and fosters acceptance and ownership within the community,improving program uptake and sustainability.Some programs formally engage community members in implementation by introducing selection criteria for their participation

162、as facilitators.These community facilitators are assigned well-defined roles and responsibilities in program activities at both the individual or household and group levels.Notably,a deliberate emphasis on prioritizing women encourages gender inclusion and augments female participation in program de

163、livery.Scaling up programs using local individuals for service delivery can also enhance cost-effectiveness.Community-led producer groups can support the creation of rural enterprise ecosystems.Programs in both the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors collaborate with producer groups within comm

164、unity structures.These programs encourage smallholder farmers to form groups,thereby improving their market access and economic well-being.By acting collectively,groups can pool their resources,share knowledge,and negotiate together with buyers,boosting their bargaining power.Community savings group

165、s promote financial inclusion and empower individuals,particularly those in economically vulnerable situations,to save money,access financial services,and benefit from financial inclusion.Program facilitators work with community members to form small savings groups based on common interests,geograph

166、ical proximity,or other relevant criteria.Message 7:Digital Tools and Technologies Are Playing an Increasing Role in Program DeliveryDigital tools and technologies are contributing to enhanced efficiency,accessibility,and effectiveness of program delivery.Ninety-threepercent of programs use digital

167、technologies across the delivery chain,particularly for targeting and enrollment and for monitoring and evaluation(refer to figure ES.7).Governments are using digital tools to deliver business capital.Digital financial services and electronic payment systems,including mobile money and direct bank tr

168、ansfers,are commonly used to disburse cash and grants.These methods enhance transparency,reduce leakage,and give beneficiaries convenient and secure access to funds.Expansion of the digital government-to-person payments model underscores the potential to scale up the cash-based components of economi

169、c inclusion interventions.The use of digital technologies holds great promise,especially for reaching remote communities and tailoring interventions for targeted groups.However,design and delivery must account for the digital literacy levels of both program implementers and participants and ensure a

170、ppropriate training for effective implementation,especially in rural contexts.xxviTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024FIGURE ES.7Percentage of Programs Using Digital Technology for Program Management and Delivery 42.026.448.666.202040PercentPercenta.Program activities undertaken using digital

171、 technologiesb.Components delivered using digital technologies608010072.6Monitoring and evaluationGrievance andcase managementNotificationsProvision of componentsTargeting and enrollment020406080100Climate-resilient supportMarket linksFinancial services facilitationCoachingWage employment facilitati

172、onBusiness capitalTransfer27.125.014.019.722.817.414.7Skills training28.2Source:Partnership for Economic Inclusion,World Bank.Note:Panel a shows thepercentage of all programs(N=405).Panel b shows the percentage of programs providing components digitally out of those providing a given component(skill

173、s training,N=387;transfer,N=218;business capital,N=312;financial services facilitation,N=298;coaching,N=361;market links,N=299;climate-resilient support,N=266;and wageemployment facilitation,N=136).Multiple responses were possible.Message 8:Expanding Coverage While Addressing the Jobs Challenge,Espe

174、cially Among Youth,and Enhancing Womens Economic Empowerment Are NeededWhile the number of individuals participating in economic inclusion programs has increased by 50percent since 2021,this figure still constitutes a small fraction of the global population living in poverty,especially considering t

175、he projected increase in poverty due to crises and climate change.In addition,not all programs target the extreme-poor population.Therefore,prioritizing the inclusion of the most-poor and most-vulnerable individuals should be a key focus of scale-up efforts.At a time of overlapping crises and job di

176、splacement due to climate change,addressing the jobs challenge for poor and vulnerable individuals will be an overriding policy challenge.Currently,few programs(34percent)facilitate wage jobs for participants.However,programs in upper-middle-income countries focus more on wage job opportunities(44pe

177、rcent of all programs)than in low-income countries(31percent),particularly in urban areas.Given the characteristics of the local economy and target populations,the majority of programs develop self-employment opportunities through livelihood support and,increasingly,linking participants to markets.A

178、 comprehensive set of policies will be necessary to address the job challenges for poor and vulnerable individuals to facilitate their economic and social inclusion.Programs that integrate young people into the economy are critical given widespread youth unemployment,especially in countries facing a

179、“youth bulge.”At present,65percent of programs target youth,with 40percent of these programs facilitating wage employment.Understanding the market failures that prevents youth from accessing job opportunities in urban areas,bridging the socioemotional skills gap,and providing ExECUTIvE SUMMARyxxviia

180、ccess to apprenticeships in collaboration with the private sector are all important agendas for youths economic inclusion.Similarly,although most economic inclusion programs target women and include some measures to support women,more programs could take a gender-intentional approach to design and d

181、elivery.About one-third of programs cite womens economic empowerment as a core objective and indicate that they use deliberate strategies to strengthen womens economic inclusion.However,more programs can benefit from taking a more-systematic approach to addressing womens constraints,which could invo

182、lve addressing social norms,tailoring the timing and nature of program activities,and including components such as childcare to ensure that women can and do succeed.Lessons learned from these innovations must be further mainstreamed.Message 9:Building Climate Resilience Is Emerging as the Next Front

183、ier for ProgrammingEconomic inclusion programs strive to build resilience by helping participants become better able to adapt to and recover from multiple and recurrent shocks.However,there is growing recognition that programs must be designed so that they also address the medium-to long-term threat

184、s to economic inclusion posed by climate change.People living in extreme poverty,especially women,face many environmental and natural resources management challenges,with climate change being an accelerating factor.A new generation of climate-resilient economic inclusion(CREI)programs is needed to b

