1、 FOR RELEASE MARCH 7,2024 BY Alec Tyson and Giancarlo Pasquini FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES:Alec Tyson,Associate Director,Science and Society Research Haley Nolan,Communications Manager 202.419.4372 www.pewresearch.org RECOMMENDED CITATION Pew Research Center,March 2024,“How Americans View the Coron

2、avirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”2 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan,nonadvocacy fact tank that informs the public about the issues,attitudes and trends shaping the world.It does not take policy positions.T

3、he Center conducts public opinion polling,demographic research,computational social science research and other data-driven research.It studies politics and policy;news habits and media;the internet and technology;religion;race and ethnicity;international affairs;social,demographic and economic trend

4、s;science;research methodology and data science;and immigration and migration.Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts,its primary funder.Pew Research Center 2024 3 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org How we did this Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand

5、Americans views of the coronavirus and COVID-19 vaccines.For this analysis,we surveyed 10,133 U.S.adults from Feb.7 to 11,2024.Everyone who took part in the survey is a member of the Centers American Trends Panel(ATP),an online survey panel that is recruited through national,random sampling of resid

6、ential addresses.This way,nearly all U.S.adults have a chance of selection.The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S.adult population by gender,race,ethnicity,partisan affiliation,education and other categories.Read more about the ATPs methodology.Here are the questions used for this re

7、port,along with responses,and its methodology.4 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org A new Pew Research Center survey finds that just 20%of Americans view the coronavirus as a major threat to the health of the U.S.population today and only 10%are very concerned they will get it and require hospit

8、alization.This data represents a low ebb of public concern about the virus that reached its height in the summer and fall of 2020,when as many as two-thirds of Americans viewed COVID-19 as a major threat to public health.Just 28%of U.S.adults say they have received the updated COVID-19 vaccine,which

9、 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)recommended last fall to protect against serious illness.This stands in stark contrast to the spring and summer of 2021,when long lines and limited availability characterized the initial rollout of the first COVID-19 vaccines.A majority of U.S.adul

10、ts(69%)had been fully vaccinated by August 2021.Underscoring the limited demand for the updated COVID-19 vaccines,a larger share of U.S.adults say theyve gotten a flu shot in the last six months than the updated coronavirus vaccine(44%vs.28%).And despite a public health push encouraging adults to ge

11、t both vaccines at the same time,almost half of those who received a flu shot from a health care provider chose not to get the updated COVID-19 vaccine.5 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org The vast majority of Americans have some level of protection from the coronavirus because of vaccination,p

12、rior infection or a combination of the two.This has led to a decline in severe illness from the disease.Still,the virus continues to circulate widely in the United States,with wastewater data suggesting that cases in the early part of 2024 were among the highest they have been since the first omicro

13、n wave in 2022.Long COVID ranks among the concerns of public health experts.Long COVID refers to a variety of symptoms such as fatigue and brain fog that last longer than a month after a COVID-19 infection.The survey conducted among 10,133 U.S.adults from Feb.7 to 11,2024 finds that 50%of Americans

14、say it is extremely or very important for medical researchers and health care providers to understand and treat long COVID;27%see this as a less important issue and 22%of Americans say they havent heard of long COVID.Declining share of Americans have the most up-to-date level of protection against t

15、he coronavirus%of U.S.adults who report that they are up to date with COVID-19 vaccines Note:August 2021 data shows the share of U.S.adults who said they were fully vaccinated.January 2022 and March 2023 data shows the share who said they were fully vaccinated and had received a booster shot within

16、the last six months.February 2024 data shows the share who say they have received the updated COVID-19 vaccine.Respondents who gave other responses or did not give an answer are not shown.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid D

17、eclining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 6 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Continuity and change:Partisan views of COVID-19 Partisanship remains one of the most powerful factors shaping views about COVID-19 vaccines and the virus.But the size and nature of differences between Republica

18、ns and Democrats have evolved since earlier stages of the outbreak.For instance,the gap between the shares of Democrats and Republicans who view the coronavirus as a major threat to public health has fallen from 37 percentage points in May 2022 to 16 points today.In the pandemics first year,Democrat

19、s were routinely about 40 points more likely than Republicans to view the coronavirus as a major threat to the health of the U.S.population.This gap has waned as overall levels of concern have fallen.When it comes to vaccination,Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents remain more likely than R

20、epublicans and GOP leaners to say theyve received an updated COVID-19 vaccine(42%vs.15%).This 27-point gap in recent vaccination is about the same as in January 2022 when 62%of Democrats and 33%of Republicans said they were up to date(i.e.,fully vaccinated and recently boosted).In addition to partis

21、anship,age continues to matter a great deal in attitudes and behaviors tied to the coronavirus.And the intersection of partisanship and age reveals one of the biggest recent changes in the publics response to the outbreak:a growing divergence between the oldest Republicans and oldest Democrats in va

22、ccine uptake,which is explored below.Amid waning public concern,smaller partisan gap in views of the public health threat posed by the coronavirus%of U.S.adults who say the coronavirus today is a major threat to the health of the U.S.population Note:Respondents who gave other responses or did not gi

