世界衛生組織（WHO）：2021年牙買加衛生和氣候變化概況（英文版）（16頁）.pdf

1、HEALTH & CLIMATE CHANGECOUNTRY PROFILE 2021Small Island Developing States InitiativeJamaicacONTENTS 1 EXEcUTiVE SUmmaRY 2 KEY REcOmmENDaTiONS 3 BacKGROUND 4 cLimaTE HaZaRDS RELEVaNT FOR HEaLTH 7 HEaLTH imPacTS OF cLimaTE cHaNGE 9 HEaLTH VULNERaBiLiTY aND aDaPTiVE caPaciTY 11 HEaLTH SEcTOR RESPONSE:

2、mEaSURiNG PROGRESS acknowledgementsThis document was developed in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Wellness, Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation Climate Change Division, Ministry of Finance and the Public Service through its agency the Planning Institute of Jamaica, the World H

3、ealth Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Financial support for this project was provided by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and Wellcome Trust.Health and Climate Change Coun

4、try ProfileiiEXEcUTiVE SUmmaRYDespite producing very little greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change, people living in small island developing States (SIDS) are on the front line of climate change impacts. These countries face a range of acute to long-term risks, including extreme weather

5、events such as floods, droughts and cyclones, increased average temperatures and rising sea levels. Many of these countries already have a high burden of climate-sensitive diseases that are then exacerbated by climate change. As is often the case, nations at greatest risk are often under-resourced a

6、nd unprotected in the face of escalating climate and pollution threats. In recent years, the voice of the small island nation leaders has become a force in raising the alarm for urgent global action to safeguard populations everywhere, particularly those whose very existence is under threat. Recogni

7、zing the unique and immediate threats faced by small islands, WHO has responded by introducing the WHO Special Initiative on Climate Change and Health in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The initiative was launched in November 2017 in collaboration with the United Nations Framework Convention

8、on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Fijian Presidency of the COP23 in Bonn Germany, with the vision that by 2030 all health systems in SIDS will be resilient to climate variability and climate change. It is clear though that building resilience must happen in parallel with the reduction of carbon emi

9、ssions by countries around the world in order to protect the most vulnerable from climate risks and to gain the health co-benefits of mitigation policies. The WHO Special Initiative on Climate Change and Health in SIDS aims to provide national health authorities in SIDS with the political, technical

10、 and financial support required to better understand and address the effects of climate change on health.A global action plan has been developed by WHO which outlines four pillars of action for achieving the vision of the initiative; empowerment of health leaders to engage nationally and internation

11、ally, evidence to build the investment case, implementation to strengthen climate resilience, and resources to facilitate access to climate finance. In October 2018, Ministers of Health gathered in Grenada to develop a Caribbean Action Plan to outline the implementation of the SIDS initiative locall

12、y and to identify national and regional indicators of progress. As part of the regional action plan, small island nations have committed to developing a WHO UNFCCC health and climate change country profile to present evidence and monitor progress on health and climate change. This WHO UNFCCC health

13、and climate change country profile for Jamaica provides a summary of available evidence on climate hazards, health vulnerabilities, health impacts and progress to date in the health sectors efforts to realize a climate-resilient health system. Jamaica1FiNaLiZE aND imPLEmENT a HEaLTH aND cLimaTE cHaN

14、GE STRaTEGY/PLaN FOR Jamaica Complete the development and implementation of the national health and climate change plan currently under way. Ensuring that adaptation priorities are specified, health co-benefits from mitigation and adaptation measures are considered, necessary budget requirements are

15、 allocated and regular monitoring and review of progress will support its full implementation.aSSESS HEaLTH VULNERaBiLiTY, imPacTS aND aDaPTiVE caPaciTY TO cLimaTE cHaNGEConduct a national assessment of climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation for health. Ensure that results of the asses

16、sment are used for policy prioritization and the allocation of human and financial resources in the health sector. STRENGTHEN iNTEGRaTED RiSK SURVEiLLaNcE aND EaRLY WaRNiNG SYSTEmS Ensure that meteorological information is used to inform early warning systems. Jamaica is expected to be affected by a