185、uild adaptive capacity to respond to climatic threats,to directly contribute to climate mitigation,and to reduce the negative impacts of climate mitigation policies.At present,66percent of programs,benefiting more than 58 million individuals,are adapting existing components by introducing climate-sm

186、art practices or developing new components to help participants build climate resilience.Some innovations include climate risk insurance,payment for ecosystems,and low-cost green technology.Geographically,65percent of CREI programs are in Sub-Saharan Africa,14 percent in South Asia,and 8 percent in

187、Latin America and the Caribbean(refer to map ES.1).Despite these seemingly large numbers,this is a nascent agenda,and programs vary considerably in the degree to which they align climate and poverty objectives and how effectively they incorporate climate-resilient activities and outcomes in program

188、design.Three overlapping program areas show high potential for positive climate-resilience outcomes:(1)adaptive safety nets and adaptive social protection that build resilience to climate events and incentivize sustainable livelihoods,(2)sustainable food and ecosystems that enhance natural assets an

189、d restore ecosystems,and(3)green livelihoods and jobs that facilitate a transition from extractive and resource-dependent livelihoods(Costella et al.2023).However,the results of these programs on climate-resilient outcomes remain to be fully assessed.Going forward,it is critical to build deeper link

190、s among adaptive social protection,agrifood programs,and natural resources management programs to enhance climate resilience in economic inclusion efforts.This work will require sustained collaboration at the design,implementation,and evaluation stages for the evidence-informed design of future CREI

191、 programs.xxviiiTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024MAP ES.1CREI Programs and Climate VulnerabilityIBRD 48228|June 2024Vulnerability index(%)CREI ProgramsLess vulnerableMore vulnerable103912Sources:University of Notre Dame 2023;Partnership for Economic Inclusion,World Bank.Note:Climate data m

192、easure a countrys level of vulnerability and readiness to adapt.On the map,the darker the color,the more vulnerable a country is to climate impacts and the less prepared it is.Blue dots indicate the locations of all programs.CREI=climate-resilient economic inclusion.Message 10:Sustainable Financing

193、Remains Critical for Piloting and Scaling Up ProgramsFinally,although examples of successful policy integration are emerging,sustainable financing remains critical for piloting and scale-up.In many countries,economic inclusion programs are a key feature in social protection and jobs policies.Even th

194、ough most governments are funding economic inclusion programs to some extent,most programs still rely primarily on donors for funding and sustainability(refer to figureES.8).3 However,information on the share of government financing of programs is limited.Country-specific reviews of government expen

195、ditures are needed for a deeper understanding of government versus external funding.For nongovernment-led programs,bilateral agencies,the private sector,and regional multilateral institutions remain the key donors.Given that economic inclusion programs are designed to tackle enduring challenges such

196、 as poverty,inequality,and vulnerability,securing adequate and consistent funding is pivotal for attaining lasting impact.In this context,evolving collaboration among philanthropic donors,NGOs,and government-led initiatives offers a promising avenue for donor funding to play a catalytic role in adva

197、ncing economic inclusion while simultaneously leveraging existing government investments.ExECUTIvE SUMMARyxxixFIGURE ES.8 Percentage of Government-and Nongovernment-Led Programs Financed by External Institutions5.22.211.725.536.421.68.26.92.36.34.08.110.912.625.374.1020406080100Financial service pro

198、vidersCommunity members or groupsNongovernmental organizationsPrivate organizationsBilateral institutionsMultilateral institutions(nonWorld Bank)GovernmentsWorld BankGovernment-led programsNongovernment-led programsPercentSource:Partnership for Economic Inclusion,World Bank.Note:Figure shows the per

199、centage of government-and nongovernment-led programs(N1=174 and N2=231).Notes1.The Partnership for Economic Inclusion(PEI)is a global platform that unites nongovernmental organizations,UN agencies,research institutions,funding partners,and the World Bank to support government adoption and scale-up o

200、f economic inclusion programs,empowering extreme-poor and vulnerable people to lift themselves out of poverty.2.The report draws on the Landscape Survey of Economic Inclusion Programs 2023(Landscape Survey 2023),as well as operational insights garnered through PEIs collaboration with its partners.Al

201、l the data points in the executive summary and the report are from the 405surveyed programs.3.According to the Landscape Survey 2023,74percent of the surveyed government-led programs are funded by the World Bank and 20percent by other multilateral or bilateral donors.However,the coverage of the surv

202、ey is biased toward the World Bank,because most of its programs responded to the survey,and programs funded by bilateral or other multilateral institutions are not fully represented.xxxTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024ReferencesAndrews,Colin,Aude de Montesquiou,Ins Arvalo-Snchez,Puja Vasud

203、eva Dutta,Boban Varghese Paul,Sadna Samaranayake,Janet Heisey,Timothy Clay,and Sarang Chaudhary.2021.The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021:The Potential to Scale.Washington,DC:World Bank.http:/ Goldstein,Bassirou Karimou,Dean Karlan,Harounan Kazianga,William Parient,Patrick Premand,Catherine C

204、.Thomas,Christopher Udry,Julia Vaillant,and Kelsey A.Wright.2022.“Tackling Psychosocial and Capital Constraints to Alleviate Poverty.”Nature 605(7909):29197.https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04647-8.Bossuroy,Thomas,Dean Karlan,William Parient,Patrick Premand,Christopher Udry,Julia Vaillant,and Kelse

205、y Wright.2024.“Impact des mesures dinclusion productive du programme Yom Kom Kom au Sngal.”Banque Mondiale,Washington,DC.Botea,Ioana,Andrew Brudevold-Newman,Markus Goldstein,Corrine Low,and Gareth Roberts.2023.“Supporting Womens Livelihoods at Scale:Evidence from a Nationwide Multi-Faceted Program.”