23、ve an answer are not shown.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 335243464341383420125978828584828076572820202021202220232024Dem/lean DemRep/lean Rep7 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewr

24、esearch.org Older adults continue to be one of the most at-risk groups for severe illness and death from COVID-19.When vaccines first became available in 2021,large majorities of both Republicans and Democrats ages 65 and older said they had received the vaccine.But as additional doses have become a

25、vailable,uptake among older Republicans has declined at a faster rate than among older Democrats.In the current survey,66%of Democrats ages 65 and older say they have received the updated COVID-19 vaccine,compared with 24%of Republicans ages 65 and older.This 42-point partisan gap is much wider now

26、than at other points since the start of the outbreak.For instance,in August 2021,93%of older Democrats and 78%of older Republicans said they had received all the shots needed to be fully vaccinated(a 15-point gap).Go to the Appendix for more details.Sharp decline in share of older Republicans who ar

27、e up to date on COVID-19 vaccinations Among U.S.adults ages 65 and older,%who report that they are up to date with COVID-19 vaccines Note:August 2021 data shows the share of U.S.adults who said they were fully vaccinated.January 2022 and March 2023 data shows the share who said they were fully vacci

28、nated and had received a booster shot within the last six months.February 2024 data shows the share who say they have received the updated COVID-19 vaccine.Respondents who gave other responses or did not give an answer are not shown.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans

29、View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 8 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org How COVID-19 vaccination varies by age within parties The impact of age is also striking when looking within political parties.Among Democrats,about three-in-ten adul

30、ts under 50 have received an updated COVID-19 vaccine,compared with 48%of those ages 50 to 64 and 66%of Democrats ages 65 and older.Age differences within the GOP run in the same direction,but are much more modest,reflecting,in part,low overall levels of vaccine uptake.How COVID-19 vaccination varie

31、s by race and ethnicity Similar shares of White(28%),Black(29%)and Hispanic(27%)adults say they have gotten the updated vaccine.English-speaking Asian adults(35%)are slightly more likely to report receiving the updated vaccine.As in past Center surveys,there are racial and ethnic differences in vacc

32、ine uptake among Democrats.Younger Democrats much less likely than older Democrats to have received new COVID-19 vaccine%of U.S.adults who say they _ the updated vaccine for COVID-19 that became available last September *Estimates for Asian adults are representative of English speakers only.Note:Res

33、pondents who did not give an answer are not shown.White,Black and Asian adults include those who report being only one race and are not Hispanic.Hispanic adults are of any race.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Le

34、vels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 7071697064757771568358868886747068513352587428282927352322284215421010132430324866484125U.S.adultsWhiteBlackHispanicAsian*Ages 18-2930-4950-6465+Rep/lean RepDem/lean DemAges 18-2930-4950-6465+Ages 18-2930-4950-6465+VerySomewhatNot too/Not at allHave gotten Have no

35、t gotten Among those who are _ concerned they will get the coronavirus and require hospitalizationAmong Rep/lean Rep.Among Dem/lean Dem.9 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org For instance,50%of White Democrats and 42%of English-speaking Asian Democrats report having received the updated vaccine,c

36、ompared with somewhat smaller shares of Black and Hispanic Democrats(32%each).10 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Half of Americans say it is extremely or very important for medical researchers and health care providers to understand and treat long COVID,considering all the different prioriti

37、es they face.About two-in-ten(21%)say its somewhat important for those in medicine to address long COVID,while 6%say it is not too or not at all important.Another 22%say they havent heard of long COVID.More Democrats(61%)than Republicans(37%)say it is extremely or very important for medical research

38、ers and health care providers to understand and treat long COVID.A majority of women(56%)consider this extremely or very important;a smaller share of men(44%)say the same.The CDC has reported that women are more likely than men to develop long COVID symptoms.Awareness of long COVID also shapes views

39、 on its importance:Those who have heard a lot about long COVID are more likely than those who have heard a little about it to say its extremely or very important for medical professional to address it(76%vs.60%).Half of Americans say it is extremely or very important for medical professionals to add

40、ress long COVID%of U.S.adults who say it is _ important for medical researchers and health care providers to understand and treat long COVID Note:Respondents who did not give an answer are not shown.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vacc

41、ines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 5044564548515637612123201923232026186846962103222421312021222718U.S.adultsMenWomenAges 18-2930-4950-6465+Rep/lean RepDem/lean DemExtremely/VerySomewhatNot too/Not at allHavent heard of long COVID11 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org One-

42、in-five Americans now say the coronavirus is a major threat to the health of the U.S.population,down from a high of 67%in July 2020.Concern about the coronavirus as a major threat to the U.S.economy has also declined dramatically.Today,23%of Americans say its a major threat to the economy,compared w

43、ith 88%in May 2020.The pandemic spurred an economic recession in 2020 and a spike in unemployment that reached the highest levels since the Great Recession.Federal policy on the coronavirus has changed as public concern and the incidence of severe illness has fallen.The Biden administration ended th