17、 range of health threats due to climate change, including thermal stress, nutrition challenges, and mental health and well-being issues, which should also be captured by risk surveillance and early warning systems.aDDRESS BaRRiERS TO accESSiNG iNTERNaTiONaL cLimaTE cHaNGE FiNaNcE TO SUPPORT HEaLTH a

18、DaPTaTiONThe main barriers have been identified as a lack of connection by health actors to climate change processes and a lack of capacity to prepare country proposals or advance recommended actions.BUiLD cLimaTE-RESiLiENT aND ENViRONmENTaLLY SUSTaiNaBLE HEaLTH caRE FaciLiTiESMeasures can be taken

19、to prevent the potentially devastating impacts of climate change on health service provision, including conducting hazard assessments, climate-informed planning and costing, strengthening structural safety, contingency planning for essential systems (electricity, heating, cooling, ventilation, water

20、 supply, sanitation services, waste management and communications). A commitment towards low-emission, sustainable practices to improve system stability, promote a healing environment and to mitigate climate change impacts can also be taken.12345KEY REcOmmENDaTiONSWHO RESOURcES TO SUPPORT acTiON ON

21、THESE KEY REcOmmENDaTiONS:https:/www.who.int/activities/building-capacity-on-climate-change-human-health/toolkit/Health and Climate Change Country Profile2BacKGROUNDJamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea, with a total land mass of 10 991 km2. The country is mountainous and about a

22、third of its land area is covered by forests and around 40% is agricultural land (1). However, deforestation rates are high in Jamaica (2). The climate is tropical and the hurricane season runs from June to November (1,2). The hurricane season includes the longer of two rainy seasons of Jamaicas cli

23、mate defined as August to November (3).Jamaica is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In particular, it is likely to be affected by increased temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, sea level rise, and extreme weather events (especially hurricanes, flooding and drought). Both its nat

24、ural resources and economic development are threatened by climate change (4). This has direct and indirect effects on human health, including economic insecurity, spread of vector-borne, waterborne and foodborne diseases, water and food insecurity, and death and injury from extreme weather events.Th

25、rough its 2015 Climate Change Policy Frame-work, Jamaica is working to mainstream climate change activities and help build capacity across sectors to develop adaptation and mitigation strategies (1). The government of Jamaica has also published its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). Human hea

26、lth is identified as a particularly important sector in Jamaicas NDC, both in terms of adaptation and impacts. Indeed, human health is one of the main sectors listed as a priority for the development of climate change strategies and action plans (4). The NDC was further updated in July 2020 with mor

27、e ambitious targets.HIGHEST PRIORITY CLIMATE-SENSITIVE HEALTH RISKS FOR JAMAICADirect effectsHealth impacts of extreme weather events Heat-related illness Indirect effectsWater security and safety (including waterborne diseases) Food security and safety (including malnutrition and foodborne diseases

28、) Vector-borne diseases Air pollutionAllergiesDiffuse effectsMental/psychosocial healthNoncommunicable diseasesMitigation actions to reduce emissions through sustainable procurementMitigation measures to reduce emissions of health facilitiesMitigation measures by coordinating with other sectorsSourc

29、e: Adapted and updated from the PAHO Health and Climate Country Survey 2017 (5).Jamaica3cLimaTE HaZaRDS RELEVaNT FOR HEaLTHclimate hazard projections for Jamaica Country-specific projections are outlined up to the year 2100 for climate hazards under a business as usual high emissions scenario compar

30、ed to projections under a two-degree scenario with rapidly decreasing global emissions (see Figures 15).The climate model projections below present climate hazards under a high emissions scenario, Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5 in orange) and a low emissions scenario (RCP2.6 in gre

31、en).a The text describes the projected changes averaged across about 20 global climate models (thick line). The figuresb also show each model individually as well as the 90% model range (shaded) as a measure of uncertainty and the annual and smoothed observed record (in blue).c In the following text

32、 the present-day baseline refers to the 30-year average for 19812010 and the end-of-century refers to the 30-year average for 20712100. Modelling uncertainties associated with the relatively coarse spatial scale of the models compared with that of small island States are not explicitly represented.