206、NBER Working Paper No.w31625.Cambridge,MA:National Bureau of Economic Research.http:/www.nber.org/papers/w31625.Costella,Cecilia,Timothy Clay,Manann Donoghoe,and Liz Giron.2023.“Pathways to Climate-Resilient Economic Inclusion:A Framework for Integrating Climate Action in Economic Inclusion Programs

207、.”PEI in Practice,Volume 9.World Bank,Washington,DC.http:/ Panel on Climate Change).2022.Climate Change 2022:Impacts,Adaptation,and Vulnerability.Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.H.-O.Prtner,D.C.Roberts,M.Tignor,E.S.Polo

208、czanska,K.Mintenbeck,A.Alegra,M.Craig,S.Langsdorf,S.Lschke,V.Mller,A.Okem,and B.Rama,eds.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.https:/doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.J-PAL(Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab).2023.“Building Stable Livelihoods for Low-Income Households.”J-PAL Policy Insights.https:

209、/www.povertyactionlab.org/policy-insight/building-stable-livelihoods-low-income-households.Sachs,Jeffrey D.,Guillaume Lafortune,Grayson Fuller,and Eamon Drumm.2023.Sustainable Development Report 2023:Implementing the SDG Stimulus.Dublin:Dublin University Press.https:/doi.org/10.25546/102924.World Ba

210、nk.2022.“Poverty and Shared Prosperity:Correcting Course.”World Bank,Washington,DC.https:/doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1893-6.xxxiAbbreviationsAbbreviationDefinitionAIartificial intelligenceASPadaptive social protectionBRLPBihar Rural Livelihoods Project(JEEViKA,local acronym,India)BRLPSBihar Rural Li

211、velihoods Promotion Society(India)COMSIPCommunity Savings and Investment Promotion Cooperative Union Limited(Malawi)CREIclimate-resilient economic inclusion DIBdevelopment impact bondDREAMSDelivering Resilient Enterprises and Market Systems(Ethiopia and Uganda)ECLACEconomic Commission for Latin Amer

212、ica and the CaribbeanEPAEnvironmental Protection Agency(Ghana)ESSRPEmergency Social Stabilization and Resilience Project(Iraq)FAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFCVfragility,conflict,and violenceFOMENTARPromoting Better Jobs through Integrated Labor and Skills Programs Program

213、(Argentina)G2Pgovernment-to-personICMInternational Care MinistriesILOInternational Labour OrganizationINADEHNational Professional Training Institute(Panama)IPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeJ-PALAbdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action LabJEEViKAlocal acronym for Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project(

214、BRLP,India)LLAlocally led adaptationMPGMinimum Package for Graduation(Rwanda)MITRADELMinistry of Education and Ministry of Labor(Panama)MLNRMinistry of Lands and Natural Resources(Ghana)MoDEEMinistry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship(Jordan)MOLSAMinistry of Labor and Social Affairs(Iraq)MoUmem

215、orandum of understanding NASSPNational Social Safety Nets Project(Nigeria)NBSnature-based solutionNGOnongovernmental organizationNG-CARESNigeria COVID-19 Action Recovery and Economic StimulusNPLnational poverty lineORKOYForest and Village Relations Program(Trkiye)xxxiiTHE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION

216、 REPORT 2024AbbreviationDefinitionOGMGeneral Directorate of Forestry(Trkiye)PADproject appraisal documentPEIPartnership for Economic Inclusion PESpayments for ecosystem servicesPPproject paperPPPpurchasing power parityREAPRural Entrepreneur Access Project(Kenya)SDGSustainable Development Goal(United

217、 Nations)SEIState of Economic Inclusion(World Bank)SHGself-help groupSJYSatat Jeevikoparjan Yojana(Bihar,India)SLWMPSustainable Land and Water Management Project(Ghana)SMSshort message serviceTDAText and Data Analytics team(World Bank)UNDESAUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsUND

218、PUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUNHCRUnited Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUPSNJPUrban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project(Ethiopia)YESSOYouth Employment and Social Support Operation(Nigeria)YKKYook Koom Koom(Senegal)YTJ Youth,Technology and Jobs(Jordan)Note:All dollar amounts in this

219、 publication are U.S.dollars unless otherwise indicated.1IntroductionPartnership for Economic Inclusion and The State of Economic Inclusion Report The State of Economic Inclusion Report(SEI)is a flagship initiative of the Partnership for Economic Inclusion(PEI),a global platform that supports the ad

220、option and scale-up of government-led economic inclusion programs that increase the earnings and assets of extreme-poor and vulnerable households.Hosted by the World Banks Social Protection Global Practice,PEI brings together diverse networks of governments,the United Nations,nongovernmental organiz

221、ations(NGOs),researchers,and other organizations and institutions.The first report in this series,The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021:The Potential to Scale(SEI 2021;Andrews et al.2021)established a baseline of the global landscape and introduced a common framework for understanding these pr

222、ograms as they move to scale.A central focus of SEI 2021 was the integration of new data and evidence regarding program design and implementation,impacts,and costs.Through the Landscape Survey 2020,the report consolidated formerly disconnected strands of experiences in government and nongovernment p