44、e public health emergency for the coronavirus pandemic in May 2023.And the CDC recently released updated guidelines with shorter isolation periods for adults testing positive for the disease.While large partisan gaps characterized views of the coronavirus as a major threat to public health for much

45、of the pandemic,those gaps were far smaller on views of the virus as a major threat to the economy.In the current survey,just a 6-point gap separates Republicans and Democrats with this view(20%vs.26%,respectively)similar to the 9-point party gap seen in May 2022.1 in 5 Americans now say the coronav

46、irus is a major threat to public health%of U.S.adults who say the coronavirus today is a major threat to Note:Respondents who gave other responses or did not give an answer are not shown.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid De

47、clining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 12 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org About a quarter of Americans(27%)are very or somewhat concerned about getting a serious case of COVID-19 that would require hospitalization.A somewhat higher share(40%)say they are very or somewhat concerned the

48、y might spread the coronavirus to other people without knowing it.Levels of concern for getting or spreading the coronavirus are about the same as they were in March 2023 and remain down dramatically from early in the pandemic.The share of Americans who are very or somewhat concerned about getting a

49、 serious case is 26 points lower than in November 2020,before a COVID-19 vaccine was available to the public.And the share of Americans who are at least somewhat concerned about spreading COVID-19 without knowing it is down 24 points since November 2020.Still,the current data shows how the virus rem

50、ains a concern in daily life for many Americans,more than four years after the first confirmed coronavirus cases appeared in the U.S.Long-term decline in concern about getting a serious case of COVID-19 or unknowingly spreading it%of U.S.adults who say they are very/somewhat concerned that they Note

51、:Respondents who gave other responses or did not give an answer are not shown.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 13 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Consistent with past

52、 Center surveys,there are demographic and political differences in personal concern about getting a serious case of COVID-19 and unknowingly spreading the virus:Income:Lower-income Americans continue to be particularly concerned(38%)about getting a serious case of COVID-19.Theyre also more likely th

53、an middle-and upper-income Americans to worry about unknowingly spreading COVID-19,but the differences are more modest.Party:Democrats(54%)are more than twice as likely as Republicans(24%)to be very or somewhat concerned about unknowingly spreading COVID-19.And theyre 16 points more likely to expres

54、s concern about getting a serious case of the disease.Race and ethnicity:White Americans(20%)are less likely to be concerned about getting a serious case of COVID-19 than Black(43%),Hispanic(39%)and English-speaking Asian Americans(36%).Democrats much more concerned than Republicans about risk of un

55、knowingly spreading COVID-19%of U.S.adults who say they are very/somewhat concerned that they *Estimates for Asian adults are representative of English speakers only.Note:Respondents who gave other responses or did not give an answer are not shown.White,Black and Asian adults include those who repor

56、t being only one race and are not Hispanic.Hispanic adults are of any race.Family income tiers are based on adjusted 2022 earnings.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 1052016181

57、0811116481657176131715232218161418211315162111162112212720433936262229321920243716243818341282418201610141297111891019717282727313428282629343026262927271737403551495444384041433737443837462454U.S.adultsWhiteBlackHispanicAsian*Ages 18-2930-4950-6465+PostgraduateCollege gradSome collegeHS or lessUppe

58、r incomeMiddle incomeLower incomeRep/lean RepDem/lean DemSomewhat Very Somewhat Very Will get COVID-19 and require hospitalization Might unknowingly spread COVID-19 to others14 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Some of the groups most personally concerned about getting a severe case of COVID-1

59、9 are also among the groups most concerned about the public health threat from the coronavirus.For example,Black adults and adults with lower incomes express more concern about the personal health and public health impact of the coronavirus than White adults and those with upper incomes.15 PEW RESEA

60、RCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org The survey finds 44%of U.S.adults say they have gotten a flu shot since August.This share is down slightly from last March,when 49%of Americans said they had recently gotten a flu shot.Uptake varies by the following factors:Age:Older Americans continue to be more likel

61、y to report getting the flu shot.Two-thirds of Americans ages 65 and older say they have gotten the flu shot since August.By comparison,only about a third of those under age 50 say the same.These large age differences are seen among both Democrats and Republicans.Race and ethnicity:English-speaking

62、Asian Americans(52%)and White Americans(48%)are more likely than Black Americans(38%)and Hispanic Americans(33%)to say they have gotten a flu shot since August.These racial and ethnic differences are consistent with past Center surveys.Majorities of the oldest U.S.adults got a flu shot this year and

63、 say they typically get one annually%of U.S.adults who say each of the following *Estimates for Asian adults are representative of English speakers only.Note:Respondents who did not give an answer are not shown.White,Black and Asian adults include those who report being only one race and are not His

64、panic.Hispanic adults are of any race.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 4448383352323446666150403737538029465042375732355069625141403955763413111219252414107131415121116111440

65、39454218425040232534434749291251U.S.adultsWhiteBlackHispanicAsian*Ages 18-2930-4950-6465+PostgraduateCollege gradSome collegeHS or lessRep/lean RepDem/lean DemHave gottenHave not gottenThey have gotten a flu shot since AugustThey typically get a flu shot.Every yearEvery few yearsRarely or neverYesNo

