國家電網：2023中國的碳捕集、封存與利用和PtX技術報告（20頁）.pdf

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1、State Grid Energy Research Institute12 October 2023國網能源研究院有限公司2023年10月12日ECECP Investment and Technologies for Net-zero Carbon InfrastructureECECP凈零碳基礎設施投資和關鍵技術研究Contents22PtXICCUS 碳捕集、利用與封存電轉其他能源3(1)Importance of CCUS 碳捕集、利用與封存技術的定位CCUS is the only technological option to realize low-carbon utiliza

2、tion of fossil energy.CCUS 是目前實現化石能源低碳化利用的唯一技術選擇。It is estimated that by 2050,fossil energy will account for 10%-15%of Chinas energyconsumption.到2050 年，化石能源仍將扮演重要角色，占中國能源消費比例的10%15%。CCUS can maintain the flexibility of power system to realize carbon neutrality.CCUS 是碳中和目標下保持電力系統靈活性的主要技術手段。By avoid a

3、n early phasing out of coal-fired power stations,the necessary support forsystem inertia and frequency control is then guaranteed when facing the great volatilityof renewable energy and potential seasonal power shortages.火電加裝CCUS是具有競爭力的重要技術手段，可實現近零碳排放，提供穩定清潔低碳電力，平衡可再生能源發電的波動性，并在避免季節性或長期性的電力短缺方面發揮慣性支

4、撐和頻率控制等重要作用。4(1)Importance of CCUS 碳捕集、利用與封存技術的定位CCUS is a feasible technology option for hard-to-abate sectors,like steel and cement.CCUS 是鋼鐵水泥等難以減排行業低碳轉型的可行技術選擇。After implementing measures like efficiency improvement,raw material substitution,and etc,it is estimated that 34%of carbon emissions in

5、the steel industry and 48%ofcarbon emissions in the cement industry are hard to abate.預計到2050年，鋼鐵行業通過采取工藝改進、效率提升、能源和原料替代等常規減排方案后，仍將剩余34%的碳排放量，即使氫直接還原鐵(DRI)技術取得重大突破，剩余碳排放量也超過8%。水泥行業通過采取其他常規減排方案后，仍將剩余48%的碳排放量。CCUS coupled with renewable energy could realize negative emissions.CCUS 與新能源耦合的負排放技術是實現碳中和目標

6、的重要技術保障。CCUS coupling with bio-energy,usually referred to as BECCS,could realize negativeemssions.Negative emission technologies can neutralize greenhouse gas emissions andprovide important support for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality.BECCS及其他負排放技術可中和該部分溫室氣體排放，推動溫室氣體凈零排放，為實現碳中和目標提供重要支撐。Source

7、:China CCUS Annual Report 2021.CCUS projects in ChinaCCUS Projects in China There are about 40 CCUS projectsthat are in operation or underconstruction in China.The capturecapacityisaround3milliontons/yearandthecumulativestorage capacity is 2 million tons.中國已投運或建設中的CCUS示范項目約為40個，捕集能力300萬噸/年，累計封存200萬噸

8、CO2。(2)CCUS projects in China 碳捕集、利用與封存項目開展情況Source:China CCUS Annual Report 2021.CCUS projects in ChinaCCUS Projects in China TheexistingCCUSpilotdemonstration projects focus ondemonstratingcarboncapturetechnology and EOR technology.Large-scale,full-chain projects arerare.現有的CCUS試點示范項目主要關注展示碳捕集技術和E

9、OR技術。大規模、完整鏈條的項目相對較少。China has the design capability ofa large-scale,full-process systemand is actively preparing for thefull-chain CCUS industrial clusters.中國具備大規模、全過程系統的設計能力，并積極準備建設完整鏈條的CCUS工業集群。(2)CCUS projects in China 碳捕集、利用與封存項目開展情況7(3)CCUS technology costs in China 技術成本情況Chinas CCUS demonstra

10、tion projects are small in scale and expensive.The cost of CCUS mainlyincludes economic costs and environmental costs.中國的CCUS示范項目規模較小且成本較高。CCUS的成本主要包括經濟成本和環境成本。Economic costs include fixed costs and operating costs.經濟成本包括固定成本和運營成本。Environmental costs include environmental risks and energy consumptio

11、n.環境成本包括環境風險和能源消耗。2025-2060年CCUS技術的成本Cost for CCUS Technologies in 2025-2060206020502040203520302025Year20-4030-5050-7070-8090-130100-180燃燒前捕集Pre-combustion捕集技術Capture70-12080-150100-180160-220190-280230-310燃燒后捕集Post-combustion80-13090-150110-230130-320160-390300-480富氧燃燒Oxy-fuel combustion0.5-10.5-1