223、rograms across various sectors.The impact review documented experiences from quantitative evaluations of 80 programs in 37 countries.In addition,the report introduced the Quick Costing Tool 2020 as a starting point to inform discussions on cost optimization and efficiency.Key data collected througho

224、ut the report was published on the PEI Open Access Data Portal at http:/peiglobal.org.The current reportThe State of Economic Inclusion Report 2024:Pathways to Scale(SEI 2024)complements SEI 2021 by exploring efforts to scale up policy and programming,including progress and challenges around governm

225、ent-led programs,and the interplay with nongovernment actors and the private sector.This report analyzes shifts in the global landscape over the past three years,including the degree to which economic inclusion programs are being customized in vastly different contexts and the growing role of econom

226、ic inclusion in building resilience and providing job opportunities to the poor population in the context of overlapping crises.Box I.1 defines the terms used in this report.2THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024Landscape Survey 2023The report draws on the Landscape Survey of Economic Inclusio

227、n Programs 2023(Landscape Survey 2023),1 as well as on the operational insights garnered through PEIs collaboration with its partners.In 2023,PEI identified 570 ongoing economic inclusion programs in 105 countries(refer to box I.2),or more than double the number of programs identified in 2020.Of the

228、 programs identified,405 programs in 88 countries completed PEIsLandscape Survey 2023.2 Sixty-three percent of surveyed programs have emerged since the Landscape Survey 2020.In addition to the 570 ongoing programs,more than 70programs,mostly government led,are expected to be operational in the near

229、future.BOX I.1Key Terms Used in SEI 2024 Economic inclusion.The gradual integration of individuals and households into broader economic and community development processes.Integration is achieved by addressing the multiple constraints or structural barriers faced by poor people at different levels:t

230、he household(for example,human and physical capacity),the community(social norms),the local economy(access to markets and services),and formal institutions(access to political and administrative structures).Economic inclusion program.Bundle of coordinated,multidimensional interventions that support

231、individuals,households,and communities to sustainably increase their incomes and assets.Economic inclusion program are also known as productive inclusion programs.Opportunity.Increasing the probability of individuals,households,and communities to capture and capitalize on chances to improve incomes

232、and assets that they would otherwise miss(Hernandez 2020;Ralston,Andrews,and Hsiao 2017).This helps propel individuals and households out of poverty through improved productivity and access to jobs but requires both access to such chances and the capacity to take advantage of them(World Bank 2012).R

233、esilience at the household level.The strengthened ability of households to manage risk and respond to and cope with sudden shocks that are likely to overwhelm them.Resilience depends on a set of interconnected capacities that span across the before,during,and post-shock continuum:anticipatory,the ab

234、ility to anticipate shocks through preparedness and planning;absorptive,the ability to absorb the impacts during and after shocks have occurred;and adaptive,the ability to adapt,learn,and adjust after a disaster occurs(Bahadur et al.2015).Resilience at the system level.The ability of a systemsocial,

235、economic,or environmentalto continue to function over time in the wake of a shock.Climate resilience refers to the capacity of social and economic systems and ecosystems to cope with hazardous events,trends,or disturbances by responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function,

236、identity,and structure,as well as biodiversity in the case of ecosystems,while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation,learning,and transformation(Costella et al.2023).INTRODUCTION3BOX I.2Landscape Survey of Economic Inclusion Programs 2023The following is general information about the Landscap

237、e Survey of Economic Inclusion Programs 2023.Appendix A in this report includes a full description of the survey methodology.Sampling frameThe Partnership for Economic Inclusion(PEI)team built a sampling frame based on the 2020 sample,partner outreach,and a scan of the World Banks portfolio and pipe

238、line of projects to identify those with an economic inclusion focus.The team also scanned existing databases and sources of information,including the database of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean on productive inclusion programs and the Atlas of Social Protection Indicators

239、 of Resilience and Equity.From this process,the PEI team identified 645economic inclusion programs globally in 2023.Of these,570 programs were under way,and 75 were in the pipeline.QuestionnaireThe Landscape Survey 2023 captured data on program objectives,coverage,profiles of targeted participants,c

240、omponent design and delivery,institutional arrangements,and research and evaluation plans using an online tool that built on the survey questionnaire used in the 2020 round.The 2020 questionnaire was revised to add clarity and granularity to some of the questions and was expanded slightly to capture

241、 information on design and implementation features relevant to PEIs priority topics:womens economic empowerment and climate resilience.The 2023 questionnaire was designed to be completed by staff from the lead implementing agency or from partner organizations using an online survey tool thatis publi

242、cly available(the survey tool is available on the SEI 2024 publication landing at peiglobal.org/state-of-economic-inclusion-report).Response rate All 570 identified ongoing programs were invited to complete the online survey tool.Of these,405 completed the survey,for a 71 percent response rate.The d

243、istribution of responses,by type of lead agency and income,aligns with the distribution of all identified programs.Of those who completed the survey,92 programs(23 percent)were also included in PEIs Landscape Survey 2020.Of the 313 programs in the Landscape Survey 2023 but not in the 2020 round,247

244、programs(79 percent)started after the 2020 survey had closed,55 programs(18 percent)had not been identified,9 programs(3 percent)did not meet the criteria for inclusion,and 2 programs(less than 1 percent)did not respond to the survey in 2020.How to Navigate SEI 2024This report consists of four chapt

245、ers,policy recommendations,three spotlights,and a special focus on climate resilience.Chapter 1 discusses the role of economic inclusion programs in building resilience and creating jobs,especially in the context of overlapping crises.It draws on key data points from the Landscape Survey 2023.4THE S