33、There are also issues associated with the availability and representativeness of observed data for such locations. FIGURE 1: Mean annual temperature, 19002100FIGURE 2: Total annual precipitation, 19002100Under a high emissions scenario, the mean annual temperature is projected to rise by about 3C on

34、 average by the end-of-century (i.e. 20712100 compared with 19812010). If emissions decrease rapidly, the temperature rise is limited to about 1C.Total annual precipitation is projected to decrease by about 13% on average under a high emissions scenario, although the uncertainty range is large (-40%

35、 to +10%). If emissions decrease rapidly, there is little projected change on average: an increase of 2% with an uncertainty range of -8% to +13%.1900195020002050210024252627282930190019502000205021000500100015002000250030003500YearYearMean annual temp (C) Total annual ppt (mm) Rising temperatureDec

36、reasing total precipitationHealth and Climate Change Country Profile4FIGURE 3: Percentage of hot days (heat stress), 19002100The percentage of hot daysd is projected to increase substantially from about 10% of all observed days on average in 19812010. Under a high emissions scenario, almost 100% of

37、days on average are defined as hot by the end-of-century. If emissions decrease rapidly, about 85% of days on average are hot. Note that the models overestimate the observed increase in hot days (about 30% of days on average in 19812010 rather than 10%). Similar increases are seen in hot nightsd (no

38、t shown).The proportion of total annual rainfall from very wet dayse (about 30% for 19812010) shows little change on average by the end-of-century although the uncertainty range is somewhat larger particularly under a high emissions scenario (about 5% to almost 50%). Total annual rainfall is project

39、ed to decrease under a high emissions scenario (see Figure 2).NOTES a Model projections are from CMIP5 for RCP8.5 (high emissions) and RCP2.6 (low emissions). Model anomalies are added to the historical mean and smoothed.b Observed historical record of mean temperature is from CRU-TSv3.26 and total

40、precipitation from GPCC. Observed historical records of extremes are from JRA55 for temperature and from GPCC-FDD for precipitation.c Analysis by the Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, 2018.d A hot day (hot night) is a day when maximum (minimum) temperature exceeds the 90th percentil

41、e threshold for that time of the year.e The proportion (%) of annual rainfall totals that falls during very wet days, defined as days that are at least as wet as the historically 5% wettest of all days.f SPI is unitless but can be used to categorize different severities of drought (wet): +0.5 to -0.

42、5 near normal conditions; -0.5 to -1.0 slight drought; -1.0 to -1.5 moderate drought; -1.5 to -2.0 severe drought; below -2.0 extreme drought.19001950200020502100020406080100120190019502000205021000102030405060YearYearPercentage of hot days (%) % total annual rainfall from very wet days FIGURE 4: Co

43、ntribution to total annual rainfall from very wet days (extreme rainfall and flood risk), 19002100More high temperature extremesLittle change in extreme rainfallFIGURE 5: Standardized Precipitation Index (drought), 19002100The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a widely used drought index whi

44、ch expresses rainfall deficits/excesses over timescales ranging from 1 to 36 months (here 12 months, i.e. SPI12).f It shows how at the same time extremely dry and extremely wet conditions, relative to the average local conditions, change in frequency and/or intensity.SPI12 values show little project

45、ed change from an average of about -0.5, indicating little change on average in the frequency and/or intensity of wet episodes and drought events. Year-to-year variability remains large with both wet and dry episodes of varying intensity continuing to occur into the future.f3.01.50.01.53.01900195020

46、0020502100indexYearvery wetvery dryJamaica5PHOTO: Tropical cyclonesIt is anticipated that the total number of tropical cyclones may decrease towards the end of the century. However, it is likely that human-induced warming will make cyclones more intense (an increase in wind speed of 211% for a mid-r