66、Among those who _ the updated COVID-19 vaccine16 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Partisan affiliation:Democrats are more likely than Republicans to say they got a flu shot this year(53%vs.37%).This 16-point gap is twice as big now as it was in November 2020,during the pandemics first year.Th

67、e current partisan difference in flu shot uptake is similar to the one recorded in March 2023.The flu shot and updated COVID-19 vaccines are both recommended to protect against severe illness,but Americans approach these vaccines differently.Americans are more likely to report that they received a f

68、lu shot than the updated COVID-19 vaccine this year(44%vs.28%).This gap in uptake between the flu shot and updated COVID-19 vaccine is more pronounced among Republicans than Democrats.Republicans are more than twice as likely to say theyve gotten a flu shot since August as to say theyve received an

69、updated COVID-19 vaccine(37%vs.15%).Among Democrats,this difference is more modest(53%vs.42%).Republicans are much more likely to get the flu shot than the updated COVID-19 vaccine%of U.S.adults who say they have gotten each of the following since they became available last year Note:Respondents who

70、 gave other responses or did not give an answer are not shown.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 281542443753050100Flu shotU.S.adultsDIFF(Flu-COVID)Updated COVID-19 vaccineRep/

71、lean RepDem/lean Dem+16+22+1117 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org This report is made possible by The Pew Charitable Trusts.It is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals.Find related reports online at:pewresearch.org/science.Primary research team Ale

72、c Tyson,Associate Director,Science and Society Research Brian Kennedy,Senior Researcher Giancarlo Pasquini,Research Associate Emma Kikuchi,Research Assistant Editorial and graphic design Rebecca Leppert,Copy Editor Kaitlyn Radde,Associate Information Graphics Designer Communications and web publishi

73、ng Haley Nolan,Communications Manager Talia Price,Communications Associate Reem Nadeem,Digital Producer In addition,the project benefited greatly from the guidance of the Pew Research Center methodology team:Courtney Kennedy,Andrew Mercer,Ashley Amaya,Dorene Asare-Marfo,Dana Popky,Anna Brown and Arn

74、old Lau.18 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Methodology Overview The American Trends Panel(ATP),created by Pew Research Center,is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S.adults.Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys.Panelists who do not have internet access

75、 at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection.Interviews are conducted in both English and Spanish.The panel is being managed by Ipsos.Data in this report is drawn from ATP Wave 142,conducted from Feb.7 to 11,2024,and includes an oversample of non-Hispanic Asian adults,non-His

76、panic Black men,and Hispanic men in order to provide more precise estimates of the opinions and experiences of these smaller demographic subgroups.These oversampled groups are weighted back to reflect their correct proportions in the population.A total of 10,133 panelists responded out of 11,117 who

77、 were sampled,for a response rate of 91%.The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 3%.The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is less than 1%.The margin of sampling error for the full sam

78、ple of 10,133 respondents is plus or minus 1.5 percentage points.19 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Panel recruitment The ATP was created in 2014,with the first cohort of panelists invited to join the panel at the end of a large,national,landline and cellphone random-digit-dial survey that w

79、as conducted in both English and Spanish.Two additional recruitments were conducted using the same method in 2015 and 2017,respectively.Across these three surveys,a total of 19,718 adults were invited to join the ATP,of whom 9,942(50%)agreed to participate.In August 2018,the ATP switched from teleph

80、one to address-based sampling(ABS)recruitment.A study cover letter and a pre-incentive are mailed to a stratified,random sample of households selected from the U.S.Postal Services Delivery Sequence File.This Postal Service file has been estimated to cover as much as 98%of the population,although som

81、e studies suggest that the coverage could be in the low 90%range.1 Within each sampled household,the adult with the next birthday is asked to participate.Other details of the ABS recruitment protocol have changed over time but are available upon request.2 We have recruited a national sample of U.S.a

82、dults to the ATP approximately once per year since 2014.In some years,the recruitment has included additional efforts(known as an“oversample”)to boost sample size with underrepresented groups.For example,Hispanic adults,Black adults and Asian adults were oversampled in 2019,2022 and 2023,respectivel

83、y.Across the six address-based recruitments,a total of 23,862 adults were invited to join the ATP,of whom 20,917 agreed to join the panel and completed an initial profile survey.Of the 30,859 1 AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling.2016.“AAPOR Report:Address-based Sampling.”2 Email pewsurveyspe

84、wresearch.org.American Trends Panel recruitment surveys Recruitment dates Mode Invited Joined Active panelists remaining Jan.23 to March 16,2014 Landline/cell RDD 9,809 5,338 1,391 Aug.27 to Oct.4,2015 Landline/cell RDD 6,004 2,976 831 April 25 to June 4,2017 Landline/cell RDD 3,905 1,628 404 Aug.8

85、to Oct.31,2018 ABS 9,396 8,778 3,848 Aug.19 to Nov.30,2019 ABS 5,900 4,720 1,387 June 1 to July 19,2020;Feb.10 to March 31,2021 ABS 3,197 2,812 1,440 May 29 to July 7,2021;Sept.16 to Nov.1,2021 ABS 1,329 1,162 731 May 24 to Sept.29,2022 ABS 3,354 2,869 1,454 April 17 to May 30,2023 ABS 686 576 434 T