246、TATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024 Chapter 2 reviews the evolving landscape,global footprint,and key objectives and design features of economic inclusion programs based on the Landscape Survey 2023.Italso includes comparisons with the Landscape Survey 2020,which underpinned SEI2021,where relevan

247、t.Chapter 3 builds on the scale framework introduced in SEI 2021,using survey data and country cases to review the programmatic dimensions of scaling up economic inclusion,focusing on increased coverage and functional expansion.Chapter 4 addresses the institutional aspects of scaling up economic inc

248、lusion programs,examining diverse arrangements for achieving scale in light of operational and organizational challenges.Spotlight 1 summarizes the emerging evidence from government-led economic inclusion programs and highlights key knowledge gaps.Spotlight 2 places economic inclusion programs in th

249、e context of the challenges faced by youth in the labor market and offers youth-focused design considerations.Spotlight 3 demonstrates the significant potential digital technologies hold for economic inclusion programming,providing an overview of emerging innovations for digital delivery.The Special

250、 Focus section explores the emerging agenda of designing economic inclusion programs to enhance the climate resilience of poor and vulnerable individuals and communities.It presents current experiences from programs intentionally designed to support climate-resilient development.Policy Recommendatio

251、ns include five recommendations based on the in-depth review of the current landscape of economic inclusion programs.Appendix A provides an overview of the methodology used in executing the Landscape Survey 2023 and the analysis underpinning this report.Appendix B compares the landscape data finding

252、s included in The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021 and The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2024.Appendix C provides a list and key data points for the economic inclusion programs surveyed globally for this report.Notes1.The survey captures data on the programs objectives,coverage and profi

253、le of targeted participants,component design and delivery,institutional arrangements,and research and evaluation plans.Refer to box I.2 for details.The data collected for the 2023 survey are publicly available through PEIs Open Access Data Portal at https:/www.peiglobal.org/pei-data-portal.For infor

254、mation on PEIs Landscape Survey 2020,refer to Andrews et al.(2021).2.PEI identified 645 economic inclusion programs globally in 2023,of which 570 programs were ongoing(that is,already serving participants or about to do so)and 75 were in the pipeline.INTRODUCTION5ReferencesAndrews,Colin,Aude de Mont

255、esquiou,Ins Arvalo-Snchez,Puja Vasudeva Dutta,Boban Varghese Paul,Sadna Samaranayake,Janet Heisey,Timothy Clay,and Sarang Chaudhary.2021.The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2021:The Potential to Scale.Washington,DC:World Bank.http:/ Lovell,Emily Wilkinson,and Thomas Tanner.2015.Resilience in the

256、SDGs:Developing an Indicator for Target 1.5 That Is Fit for Purpose.London:Overseas Development Institute.Costella,Cecilia,Timothy Clay,Manann Donoghoe,and Liz Giron.2023.Pathways to Climate-Resilient Economic Inclusion:A Framework for Integrating Climate Action in Economic Inclusion Programs.PEI in

257、 Practice,Volume 9.Washington,DC:World Bank.http:/ Inclusion for What?”CGAP Blog,February 5.https:/www.cgap.org/blog/financial-inclusion-what.Ralston,Laura,Colin Andrews,and Allan Jer-Yu Hsiao.2017.“The Impacts of Safety Nets in Africa:What Are We Learning?”Policy Research Working Paper No.8255,Worl

258、d Bank,Washington,DC.https:/ Bank.2012.Resilience,Equity,and Opportunity:The World Banks Social Protection and Labor Strategy 20122022.Washington,DC:World Bank.http:/documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/443791468157506768/Resilience-equity-and-opportunity-the-World-Banks-social-protection-and-labor-st

259、rategy-2012-2022.6CHAPTER 1 Economic Inclusion in Overlapping CrisesKEY MESSAGES Economic inclusion programs are expanding in number and reach,shaped by the growing evidence of their effectiveness at building resilience and facilitating job opportunities for poor and vulnerable people in the face of

260、 overlapping global crises.Improving food security and short-and long-term resilience to various shocks are hallmarks of well-designed economic inclusion programs.Climate resilience can be enhanced by addressing challenges at the intersection of climate change and poverty.Economic inclusion programs

261、 can play a role in improving job opportunities for poor people by facilitating self-employment opportunities,establishing market links,and providing access to value chains.They can also facilitate access to wage employment opportunities,particularly in urban areas.ECONOMIC INCLUSION IN OvERLAPPING

262、CRISES7IntroductionThere has been a sustained surge in the number of economic inclusion programs in recent years.A significant number of ongoing programs have expanded despite,or in some cases in response to,the current context of overlapping crises.In 2023,the Landscape Survey identified 570 ongoin

263、g economic inclusion programs in 105 countries,with many more programs expected to be operational in the future.This figure is more than double the number of programs identified in 2020,reflecting a steady expansion of economic inclusion programming.This surge comes at a time when the world has been

264、 grappling with repeated shocks and crises,from the COVID-19 pandemic to disruptions in global trade and markets to inflation and a global economic slowdown.The effects of these overlapping crises have been felt globally,but they have affected poor and vulnerable populations disproportionately,derai

265、ling progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)(Sachs etal.2023).This chapter illustrates the role of economic inclusion programs in building resilience and promoting job opportunities specifically in the context of overlapping crises.Drawing on key data points extracted from

266、the Landscape Survey 2023,1 the chapter focuses on the following topical concerns about how economic inclusion programs are improving job outcomes for poor and vulnerable populations against a background of overlapping crises and building long-term resilience to shocks,especially threats to food sec