47、ange scenario (i.e., RCP4.5 which lies between RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 shown on pages 45) or about 5% for 2C global warming). Projections suggest that the most intense events (category 4 and 5) will become more frequent (although these projections are particularly sensitive to the spatial resolution of th

48、e models). It is also likely that average precipitation rates within 100 km of the storm centre will increase by a maximum of about 10% per degree of warming. Such increases in rainfall rate would be exacerbated if tropical cyclone translation speeds continue to slow (613).aA synthesis of expected c

49、hanges at the global scale is presented below.Sea level riseSea level rise is one of the most significant threats to low-lying areas on small islands and atolls. Research indicates that rates of global mean sea level rise are almost certainly accelerating as a result of climate change. The relativel

50、y long response times to global warming mean that sea level will continue to rise for a considerable time after any reduction in emissions. POTENTIAL FUTURE CHANGES IN TROPICAL CYCLONES: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE (613)aintensityTotal numberFrequency of category 4 and 5 eventsaverage precipitation rates n

51、ear storm centreDecreaseIncrease1.7Average change in Caribbean sea level over the period 19932010 (14)with substantial spatial variability across the region0.50.6mFurther rise in the Caribbean by the end of the century (15)bwith variation amongst models and emissions scenariosmm/year (1.3) Potential

52、 impacts of sea level rise include Coastal erosionEcosystem disruptionHigher storm surgesPopulation displacementWater contamination and disruptionMental health a Information and understanding about tropical cyclones (including hurricane and typhoons) from observations, theory and climate models have

53、 improved in the past few years. It is difficult to make robust projections for specific ocean basins or for changes in storm tracks. Presented here is a synthesis of the expected changes at the global scale. b Estimates of mean net regional sea level change were evaluated from 21 CMIP5 models and i

54、nclude regional non-scenario components (adapted from WGI AR5 Figure 1320). The range given is for RCP4.5 annual projected change for 20812100 compared to 19862005.Health and Climate Change Country Profile6HEaLTH imPacTS OF cLimaTE cHaNGE infectious and vector-borne diseases Some of the worlds most

55、virulent infections are also highly sensitive to climate: temperature, precipitation and humidity have a strong influence on the life-cycles of the vectors and the infectious agents they carry and influence the transmission of water- and foodborne diseases (16,17).Small island developing States (SID

56、S) are vulnerable to disease outbreaks. Climate change could affect the seasonality of such outbreaks, as well as the transmission of vector-borne diseases. The country experienced a severe dengue outbreak in 2019 that required activation of the national disaster mechanism to gain control (18). Figu

57、re 6 presents modelled estimates for Jamaica of the potential risk of dengue fever transmission under high and low emission scenarios.a The seasonality and prevalence of dengue transmission may change with future climate change, but Jamaica is consistently highly suitable for dengue transmission und

58、er all scenarios and thus vulnerable to outbreaks (1922).b,cFIGURE 6: Monthly mean vectorial capacity (VC) in Jamaica for dengue fever. Modeled estimates for 2015 (baseline) are presented together with 2035 and 2085 estimates under low emissions (RCP2.6) and high emissions (RCP8.5) scenariosVectoria

59、l capacityDengue monthly mean VC (spatially aggregated)Malaria monthly mean VC (spatially aggregrated)FebAprJunAugOctDecMonthFebAprJunAugOctDecMonthFebAprJunAugOctDec0.810.50.80.90.60.71.41.51.61.81.90.41.30.70.80.91.01.11.21.31.41.11.21.30.90.71.7 2015, baseline 2035, low emissions scenario RCP2.6

60、2035, high emissions scenario RCP8.5 2085, low emissions scenario RCP2.6 2085, high emissions scenario RCP8.5 Heat stressClimate change is expected to increase the mean annual temperature and the intensity and frequency of heat waves, resulting in a greater number of people at risk of heat-related m