12、.10.6-1.10.7-1.20.8-1.30.9-1.4罐車Truck運輸Transport(RMB/tkm)0.40.450.50.60.70.8管道Pipeline20-2525-3030-3535-4040-5050-60封存StorageSource:China CCUS Annual Report 2021.8(3)Carbon capture technology in China 碳捕集技術現狀 Chinas thermal power industry will reach apeak for unit renewal from 2035 to 2045.Consideri

13、ng the development of carboncapture technology,before 2035,the first-generation capture technology should bethe mainstream while after 2035,the-second generation technology should be themainstream.2035年前后將是捕集技術實現代際升級的關鍵時期。我國火電行業在2035-2045年間將迎來機組更新高峰。綜合考慮火電行業的發展規律與捕集技術的發展趨勢，2035年前應以采用第一代捕集技術的存量火電機組改造

14、為主，2035年后應以采用二代捕集技術的新建火電機組為主。Energy ConsumtionBest time for CCS retrofitEnergy consumption for first-generation capture technologyEnergy consumption for second-generation capture technologyCost for first-generation capture technologyCost for second-generation capture technologyLevelised additional e

15、lectricity costs for coal-fired power units suitable for retrofitting 適合改裝的燃煤發電機組的電力水平化附加成本Notes:the first-generation capture technology are ready to be used on a large scale.The second-generation capture technologys energy consumption and cost will decrease to more than 30%compared to the first-gen

16、eration.注：第一代捕集技術指現階段已能進行大規模示范的技術，如胺基吸收劑、常壓富氧燃燒；第二代捕集技術指技術成熟后能耗和成本可比成熟后的第一代技術降低30%以上的新技術，如新型膜分離技術、新型吸收技術等。The potential for CO2storage in China Oil fields:Songliao Basin,Bohai Bay Basin,Ordos Basin and Junggar Basin.CO2-EOR,5.1 billion tons.石油區域：松遼盆地、渤海灣盆地、鄂爾多斯盆地、準噶爾盆地。CO2-EOR，51億噸。Gas fields:Ordos

17、Basin,Sichuan Basin,Bohai Bay Basin and Tarim Basin.Depleted gas fields:15.3 billion tons;CO2-EGR:9 billion tons.天然氣區域：鄂爾多斯盆地、四川盆地、渤海灣盆地和塔里木盆地。已枯竭的天然氣田：153億噸；CO2-EOR，90億噸。The potential for CO2storage The potential for CO2storage in China is about 1.21-4.13 trillion tons.中國地質封存潛力約為1.214.13 萬億噸。Ref:Ro

18、admapforCarbonCaptureandStorageDemonstrationandDeployment.(4)Carbon storage in China 碳封存技術現狀The potential for CO2storage in China Deep saline aquifer:2420 billion tons.Songliao Basin:694.5 billion tons;Tarim Basin:552.8 billion tons;Bohai Bay Basin:490.6 billion tons;Subei Basin:435.7 billion tons;O

19、rdos Basin:335.6 billion tons.深層咸水含氣層：24200億噸。松遼盆地：6945億噸；塔里木盆地：5528億噸；渤海灣盆地：4906億噸；蘇北盆地：4357億噸；鄂爾多斯盆地：3356億噸。The potential for CO2storage Ref:RoadmapforCarbonCaptureandStorageDemonstrationandDeployment.(4)Carbon storage in China 碳封存技術現狀The potential for CO2storage in China is about 1.21-4.13 trilli

20、on tons.中國地質封存潛力約為1.214.13 萬億噸。11(5)Retrofitting coal-fired power stations with CCUS 煤電機組的CCUS改造Source:Decarbonizing the Coal-Fired Power Sector in China via Carbon Capture,Geological Utilization,and Storage TechnologySuitability Criteria for Power Plants發電廠適用性標準 ProximitytoCO2storagesite800km；距離二氧化

21、碳儲存地點 800公里 Unit age 40 years；使用年限 40年 Unit size 600 MW,or the totalamountofcapturableCO210Mt/year and annual operating hours 4000.單元容量 600兆瓦，或可捕獲二氧化碳總量 10百萬噸/年且年運行小時數 4000。Distribution of coal power plants with suitability results12(5)Retrofitting coal-fired power stations with CCUS 煤電機組的CCUS改造Sour