86、otal 43,580 30,859 11,920 Note:RDD is random-digit dial;ABS is address-based sampling.Approximately once per year,panelists who have not participated in multiple consecutive waves or who did not complete an annual profiling survey are removed from the panel.Panelists also become inactive if they ask

87、 to be removed from the panel.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 20 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org individuals who have ever joined the ATP,11,920 remained active panelists and continued to receive survey invitations at the time this survey was conducted.The American Trends Panel never uses breakout route

88、rs or chains that direct respondents to additional surveys.Sample design The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 and older living in the United States,including Alaska and Hawaii.It featured a stratified random sample from the ATP in which Hispanic men,

89、non-Hispanic Black men,and non-Hispanic Asian adults were selected with certainty.The remaining panelists were sampled at rates designed to ensure that the share of respondents in each stratum is proportional to its share of the U.S.adult population to the greatest extent possible.Respondent weights

90、 are adjusted to account for differential probabilities of selection as described in the Weighting section below.Questionnaire development and testing The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with Ipsos.The web program was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices

91、 by the Ipsos project management team and Pew Research Center researchers.The Ipsos project management team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.Incentives All respondents were offered a post-pa

92、id incentive for their participation.Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or a gift code to A or could choose to decline the incentive.Incentive amounts ranged from$5 to$15 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is h

93、arder or easier to reach.Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.Data collection protocol The data collection field period for this survey was Feb.7 to 11,2024.Postcard notifications wer

94、e mailed to a subset of ATP panelists with a known residential address on Feb.7.3 3 Postcard notifications are sent to 1)panelists who have been provided with a tablet to take ATP surveys,2)panelists who were recruited within the last two years,and 3)panelists recruited prior to the last two years w

95、ho opt to continue receiving postcard notifications.21 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Invitations were sent out in two separate launches:soft launch and full launch.Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch,which began with an initial invitation sent on the morning of Feb.7.The ATP p

96、anelists chosen for the initial soft launch were known responders who had completed previous ATP surveys within one day of receiving their invitation.All remaining English-and Spanish-speaking sampled panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on the afternoon of Feb.7.Al

97、l panelists with an email address received an email invitation and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey.All ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages received an SMS invitation and up to two SMS reminders.Data quality checks To ensure high-quality data,the Centers resear

98、chers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing clear patterns of satisficing.This includes checking for whether respondents left questions blank at very high rates or always selected the first or last answer presented.As a result of this checking,two ATP respondents were rem

99、oved from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.Invitation and reminder dates,ATP Wave 142 Soft launch Full launch Initial invitation Feb.7,2024 Feb.7,2024 First reminder Feb.9,2024 Feb.9,2024 Final reminder Feb.11,2024 Feb.11,2024 PEW RESEARCH CENTER 22 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresea

100、rch.org Weighting The ATP data is weighted in a multistep process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the survey process.First,each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of selection for their initial recruitmen

101、t survey.These weights are then rescaled and adjusted to account for changes in the design of ATP recruitment surveys from year to year.Finally,the weights are calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel att

102、rition.If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave,this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.Among the panelists who completed the survey,this weight is then calibrated again to align with the population benchmarks identified in th

103、e accompanying table and trimmed at the 2nd and 98th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights.This trimming is performed separately among non-Hispanic Black,non-Hispanic Asian,Hispanic and all other respondents.Sampling errors and tests of statistical signifi

104、cance take into account the effect of weighting.American Trends Panel weighting dimensions Variable Benchmark source Age(detailed)Age x Gender Education x Gender Education x Age Race/Ethnicity x Education Black(alone or in combination)x Hispanic Born inside vs.outside the U.S.among Hispanics and Asi

105、an Americans Years lived in the U.S.Census region x Metropolitan status 2022 American Community Survey(ACS)Volunteerism 2021 CPS Volunteering&Civic Life Supplement Voter registration 2022 CPS Voting and Registration Supplement Party affiliation x Race/Ethnicity Frequency of internet use Religious af

106、filiation 2023 National Public Opinion Reference Survey(NPORS)Note:Estimates from the ACS are based on noninstitutionalized adults.Voter registration is calculated using procedures from Hur,Achen(2013)and rescaled to include the total U.S.adult population.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 23 PEW RESEARCH CENTER w

107、ww.pewresearch.org The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95%level of confidence for different groups in the survey.Sample sizes and margins of error,ATP Wave 142 Group Unweighted sample size Plus or minus Total samp

108、le 10,133 1.5 percentage points Form 1 5,050 2.1 percentage points Form 2 5,083 2.1 percentage points Men 4,557 2.3 percentage points Women 5,485 1.9 percentage points White 6,505 1.7 percentage points Black 1,258 4.2 percentage points Hispanic 1,252 4.9 percentage points Asian*651 6.0 percentage po