61、edical conditions. Heat waves, i.e. prolonged periods of excessive heat, can pose a particular threat to human, animal and even plant health, resulting in loss of life, livelihoods, socioeconomic output, reduced labour productivity, rising demand for and cost of cooling options, as well as contribut

62、e to the deterioration of environmental determinants of health (air quality, soil, water supply).Heat stress impacts include: heat rash/heat cramps dehydration heat exhaustion/heat stroke death.Particularly vulnerable groups are: the elderly children individuals with pre-existing conditions (e.g. di

63、abetes) the socially isolated.a A suite of mathematical models was systematically developed, then applied and interpreted by a team of researchers at Ume University (Sweden) to assess the potential for mosquito-borne disease outbreaks (e.g. dengue, chikungunya, Zika and malaria) in terms of climate-

64、dependent VC. The baseline year is 2015, Climatic Research Unit CRU-TSv4.01. Future projections are represented for two emissions futures (Representative Concentration Pathways: RCP2.6, RCP8.5), five climate change projections (Global Climate Models: gfdlesm2m, hadgem2-es, ipsl-cm5a-lr, miroc-esm-ch

65、em, noresm1-m). (2018) Ume University, Sweden.b Given the climate dependence of transmission cycles of many vector-borne diseases, seasonality of epidemic risk is common; however, many SIDS, due to tropical latitudes, tend to have less seasonality than more temperate areas.c The actual occurrences/s

66、everity of epidemics would be quite different for each disease in each setting and could depend greatly on vector- and host-related transmission dynamics, prevention, surveillance and response capacities that are not captured in this model.Jamaica7Noncommunicable diseases, food and nutrition securit

67、ySmall island developing States (SIDS) face distinct challenges that render them particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on food and nutrition security including: small, and widely dispersed, land masses and population; large rural populations; fragile natural environments and lack

68、of arable land; high vulnerability to climate change, external economic shocks, and natural disasters; high dependence on food imports; dependence on a limited number of economic sectors; and distance from global markets. The majority of SIDS also face a “triple-burden” of malnutrition whereby under

69、nutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and overweight and obesity exist simultaneously within a population alongside increasing rates of diet- related NCDs.Climate change is likely to exacerbate the triple-burden of malnutrition and the metabolic and lifestyle risk factors for diet-related NCDs. It i

70、s expected to reduce short- and long-term food and nutrition security both directly, through its effects on agriculture and fisheries, and indirectly, by contributing to underlying risk factors such as water insecurity, dependency on imported foods, urbanization and migration and health service disr

71、uption. These impacts represent a significant health risk for SIDS, with their particular susceptibility to climate change impacts and already over-burdened health systems, and this risk is distributed unevenly, with some population groups experiencing greater vulnerability. MOTHER AND CHILD HEALTHW

72、asting in children under five years of age (2014) (28)3.6%iron defi ciency anaemia in women of reproduc-tive age (2016) (27)22.5% Stunting in children under five years of age (2014) (28)6%Overweight in children under five years of age (2014) (28)8.3%NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN JAMAICA 8.9%Adult popu

73、lation considered undernourished (20152017, 3-year average) (24)24.4%Adult population considered obese (2016) (25)11.9%Prevalence of diabetes in the total population (2014) (26)66.9Healthy life expectancy (2016) (23)Health and Climate Change Country Profile8HEaLTH VULNERaBiLiTY aND aDaPTiVE caPaciTY

74、 SDG indicators related to health and climate changeMany of the public health gains that have been made in recent decades are at risk due to the direct and indirect impacts of climate variability and climate change. Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across sectors can strengthen health

75、resilience to climate change.350 210Proportion of population living below the national poverty line (2012) (29)1. NO POVERTYTotal number of weather-related disasters recorded between 2000 and 2018c (34)Highest total number of persons affected by a single weather-related disaster between 2000 and 201