22、ce:Decarbonizing the Coal-Fired Power Sector in China via Carbon Capture,Geological Utilization,and Storage Technology At least 613 GW or 508 plants(73%of totalinstalled capacity or 63%of total coal plants)appear suitable for CCUS retrofits.The total CO2emission is about 2.2 Gt/year.至少有613千兆瓦或508座電廠

23、（占總裝機容量的73%或總煤電廠的63%）適合進行碳捕獲利用與儲存（CCUS）的改造?？偠趸寂欧偶s為每年22億噸。Almost all selected coal power plants with oneor more generating units of more than 600 MWcapacity were built between 2005 and 2015.Theseplantsstillhavemanydecadesofexpected operational life.幾乎所有含有一個或多個容量超過600兆瓦發電單元的燃煤電廠都建于2005年至2015年之間，這些電廠

24、仍有數十年的預期運營壽命。Distribution of coal power plants with suitability results Retrofitting CCUS to the existing coal fleet would increase the LCOEs by an average of 24.1-37.2 USD/MWh for theentire fleet with between 50%and 85%net mitigation rates.將碳捕獲利用與儲存（CCUS）改裝到現有的燃煤電廠將使整個電廠的電力生產成本（LCOEs）增加，凈減排率在50%至85

25、%之間的電廠平均增加24.1-37.2美元/兆瓦時。Source:Decarbonizing the Coal-Fired Power Sector in China via Carbon Capture,Geological Utilization,and Storage Technology(5)Retrofitting coal-fired power stations with CCUS 煤電機組的CCUS改造Contents142ICCUS PtX碳捕集、利用與封存電轉其他能源Most of the PtX technologies are based on power-to-hyd

26、rogen,except for power-to-cool and power-to-heat.除了電轉冷、電轉熱以外，大部分PtX技術都是基于電轉氫。Source:Research on P2X Technology Progress and its Participation in Power System Operation Optimization SimulationStageTechnologiesLimitationAdvantagesNamecommecial application商業應用air conditioners空調-clean,convenient清潔、便利Pow

27、er to Cool(P2C)電轉冷initial stage of commecialapplication商業應用初始階段heat pumps,electric boiler,electric heater熱泵、電鍋爐、電暖器low energy efficiency in a complete cycle,high cost 在一次完整循環中，能效較低、成本較高clean,safe,convenient清潔、安全、便利Power to Heat(P2H)電轉熱demonstration&initial stage of commercial application示范&商業應用初始階段e

28、lectrolysers電解槽low energy efficiency in a complete cycle,high cost在一次完整循環中，能效較低、成本較高clean,flexible清潔、靈活Power to Gas(P2G)電轉氣demonstration示范electrolysers,synthesis電解，合成high cost成本高clean清潔Power to Liquid(P2L)or Power to Fuels(P2F)電轉液或電轉燃料demonstration示范electrolysers,synthesis電解，合成high cost成本高clean清潔Pow

29、er to Chemicals(P2C)or Power to Products(P2P)電轉化學或電轉產品demonstration示范fuel cells燃料high cost,low efficiency成本高，能效低long storage time長周期存儲Power to Power(P2P)電轉電Main technologies of PtX(1)Technologies included in PtXPtX中的技術16(2)Hydrogen production and consumption in China 中國氫能的產消Ref:China hydrogen energy

30、 and fuel cell industry development report 2020.Refining&Coal Chemical IndustryAmmoniaTransportationOther pureMethanolOther mixedCoalNatural gasElectrolysisBy-productCoalNatural gasBy-productElectrolysisUnit:104tonThe supply structure of hydrogen in ChinaThe hydrogen flow diagram in ChinaThe current

31、 hydrogen production is fossil-fuel based(coal,natural gas and industrial by-product).Thelargest share of hydrogen demand is from the chemicals sector for the production of ammonia(10.8 milliontons/year,32.3%)and methanol(9.1 million tons/year,27.2%).目前的氫氣生產主要依賴化石燃料（煤炭、天然氣和工業副產品）。氫氣需求的最大份額來自化工行業，用于氨

32、的生產（每年1080萬噸，占32.3%）和甲醇的生產（每年910萬噸，占27.2%）。17(3)Scale of power-to-hydrogen in China 中國電制氫的規模The production of hydrogen in 2019 is 33.42 million tons,around 1/3 of the worlds total(115 million tons).2019年，中國的氫氣產量為3342萬噸，約占全球總產量（1.15億噸）的三分之一。Development of renewable hydrogen capacity under 100 GW scen