267、urity and climate risks.Safeguarding Poor and Vulnerable Populations Amid Overlapping CrisesGlobal trends in poverty reduction have reversed for the first time in decades as a result of COVID-19(World Bank 2022a).Recent estimates suggest that,although poverty rates are falling again(World Bank 2023d

268、),it is at a slower rate than before the pandemic;factors include uneven recoveries and the effects of overlapping crises,including steep increases in the cost of living and economic losses arising from conflicts and climate shocks(Yonzan,Gerszon Mahler,and Lakner 2023).All of these issues are takin

269、g place against a backdrop of climate change and other global megatrends,such as fragility,conflict,and demographic change,that have implications for poverty reduction and are hampering efforts to achieve the SDGs(refer to box 1.1).Meanwhile,debt distress in many countries and worsening financial co

270、nditions are limiting the efforts to promote an inclusive and resilient recovery.However,efforts to specifically target those disproportionately affected by the overlapping crises are now more important than ever.8THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024BOX 1.1Global Megatrends with Implications

271、for Poverty ReductionThe following global megatrends have implications for poverty reduction:Fragility,conflict,and violence(FCV).Countries classified as FCV face“extremely low levels of institutional and governance capacity”or“acute insecurity”(World Bank 2024a).These challenging conditions impede

272、poverty reduction because poverty and conflict can mutually reinforce each other,raising the risk of turning extreme poverty into a chronic problem,particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa where FCV conditions are concentrated(Tetteh and Lakner 2023).By 2030,up to two-thirds of the worlds extreme-poor ind

273、ividuals could live in these settings,even though the affected countries account for only 10 percent of the worlds population(Corral etal.2020).Climate change.The Earths climate is changing rapidly due to human activity(Hallegatte etal.2017;IPCC 2022).Climate change is leading to losses of biodivers

274、ity,soil erosion,sea-level rise,and less clean water.In addition,it is having other significant effects on the natural environment by increasing the frequency and intensity of climate-induced natural disasters,such as droughts,cyclones,and floods(IPCC 2022).Poor people are most vulnerable to the eff

275、ects of climate change because of their reliance on agriculture and natural resources and because they lack the resources to recover from losses after experiencing an extreme climate event or to adapt to and recover from climate-induced shocks and stressors.By 2030,climate change could increase the

276、number of people living in extreme poverty by 122 million(IPCC 2022),reversing some of the progress in poverty reduction in recent decades.Demographic change.Current estimates suggest the worlds population will grow at a slower rate than in recent decades,reaching 9.7 billion by 2050(UNDESA 2019).Wo

277、rldwide,the population is aging due to rising longevity and lower fertility levels,thereby putting pressure on contributory social protection systems that require a sufficient proportion of working-age adults to pay into and sustain the system(UNDESA 2019).However,these growth trends will be uneven

278、across regions.Sub-Saharan Africa will likely experience a“youth bulge”and so could achieve development gains if it creates job opportunities and integrates youth into the workforce.In contrast,East and Southeast Asia,Europe,and North America,with their aging populations,must develop systems that ca

279、n affordably provide for the health care and financial support that older people need.Such regional demographic imbalances,paired with uneven economic performance and increasing fragility,conflict,and violence in some parts of the world,will likely lead to growing migration,which,if managed well,cou

280、ld benefit both origin and destination countries(World Bank 2023e).Urbanization.The percentage of people living in urban areas rose from 25 percent of the worlds population in 1950 to 56 percent in 2022 and is expected to continue growing in the coming years(UN Habitat 2022;World Bank 2023f).As urba

281、nization continues and urban poverty rises,urban development strategists must find ways to address the needs of poor and vulnerable populations and to prevent the exclusion of these groups from local economic processes and prevent the emergence of poverty traps in urban areas(Baker etal.2023).ECONOM

282、IC INCLUSION IN OvERLAPPING CRISES9With the overarching goal of building resilience and creating jobs for poor and vulnerable people,economic inclusion programs can be used to address different needs in different contexts.Investing in economic inclusion programs pays off in the long run,with the ben

283、efits significantly outweighing the initial costs.The original graduation pilots in six countries showed positive returns ranging from 133 percent to 433 percent(Banerjee etal.2015).A recent meta-analysis highlights evidence from studies conducted in Afghanistan,Bangladesh,the Democratic Republic of

284、 Congo,Ghana,Nepal,and Niger revealing cost-benefit ratios between 121 percent and 379 percent and internal rates of return2 ranging from 16 percent to 66 percent(J-PAL 2023).For policy makers,this robust evidence from diverse settings demonstrates that economic inclusion programs consistently deliv

285、er economic benefits that surpass the initial investment,can be considered effective tools for poverty alleviation,and are wise investments with considerable returns,leading to broader social and economic development(refer to spotlight 1 for emerging evidence from government-led programs).3Building

286、Long-Term Resilience to ShocksEconomic inclusion programs help build households resilience to intermittent shocks and stressors by,for example,providing access to regular and predictable cash transfers;facilitating asset accumulation,income diversification,and access to financial services;and streng

287、thening social networks(Andrews etal.2021).Several studies show that households participating in economic inclusion programs were better able to cope with shocks than were nonparticipants.Nonparticipants resorted to negative coping strategies,such as selling assets or reducing food consumption,and s

288、o they experienced reductions in well-being more than participant households(Bedoya Argelles etal.2023;Hernandez etal.2016;HTSPE 2011;Siddiki etal.2014;Smith etal.2019).In overlapping crises,however,the ability of poor and vulnerable households to withstand and recover from shocks is seriously under