76、8c (34)203. GOOD HEaLTH aND WELL-BEiNGCurrent health expenditure as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) (2016) (31)6.1Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) (2017) (32)15.2Universal Health Coverage Service Coverage Index (2017)a (30)65Proportion of total population using at least ba

77、sic drinking-water services (2017)b (33)%87Proportion of total population using at least basic sanitation services (2017)b (33)91%19.9%a The index is based on medium data availability. Values greater than or equal to 80 are presented as 80 as the index does not provide fine resolution at high values

78、; 80 should not be considered a target. b Data for safely managed drinking-water and sanitation services are not consistently available for all SIDS at this time, therefore at least basic services has been given for comparability. c Data for SDG13.1 are currently not available. Alternative indicator

79、s and data sources are presented. 13. cLimaTE acTiON6. cLEaN WaTER aND SaNiTaTiONJamaica9HEALTH WORKFORCE (PER 10 000 POPULATION, 2017) (37)International Health Regulations (IHR) Monitoring Framework Human Resources Core Capacity (35)60% No*“Does your human resource capacity as measured through the

80、IHR adequately consider the human resource requirements to respond to climate-related events?” (36)“Is there a national curriculum developed to train health personnel on the health impacts of climate change?” (36)13.2Medical doctors11.4Nurses and midwivesN/AEnvironmental and occupational health and

81、hygiene professionalsHUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY (2018)NoWhile there are no specific WHO recommendations on national health workforce densities, the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) is a human resource management tool that can be used to provide insights into staffing needs and decision-makin

82、g. Additionally, the National Health Workforce Accounts (NHWA) is a system by which countries can progressively improve the availability, quality and use of health workforce data through monitoring of a set of indicators to support achievement of universal health coverage (UHC), SDGs and other healt

83、h objectives. The purpose of the NHWA is to facilitate the standardization and interoperability of health workforce information. More details about these two resources can be found at: https:/www.who.int/activities/improving-health-workforce-data-and-evidence.Health workforce Public health and healt

84、h care professionals require training and capacity building to have the knowledge and tools necessary to build climate-resilient health systems. This includes an understanding of climate risks to individuals, communities and health care facilities and approaches to protect and promote health given t

85、he current and projected impacts of climate change. 40+60Health care facilitiesClimate change poses a serious threat to the functioning of health care facilities. Extreme weather events increase the demand for emergency health services but can also damage health care facility infrastructure and disr

86、upt the provision of services. Increased risks of climate-sensitive diseases will also require greater capacity from often already strained health services. In SIDS, health care facilities are often in low-lying areas, subject to flooding and storm surges making them particularly vulnerable.330Healt

87、h centres* 148Assessed SMART health facilitiesa24Hospitals*3Facilities to be retrofitted as SMART within the PAHO/FCDO Smart Health Care Facilities Projecta* Introductory content included as topic or module in some courses in Masters in Public Health* Total hospitals as recorded by the Policy and Pl

88、anning Division (38)a See SMART Hospitals Toolkit Health care facilities are smart when they link their structural and operational safety with green interventions, at a reasonable cost-to-benefit ratio. https:/www.paho.org/disasters/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1742:smart-hospitals-t

89、oolkit &Itemid=1248&lang=enHealth and Climate Change Country Profile10HEaLTH SEcTOR RESPONSE: mEaSURiNG PROGRESS The following section measures progress in the health sector in responding to climate threats based on country reported data collected in the 2018 WHO Climate and Health Country Survey (3

90、6). Key indicators are aligned with those identified in the Small Island Developing State Action Plan. Empowerment: Progress in leadership and governance National planning for health and climate changeHas a national health and climate change strategy or plan been developed?aUNDER DEVELOPMENTTitle: N

91、/A Year: N/AContent and implementationAre health adaptation priorities identified in the strategy/plan?N/AAre the health co-benefits of mitigation action considered in the strategy/plan?N/APerformance indicators are specified N/ALevel of implementation of the strategy/planN/ACurrent health budget co