109、ints Ages 18-29 747 4.7 percentage points 30-49 3,239 2.6 percentage points 50-64 2,935 2.6 percentage points 65+3,189 2.4 percentage points Rep/lean Rep 4,594 2.1 percentage points Dem/lean Dem 5,227 2.1 percentage points*Estimates for Asian adults are representative of English speakers only.Note:T

110、his survey includes oversamples of non-Hispanic Asian adults,non-Hispanic Black men,and Hispanic men.Unweighted sample sizes do not account for the sample design or weighting and do not describe a groups contribution to weighted estimates.Refer to the Sample design and Weighting sections for details

111、.PEW RESEARCH CENTER Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request.In addition to sampling error,one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.24 PEW RESE

112、ARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Dispositions and response rates Final dispositions,ATP Wave 142 AAPOR code Total Completed interview 1.1 10,133 Logged on to survey;broke off 2.12 27 Logged on to survey;did not complete any items 2.1121 81 Never logged on(implicit refusal)2.11 873 Survey completed af

113、ter close of the field period 2.27 1 Completed interview but was removed for data quality 2 Screened out 0 Total panelists sampled for the survey 11,117 Completed interviews I 10,133 Partial interviews P 0 Refusals R 981 Non-contact NC 1 Other O 2 Unknown household UH 0 Unknown other UO 0 Not eligib

114、le NE 0 Total 11,117 AAPOR RR1=I/(I+P+R+NC+O+UH+UO)91%PEW RESEARCH CENTER Cumulative response rate as of ATP Wave 142 Total Weighted response rate to recruitment surveys 11%of recruitment survey respondents who agreed to join the panel,among those invited 71%of those agreeing to join who were active

115、 panelists at start of Wave 142 45%Response rate to Wave 142 survey 91%Cumulative response rate 3%PEW RESEARCH CENTER 25 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org How family income tiers are calculated Family income data reported in this study is adjusted for household size and cost-of-living differen

116、ces by geography.Panelists then are assigned to income tiers that are based on the median adjusted family income of all American Trends Panel members.The process uses the following steps:1.First,panelists are assigned to the midpoint of the income range they selected in a family income question that

117、 was measured on either the most recent annual profile survey or,for newly recruited panelists,their recruitment survey.This provides an approximate income value that can be used in calculations for the adjustment.2.Next,these income values are adjusted for the cost of living in the geographic area

118、where the panelist lives.This is calculated using price indexes published by the U.S.Bureau of Economic Analysis.These indexes,known as Regional Price Parities(RPP),compare the prices of goods and services across all U.S.metropolitan statistical areas as well as non-metro areas with the national ave

119、rage prices for the same goods and services.The most recent available data at the time of the annual profile survey is from 2021.Those who fall outside of metropolitan statistical areas are assigned the overall RPP for their states non-metropolitan area.3.Family incomes are further adjusted for the

120、number of people in a household using the methodology from Pew Research Centers previous work on the American middle class.This is done because a four-person household with an income of,say,$50,000 faces a tighter budget constraint than a two-person household with the same income.4.Panelists are the

121、n assigned an income tier.“Middle-income”adults are in families with adjusted family incomes that are between two-thirds and double the median adjusted family income for the full ATP at the time of the most recent annual profile survey.The median adjusted family income for the panel is roughly$71,80

122、0.Using this median income,the middle-income range is about$47,900 to$143,600.Lower-income families have adjusted incomes less than$47,900,and upper-income families have adjusted incomes greater than$143,600(all figures expressed in 2022 dollars and scaled to a household size of three).If a panelist

123、 did not provide their income and/or their household size,they are assigned“no answer”in the income tier variable.Two examples of how a given areas cost-of-living adjustment was calculated are as follows:The Anniston-Oxford metropolitan area in Alabama is a relatively inexpensive area,with a price l

124、evel that is 16.2%less than the national average.The San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley metropolitan 26 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org area in California is one of the most expensive areas,with a price level that is 19.8%higher than the national average.Income in the sample is adjusted to make

125、up for this difference.As a result,a family with an income of$41,900 in the Anniston-Oxford area is as well-off financially as a family of the same size with an income of$59,900 in San Francisco.A note about the Asian adult sample This survey includes a total sample size of 651 Asian adults.The samp

126、le primarily includes English-speaking Asian adults and,therefore,may not be representative of the overall Asian adult population.Despite this limitation,it is important to report the views of Asian adults on the topics in this study.As always,Asian adults responses are incorporated into the general

127、 population figures throughout this report.Pew Research Center,2024 27 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Appendix:Detailed chart and tables COVID-19 vaccination by age group and political party%of U.S.adults who report that they are up to date with COVID-19 vaccines August 2021 January 2022 Ma

128、rch 2023 February 2024 Ages 18-29 59 35 23 23 30-49 63 39 27 22 50-64 69 50 36 28 65+85 71 53 42 Among adults ages 18-29 Rep/lean Rep 37 14 10 10 Dem/lean Dem 74 47 30 30 Among adults ages 30-49 Rep/lean Rep 47 22 13 10 Dem/lean Dem 77 54 42 32 Among adults ages 50-64 Rep/lean Rep 53 31 20 13 Dem/le