289、mined,reducing their resilience to future shocks(DErrico etal.2021).This finding highlights the importance of explicitly incorporating program elements specifically intended to build participants long-term resilience.Such elements should help participants not only cope with the immediate effects of

290、a crisis but also develop their capacity to adapt to and recover from shocks.Box 1.2 illustrates how economic inclusion programs built resilience in this way in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Food security and climate resilience are deeply interconnected.Achieving food security requires a transfo

291、rmation of food systems to ensure they are both nutritionally robust and adaptable to changing climate conditions.The World Banks Global Challenge Programs on Food and Nutrition Security underscores the importance of building resilience to climate impacts,recognizing that without it,food systems rem

292、ain vulnerable to disruptions(World Bank 2023b).This vulnerability has both immediate and longer-term consequences:climate-induced degradation of soil,water,and biodiversity not only undermines the current capacity to produce sufficient and nutritious food but also jeopardizes the future sustainabil

293、ity of food systems.10THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024Enhancing Long-Term Food Security and Reducing Reliance on Negative Coping Strategies Food insecurity can be detrimental to peoples ability to engage in productive work and function effectively in daily life,and it can have long-lastin

294、g impacts on the physical,cognitive,and psychosocial development of young children(Gallegos etal.2021).In the event of a shock,poor and vulnerable households use coping mechanisms differently from those of other groups,and reducing the amount and quality of consumed food is among the main strategies

295、 used(DErrico etal.2021).In recent years,food insecurity has dramatically increased globally as a result of overlapping crises.Since 2019,an additional 150 million people have become food insecure because of COVID-19(FAO etal.2023),and between 2019 and 2022,the number of people facing severe food in

296、security more than doubled(UNDESA 2023).Despite some recent improvements,food security and nutrition are worse today than before the pandemic(FAO etal.2023)due to inflation,food supply disruptions,and the economic effects of recent crises.Increasing exposure to the effects of climate change BOX 1.2B

297、uilding Resilience After the COVID-19 PandemicThe COVID-19 pandemic undermined the ability of millions of people to sustain themselves and their families,especially those in poor and vulnerable households.In response,many economic inclusion programs adapted ongoing interventions to better support pa

298、rticipants.Early responses focused on providing the immediate support households needed,and many programs provided emergency support through cash transfers or transfer top-ups to alleviate income losses as economic activity came to a halt.Some economic inclusion programs that built on existing cash

299、transfers used existing delivery systems,such as social registries,to provide a timely response.Although the initial effects of COVID-19 on economic activity were temporary during lockdowns(such as movement restrictions and market closures),its effects on peoples livelihoods and overall well-being o

300、utlasted the lockdown period and were further exacerbated by the trickle-down effects of the pandemic,including the effects of supply chain disruptions on inflation and access to markets.Poor and vulnerable people were particularly affected because of their weaker access to resources and fewer posit

301、ive or neutral coping mechanisms.Some longer-lasting effects of COVID-19 were compounded by subsequent crises,and many economic inclusion programs were designed to respond to these events.For example,the Nigeria COVID-19 Action Recovery and Economic Stimulus Program,led by the Federal Ministry of Bu

302、dget and Economic Planning,was designed to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of poor and vulnerable households,communities,and micro and small enterprises.It expands their access to livelihood support and food security services by providing cash transfers,livelihood grants,agricult

303、ural inputs,and basic community infrastructure,as well as skills training and coaching.The program also strengthens the institutions for delivery of adaptive and shock-responsive social protection services.ECONOMIC INCLUSION IN OvERLAPPING CRISES11poses additional risks(FAO 2023)and will likely make

304、 food security a pervasive issue(World Bank 2022b).Food security is a core objective in 24 percent of all programs.A higher proportion of programs in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other regions have food security as a core objective(30 percent in East Africa versus 26 percent in West Africa and 19 perc

305、ent in the rest of the world),a reflection of the higher food insecurity in these regions(FAOetal.2023).Economic inclusion programs have been found to increase food security in general,but programs that deliberately include food security and nutrition elements can help their participants overcome co

306、nstraints in accessing a healthy diet(BouguenandDillon 2021;Kang etal.2023;Technical and Operational Performance Support Uganda Graduation Randomized Control Trial Associate Award 2022).4 Economic inclusion programs support food security and nutrition in ways that are consistent with strengthening h

307、ouseholds long-term resilience.This finding is particularly important because evidence suggests that improvements in food security through social assistance or livelihood support do not necessarily translate into improvements in anthropometric indicators such as stunting and child height and weight(

308、Technical and Operational Performance Support Uganda Graduation Randomized Control Trial Associate Award 2022;World Bank 2022b).Beyond addressing shorter-term needs,programs build longer-term resilience and food security by supporting efforts to increase productivity,especially that of farmers and f

309、ood producers through access to improved inputs(such as seeds and fertilizers)and technologies,as well as markets.Economic inclusion packages that support the development of agrifood systems show great potential for enhancing food security and nutrition and reducing poverty.Developing community grou

310、ps,building local infrastructure,and strengthening local institutions are critical to building resilient and inclusive value chains and food systems(IFPRI 2023).For instance,Yemens Food Security Response and Resilience Project combines short-term immediate support interventions to mitigate the human

311、itarian crisiss impact with medium-to long-term strategies aimed at enhancing resilience.The interventions encompass community-based agricultural production infrastructure,including small-scale irrigation,water harvesting and storage,land protection,terrace rehabilitation,and farm-to-field roads.In