33、ariosSource:Opening Chinas Green Hydrogen New Era:A 2030 Renewable Hydrogen 100 GW RoadmapGreen Hydrogen Now:161 projects are planned,12 are in operation,22 under construction,23100 tons per year.計劃161個項目，12個在運營，22個在建，每年23100噸。2030:7.7 million tons per year，100GW electrolysers.770萬噸/年，100GW電解槽。2060:

34、75-100 million tons per year.每年0.75-1億噸。18(4)Technical iusses and cost of power-to-hydrogen in China 中國電制氫的技術問題及成本Source:Opening Chinas Green Hydrogen New Era:A 2030 Renewable Hydrogen 100 GW RoadmapProduction cost of green hydrogen AEMSOECPEMALK4.5-5.53.0-4.054.2Efficiency(kWh/Nm3)能效-2001400Single

35、electrolyser(Nm3/h)單個電解槽R&DDemonstrationInitial Stage of CommercializationCommercial ApplicationStage 應用階段Green Hydrogen Production The proton exchange membrane and catalyst(platinum,iridium)are highly dependent on import.質子交換膜和催化劑（鉑、銥）高度依賴進口。As the scale of electrolyzers expands to 100 GW,the inves

36、tment cost of ALK electrolyzers in China will decrease from 2000 RMB/kW in 2020 to 1500 RMB/kW in 2030.隨著電解槽規模擴大到100 GW，中國的ALK電解槽投資成本將從2020年的每千瓦2000元降低到2030年的每千瓦1500元。The average total cost of green hydrogen will drop to 13 RMB/kg.綠色氫氣的平均總成本將下降到每千克13元。19(5)Industrial application of power-to-hydrogen

37、 in China 中國電制氫技術的工業應用Source:Opening Chinas Green Hydrogen New Era:A 2030 Renewable Hydrogen 100 GW RoadmapGreen hydrogen projects are beccoming more and more common.However,hydrogen producers arereluctant to interact with the power grid.綠氫項目越來越常見，然而產氫端與電網互動較少。Representative Projects Ningxia:Nationa

38、l demonstration project for H2produced through elecytrolysis powered by solar energy,largest in the world,200 MW PV+30000 Nm3/h eletrolysers,H2used for chemical synthesis.寧夏：通過太陽能電解制氫的國家示范項目，是世界上最大的項目，包括200 MW光伏發電和30000 Nm3/h的電解槽，生產的氫氣用于化學合成。Xinjiang:Kucha project,will build 300 MW PV station(618 GW

39、h of electricity)and 52000 Nm3/h of electrolysers,H2used for refining.新疆：庫車項目，將建設300 MW光伏電站（發電量為618 GWh）和52000 Nm3/h的電解槽，用于煉油過程中的氫氣生產。Northeast base:wind power,biomass hydrogen production+pipeline mixingXinjiang base:wind and solar based hydrogen production+new power systemNingdong base:PV hydrogen+

40、chemical industryInner Mongolia base:wind and solar based hydrogen production+chemical industryNorth China base:wind power based hydrogen+transportation+steelEast China base:wind power based hydrogen+transportation+tradeSouth China base:wind power based hydrogen+transportation+tradeSichuan base:hydr

41、o based hydrogen+ammonia synthesis+shipping20(6)Hydrogen and the power grid 氫能和電網的關系Ref:Comparison of Different Coupling Modes between thePower System and the Hydrogen System Based on a PowerHydrogen Coordinated Planning Optimization ModelDifferent Power-hydrogen Coupling Modes powerhydrogen couplin

42、g at the load side 受端電氫耦合 powerhydrogen coupling at the source side 源端電氫耦合for power transmission 輸電for hydrogen transport 輸氫for local usage 就地利用 Reducing VRE curtailment降低棄風棄光率 Long-term energy storage長周期儲能Hydrogenstorage,hydrogen-fueledgasturbines and fuel cells can realize long-termenergy storage.儲氫結合燃氫機組或燃料電池，保障新能源為主體下的全時段電力電量平衡。Providinggrid-balancingservicesviaelectrolysers 為電網提供調峰、調頻等輔助服務 Transporting renewable power over longdistances as H2將可再生能源轉化為氫能實現大范圍優化配置Little investment is needed to adapt naturalgas infrastructure to transport hydrogen.利用新能源尖峰出力制氫，利用天然氣管道或氫氣管道進行輸送，緩解電網外送新能源的壓力。