129、an Dem 87 71 59 48 Among adults ages 65+Rep/lean Rep 78 58 36 24 Dem/lean Dem 93 84 75 66 Note:August 2021 data shows the share of U.S.adults who said they were fully vaccinated.January 2022 and March 2023 data shows the share who said they were fully vaccinated and had received a booster shot withi

130、n the last six months.February 2024 data shows the share who say they have received the updated COVID-19 vaccine.Respondents who gave other responses or did not give an answer are not shown.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid

131、 Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 28 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Most Americans have heard at least a little about long COVID;22%have heard nothing at all%of U.S.adults who say they have heard or read _ about long COVID,which is defined as having symptoms lasting longer th

132、an a month *Estimates for Asian adults are representative of English speakers only.Note:Respondents who did not give an answer are not shown.White,Black and Asian adults include those who report being only one race and are not Hispanic.Hispanic adults are of any race.Source:Survey of U.S.adults cond

133、ucted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 22192422192320192224223022241618255657555954485151595556616354515557222421192729283120212291522342718U.S.adultsMenWomenWhiteBlackHispanicAsian*Ages 18-2930-4950-6465+Postgra

134、dCollege gradSome collegeHS or lessRep/lean RepDem/lean DemA lotNothing at allA little29 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Democrats more likely than Republicans to say they have gotten a flu shot this year%of U.S.adults who say they have done the following since August Note:Respondents who di

135、d not give an answer are not shown.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted Feb.7-11,2024.“How Americans View the Coronavirus,COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining Levels of Concern”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 444944414037495853555155595862514147No,have not gotten a flu shotDem/lean DemRep/lean RepU.S.adultsYes,hav

136、e gotten a flu shotNov20Mar23Feb24Nov20Mar23Feb24Nov20Mar23Feb2430 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Survey question wording and topline 2024 PEW RESEARCH CENTERS AMERICAN TRENDS PANEL WAVE 142 SCIENCE TOPLINE February 7-11,2024 N=10,133 OTHER QUESTIONS PREVIOUSLY RELEASED OR HELD FOR FUTURE R

137、ELEASE DISPLAY TO FORM 1:On a different topic ASK FORM 1 N=5,050:COVIDTHREAT How much of a threat,if any,is the coronavirus today for4 RANDOMIZE ITEMS 4 In all surveys prior to February 2024,the phrase“coronavirus outbreak”was used instead of“coronavirus today.”A major threat A minor threat Not a th

138、reat No answer a.The health of the U.S.population as a whole Feb 7-11,2024 20 55 24 1 May 2-8,2022 41 45 13 1 Jan 10-17,2022 57 35 8 1 Aug 23-29,2021 61 33 6 1 Feb 16-21,2021 63 31 5 1 Nov 18-29,2020 65 29 5 1 Jul 13-19,2020 67 28 5 1 Apr 29-May 5,2020 64 31 4 1 Mar 19-24,2020 66 31 2 1 Mar 10-16,20

139、20 47 45 8 1 b.Your personal health Feb 7-11,2024 16 48 36 1 May 2-8,2022 23 50 26 1 Jan 10-17,2022 30 50 20 1 Aug 23-29,2021 31 50 19 1 Feb 16-21,2021 31 52 17 1 Nov 18-29,2020 39 46 14 1 Jul 13-19,2020 40 46 13 1 Apr 29-May 5,2020 38 47 14 1 Mar 19-24,2020 36 52 11 1 Mar 10-16,2020 27 51 22 1 31 P

140、EW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org DISPLAY TO FORM 2:On a different topic ASK FORM 2 N=5,083:COVID_INFECT How concerned,if at all,are you that RANDOMIZE ITEMS COVIDTHREAT CONTINUED A major threat A minor threat Not a threat No answer c.The U.S.economy Feb 7-11,2024 23 48 28 1 May 2-8,2022 58 34

141、8 1 Jan 10-17,2022 69 25 5 1 Aug 23-29,2021 72 24 3 1 Feb 16-21,2021 81 16 3 1 Nov 18-29,2020 84 13 3 1 Jul 13-19,2020 86 12 2 1 Apr 29-May 5,2020 88 10 2 1 Mar 19-24,2020 88 10 1 1 Mar 10-16,2020 70 25 4 1 d.Your personal financial situation Feb 7-11,2024 14 36 49 1 May 2-8,2022 25 44 30 1 Jan 10-1

142、7,2022 32 44 23 1 Aug 23-29,2021 29 46 25 1 Feb 16-21,2021 30 46 24 1 Nov 18-29,2020 38 42 20 1 Jul 13-19,2020 38 43 19 1 Apr 29-May 5,2020 41 42 17 1 Mar 19-24,2020 49 40 11 1 Mar 10-16,2020 34 43 23 1 Very concerned Somewhat concerned Not too concerned Not at all concerned No answer a.You might sp