312、addition,the project support to resilience building includes agricultural services such as animal health and seed production and multiplication(using certified seeds on a farm to produce clean seeds that can be used by other farmers as alternatives to the often-unaffordable and-unavailable certified

313、 seeds),as well as assistance to agrifood service providers.Building Climate Resilience in the Long TermThe lives and livelihoods of billions of people worldwide are significantly affected by climate change,which intensifies levels of extreme poverty and vulnerability.Each year,climate-magnified nat

314、ural disasters such as droughts,floods,and windstorms cause more than US$300 billion in damages and more than US$500 billion in welfare and consumption losses worldwide(Hallegatte etal.2017).Addressing climate change is a monumental challenge that cannot be separated from efforts to alleviate povert

315、y.Moreover,climate change is also expected to lead to widespread hunger as a result of crop failures and higher mortality due to changing temperatures and greater exposure to diseases,such as malaria and diarrhea(WHO 2023).Poor people often must cope with these shocks in ways that further deteriorat

316、e their surrounding natural environment,12THE STATE OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION REPORT 2024reinforcing a vicious cycle of poverty and environmental degradation.Thus,global efforts to reduce poverty must be paired with efforts to combat the effects of climate change,and viceversa.Economic inclusion program

317、s are well placed to enable climate-resilient development by supporting climate adaptation and mitigation,going beyond short-term shock-responsiveness.These programs are designed to improve resilience,and many of their features are particularly well suited for addressing the challenges to economic i

318、nclusion posed by climate change.The Landscape Survey 2023 finds that 66 percent of economic inclusion programs include interventions designed to build resilience to climate change.5 However,these numbers are misleading,and programs vary considerably in the degree to which they align climate and pov

319、erty objectives and how effectively they incorporate climate-resilient activities and outcomes in program design(Costella etal.2023a).Despite the growing importance of the climate-resilience agenda,cumulative experience is still limited within economic inclusion programs.Three program areas show hig

320、h potential for positive climate-resilience outcomes:(1)adaptive safety nets and adaptive social protection(refer to box 1.3)that build resilience to climate events and incentivize sustainable livelihoods;(2)sustainable food and ecosystems that enhance natural assets and restore ecosystems;and(3)gre

321、en livelihoods and jobs that facilitate a transition from extractive and resource-dependent livelihoods(Costella etal.2023a).This reports section with the special focus on climate resilience delves deeper into these areas and presents emerging evidence and experiences from economic inclusion program

322、s intentionally supporting climate-resilience development.BOX 1.3Adaptive Social Protection and Climate ResilienceAdaptive social protection(ASP)is a dynamic strategy for addressing poverty and food insecurity in the context of climate-resilient economic inclusion.Unlike traditional social protectio

323、n,ASP integrates disaster risk management and climate change adaptation to enhance the capacity of vulnerable households and communities to prepare for,cope with,and adapt to various shocks,including natural disasters,economic crises,and climate change(Bowen etal.2020).Against the backdrop of COVID-

324、19 and the ensuing overlapping crises,diverse audiences related to climate,financing,and food security now recognize the potential of an adaptive approach(Costella etal.2023b;World Bank 2023c).A notable example of effective ASP is the Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program,which supports six count

325、ries(Burkina Faso,Chad,Mali,Mauritania,Niger,and Senegal)in building adaptive systems to help vulnerable households adapt to the impacts of climate change and other shocks.This comprehensive initiative includes a spectrum of policies,instruments,and initiatives designed to enhance the human capital,

326、productivity,and resilience of the most vulnerable populations in the region.By enabling these communities to effectively confront and adapt to shocks,the programs economic inclusion measures strive to have large positive impacts such as reducing poverty levels,addressing food insecurity,boosting pr

327、oductivity,and enhancing resilience among program participants.Furthermore,the program is anticipated to have broader effects on local economies,societies,and future generations.ECONOMIC INCLUSION IN OvERLAPPING CRISES13Creating Jobs for the Poorest PeopleEconomic growth is not always inclusive,and

328、access to jobs is particularly challenging for poor and vulnerable individuals,especially women(refer to box 1.4).With an insufficient demand for paid labor,the wage sector remains thin in most developing countries,where levels of informality in labor markets are highreaching 70 percent of employmen

329、t in emerging markets and developing economies(Ohnsorge and Yu 2022).Creating better jobs is more difficult in informal settings due to capital constraints,low productivity,and fewer available resources to support investments(World Bank 2023a).Addressing the job challenges for poor and vulnerable in

330、dividuals cannot be left solely to overall economic growth and instead requires a comprehensive set of policies.BOX 1.4The Jobs Challenge and WomenWomen tend to be disadvantaged across the board in comparison with men,particularly in accessing earning opportunities(Fields 2011).A key barrier is that

331、 women are often expected to carry the burden of unpaid care work for children or elderly individuals,which limits the time they can engage in paid work.Other external factors hindering womens ability to work are lack of safe transport options,long working hours,customary practices or laws that rest

332、rict their rights to property or work,discrimination in hiring and retention,and limited access to education and training,among other things.Social norms,such as the widespread expectation that women will raise children and manage their households,also undermine their ability to find jobs.Married wo

333、men,particularly those with young children,face the greatest number of barriers to entering or remaining in the labor market(UN Women and ILO 2020).As a result,from 2011 to 2022,an average of 50 percent of women globally participated in the labor force,compared with 70 percent of men(World Bank 2024b).Moreover,jobs are often subject to gender bias,with womens jobs overwhelmingly in the informal ec