92、vers the cost of implementing the strategy/planN/A=yes, =no, O=unknown, N/A=not applicablea In this context, a national strategy or plan is a broad term that includes national health and climate strategies as well as the health component of national adaptation plans (H-NAPs).Intersectoral collaborat

93、ion to address climate change Is there an agreement in place between the ministry of health and this sector which defines specific roles and responsibilities in relation to links between health and climate change policy?SectoraAgreement in placeTransportationElectricity generationHousehold energyAgr

94、icultureSocial servicesWater, sanitation and wastewater management=yes, =no, O=unknown, N/A=not applicablea Specific roles and responsibilities between the national health authority and the sector indicated are defined in the agreement.Jamaica11Evidence: Building the investment case Vulnerability an

95、d adaptation assessments for health Has an assessment of health vulnerability and impacts of climate change been conducted at the national level? IN PROGRESSClimate Investment Funds PPCR: Improving Climate Data and Information Management Project Component 2.3 Preparation of a detailed Health Sector

96、Vulnerability Assessment and a costed resilience-strengthening plan for climate proofing the nations health facilities and operations. Preliminary findings informed Project for Adaptation Interventions currently being scoped.Have the results of the assessment been used for policy prioritization or t

97、he allocation of human and financial resources to address the health risks of climate change? Policy prioritizationHuman and financial resource allocationLevel of influence of assessment resultsNoneSomewhatMinimalStrongN/Aimplementation: Preparedness for climate risks Integrated risk monitoring and

98、early warningClimate-sensitive diseases and health outcomesMonitoring system in placeaMonitoring system includes meteorological informationbEarly warning and prevention strategies in place to reach affected populationThermal stress (e.g. heat waves)N/AVector-borne diseasesFoodborne diseasesWaterborn

99、e diseasesNutrition (e.g. malnutrition associated with extreme climatic events)Injuries (e.g. physical injuries or drowning in extreme weather events)Mental health and well-beingAirborne and respiratory diseases=yes, =no, O=unknown, N/A=not applicablea A positive response indicates that the monitori

100、ng system is in place, it will identify changing health risks or impacts AND it will trigger early action.b Meteorological information refers to either short-term weather information, seasonal climate information OR long-term climate information.Health and Climate Change Country Profile12Emergency p

101、reparednessClimate hazardEarly warning system in placeHealth sector response plan in placeHealth sector response plan includes meteorological informationHeat wavesN/AStorms (e.g. hurricanes, monsoons, typhoons)FloodingDrought=yes, =no, O=unknown, N/A=not applicableResources: Facilitating access to c

102、limate and health financeInternational climate financeAre international funds to support climate change and health work currently being accessed? If yes, from which sources? Green Climate Fund (GCF)a Global Environment Facility (GEF) Other multilateral donorsb Bilateral donors Other: Japan-Caribbean

103、 Climate Change PartnershipUK DFID Smart Health Care Facilities in the Caribbean ProjectFunding challengesGreatest challenges faced in accessing international fundsLack of information on the opportunitiesLack of country eligibilityLack of connection by health actors with climate change processesLack

104、 of capacity to prepare country proposalsLack of success in submitted applications None (no challenges/challenges were minimal)Other (please specify):Not applicablea Jamaica Country Programme Scale Up of Smart Projectb Climate Investment Funds PPCR: Improving Climate Data and Information Management

105、Project Component 2.3 Preparation of a detailed Health Sector Vulnerability Assessment and a costed resilience-strengthening plan for climate proofing the nations health facilities and operationsJamaica13WHO/HEP/ECH/CCH/21.01.04 World Health Organization and the United Nations Framework Convention o

106、n Climate Change, 2021Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO licenceAll reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO and UNFCCC to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any k

107、ind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO and UNFCCC be liable for damages arising from its use.Most estimates and projections provided in this document have been derived using standard categories a

108、nd methods to enhance their cross-national comparability. As a result, they should not be regarded as the nationally endorsed statistics of Member States which may have been derived using alternative methodologies. Published official national statistics, if presented, are cited and included in the r

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