143、read the coronavirus to other people without knowing that you have it Feb 7-11,2024 12 28 33 26 1 Mar 13-19,2023 14 28 30 28 1 Sep 13-18,2022 18 31 28 23 1 May 2-8,2022 19 31 29 20 1 Jan 10-17,2022 25 33 26 16 1 Aug 23-29,2021 27 32 26 15 1 Feb 16-21,2021 30 31 25 14 1 Nov 18-29,2020 32 32 23 13 1 J

144、un 16-22,2020 30 32 23 14 1 Apr 7-12,2020 33 34 22 11 1 b.You will get the coronavirus and require hospitalization Feb 7-11,2024 10 17 39 33 1 Mar 13-19,2023 10 19 34 36 1 Sep 13-18,2022 11 19 36 33 1 May 2-8,2022 13 21 37 29 1 32 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org ASK FORM 1 N=5,050:HRDLONGCOV

145、 How much have you heard or read about Long COVID,which is defined as having COVID-19 symptoms lasting longer than a month?Feb 7-11,2024 22 A lot 56 A little 22 Nothing at all 1 No answer ASK FORM 1 AND IF HEARD A LOT OR A LITTLE HRDLONGCOV=1,2 N=4,187:LONGCOVID Thinking about all the priorities for

146、 medical researchers and health care providers,how important is it for them to understand and treat Long COVID?RANDOMIZE RESPONSE OPTIONS 1-5 OR 5-1 IN SAME ORDER AS FACTWELL Feb 7-11,2024 25 Extremely important 39 Very important 28 Somewhat important 5 Not too important 2 Not at all important 1 No

147、answer ASK ALL:NEWCOVVAX Have you gotten the updated vaccine for COVID-19 that became available last September?Feb 7-11,2024 28 Yes,have gotten the updated COVID-19 vaccine 70 No,have not gotten the updated COVID-19 vaccine 1 No answer COVID_INFECT CONTINUED Very concerned Somewhat concerned Not too

148、 concerned Not at all concerned No answer Jan 10-17,2022 15 24 37 24 1 Aug 23-29,2021 19 26 36 19 1 Feb 16-21,2021 21 27 31 20 1 Nov 18-29,2020 23 30 30 17 1 Jun 16-22,2020 24 27 32 17 1 Apr 7-12,2020 24 31 32 13 1 33 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org TREND FOR COMPARISON ASK ALL:COVID_VAXDMOD

149、 Have you received a vaccine to prevent COVID-19?NET Have received at least one dose of a vaccine Yes,have had all the shots needed to be fully vaccinated Yes,have had one shot but still need one more No,have not received a vaccine No answer Mar 13-19,2023 77 70 7 21 2 Sep 13-18,2022 77 71 6 21 2 Ma

150、y 2-8,2022 78 73 5 21 2 Jan 24-30,2022 78 73 5 20 2 Aug 23-29,2021 73 69 4 26 1 Jun 14-27,2021 67 63 4 31 2 Feb 16-21,2021 19-80 1 TREND FOR COMPARISON ASK ALL:COVID_BOOST5 Have you received a COVID-19 booster shot within the last six months?Yes,have received a booster shot No,have not received a bo

151、oster shot Does not apply to me Invalid response No answer Mar 13-19,2023 34 44 19 1 2 Sep 13-18,2022 38 41 18 1 2 May 2-8,2022 49 31 17 1 2 Jan 24-30,2022 48 34 15 1 2 5 COVID_VAXDMOD and COVID_BOOST were asked of all respondents to get measurements on vaccination and booster shot status.Respondent

152、s who said“Yes,have had one shot but still need one more”or“No,have not received a vaccine”to COVID_VAXDMOD and said“Yes,have received a booster shot”to COVID_BOOST were coded as“invalid response”to COVID_BOOST.These respondents are ineligible for a COVID-19 booster shot based on their stated vaccin

153、ation status.34 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org TREND FOR COMPARISON COVID_VAXDMOD AND COVID_BOOST COMBO TABLE OTHER QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE ASK FORM 2 N=5,083:SCI_FLU1 Since last August,have you gotten a flu shot?Yes,have gotten a flu shot since August No,have not gotten a flu sho

154、t since August No answer Feb 7-11,2024 44 55 1 Mar 13-19,2023 49 51 1 Nov 18-29,20206 44 55 1 ASK FORM 2 N=5,083:SCI_FLU2 How often do you typically get a flu shot?Every year Every few years Rarely or never No answer Feb 7-11,2024 46 13 40 1 Mar 13-19,2023 48 13 38 1 Nov 18-29,2020 47 12 41 1 OTHER

155、QUESTION PREVIOUSLY RELEASED 6 In the November 2020 survey,the question wording was,“Since August of this year,have you gotten a flu shot?”Yes,have had all the shots needed to be fully vaccinated Yes,have had one shot but still need one more No,have not received a vaccine No answer to COVID_ VAXDmod Yes,have received a booster shot within last six months No,have not received a booster shot within last six months/Does not apply No answer to COVID_ BOOST Mar 13-19,2023 34 35 1 7 21 2 Sep 13-18,2022 38 33 1 6 21 2 May 2-8,2022 49 23 1 5 21 2 Jan 24-30,2022 48 25 1 5 20 2