快速實現可持續發展目標：推動亞太轉型- 亞洲開發銀行（英文版）（92頁）.pdf

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1、FAST-TRACKING THE SDGs DRIVING ASIA-PACIFIC TRANSFORMATIONS The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific is the regional development arm of the United Nations and serves as the main economic and social development centre for the United Nations in the region. Its mandate is to foster c

2、ooperation between its 53 members and 9 associate members. ESCAP provides the strategic link between the global and country-level programmes and issues. It supports governments in consolidating regional positions and advocates regional approaches to meeting the unique socioeconomic challenges in a g

3、lobalizing world. The ESCAP office is located in Bangkok. The Asian Development Bank is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members 49 from t

4、he region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. The United Nations Development Programme is the leading United Nations organization fighting to end the injustice of poverty, ineq

5、uality, and climate change. Working with our broad network of experts and partners in 170 countries, we help nations to build integrated, lasting solutions for people and planet. FAST-TRACKING THE SDGs DRIVING ASIA-PACIFIC TRANSFORMATIONS Fast-tracking the SDGs: Driving Asia-Pacific Transformations

6、2020 United Nations, Asian Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme Printed in Thailand This is a co-publication of the United Nations (ESCAP), the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This work is available open access by complying with the

7、 Creative Commons (CC) licence created for intergovernmental organizations, available at: http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. The CC licence does not apply to non-United Nations (ESCAP and UNDP) or non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. Publishers who want to produce their own

8、version of this publication must delete the original emblems from their edition and create a new cover design. Translations must bear the following disclaimer: “The present work is an unofficial translation for which the publisher accepts full responsibility.” Photocopies and reproductions of excerp

9、ts are allowed with proper credits. For queries related to the open access licence or queries and/or requests not covered by the open access licence, please contact the United Nations at permissionsun.org ISBN 978-92-9262-219-0 (print); 978-92-9262-210-6 (electronic); 978-92-9262-221-3 (ebook) DOI:

10、http:/dx.doi.org/10.22617/SPR200149-2 Cataloguing-In-Publication Data United Nations, Asian Development Bank, and United Nations Development Programme. Fast tracking the SDG: Driving Asia Pacific Transformations Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations, 2020 1. Transformation 2. Acceleration 3. Pandemic 4.

11、 Asia-Pacific 5. Sustainable Development 6. SDGs 7. United Nations, Asian Development Bank, and United Nations Development Programme The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the Secretar

12、iat of the United Nations (ESCAP and UNDP) or the governments they represent. The United Nations (ESCAP and UNDP) and ADB do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Any reference to a commercial entity or prod

13、uct in this publication does not imply endorsement. The designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area or the use of the term “country” in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations, ADB or its Bo

14、ard of Governors, or the governments they represent, concerning the legal or other status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication follows the United Nations practice in references to countries. Wh

15、ere there are space constraints, some country names have been abbreviated. ADB recognizes “Laos” as the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, “Kyrgyzstan” as the Kyrgyz Republic , “China” as the Peoples Republic of China; “Korea” as the Republic of Korea; and “Vietnam” as Viet Nam. All queries other than

16、 requests for translations and other uses not covered by the CC BY 3.0 IGO licence can be addressed to any of the co-publishing organizations as follows: FOREWORD As we publish this report, the Asia-Pacific region is grappling with the devastating consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. A collective

17、response will be needed to contain the loss of life and address this evolving human crisis. Beyond the immediate social and economic impacts, we still know too little about this new virus to draw conclusions about the scale or scope of its long-term effects. However, it is clear that a return to “bu

18、siness as usual” will not serve a region that is already off track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Transformative approaches will be needed for progress, especially on goals facing the most persistent shortcomings. This report shows that some countries have been able to move fas

19、ter than others and make progress on various aspects of the 2030 Agenda. It focuses on six interlinked transformative entry points that are key to the Global Decade of Action to deliver the SDGs by 2030. Keeping focus on the 2030 Agenda as a beacon in these turbulent times is now more important than

20、 ever. The disruptions wrought by the pandemic are cause for introspection and a gateway for a shift in social values that may ease the way for transformations. The pandemic has brought to the forefront how many people in our societies live precariously close to poverty and hunger, without access to

21、 essential services to safeguard their health. It has also revealed that we are only as safe, and as strong, as the weakest and most vulnerable among us. The pandemic has changed the ways in which many people work and consume, and hastened the uptake of technologies, in ways that may help create opp

22、ortunities to accelerate progress on the Global Goals. Responses to the COVID-19 crisis must be centred on the needs of people, and promote empowerment, equality and environmental sustainability. The imperative to ensure that no one is left behind has never been as urgent, or as daunting. We will ne

23、ed to support countries in securing the financing they need to weather this crisis. A compelling sense of direction and urgency, a bold commitment to remove systemic barriers to change and promote peoples rights, a readiness of institutions and diverse groups in society to innovate, and an upgraded

24、and updated approach to policymaking that better manages complexity will all be essential. Each of our institutions has been mobilized to support a well-directed, inclusive and well-resourced response. We are pleased to issue this joint report at this critical juncture, in the hope that it will supp

25、ort actions to fast-track Asia-Pacific transformations for the achievement of the SDGs. Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana Executive Secretary, ESCAP and Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations Bambang Susantono Vice-President Knowledge Management and Sustainable Development, ADB Kanni Wignaraja Unite

26、d Nations Assistant Secretary-General, UNDP Assistant Administrator and Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific iiiFAST-TRACKING THE SDGS: DRIVING ASIA-PACIFIC TRANSFORMATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Fast-tracking the SDGs: Driving Asia-Pacific Transformations was prepared under the Asia-Pacific SDG Par

27、tnership of ESCAP, ADB and UNDP. A technical team from the three organizations (Kaveh Zahedi, Stefanos Fotiou, Katinka Weinberger, Hitomi Rankine and Arun Jacob of ESCAP; Bernard Woods, Smita Nakhooda, Roman Hoffman and Kayly Ober of ADB; Valerie Cliff, Jaco Cillers, Hannie Meesters and Bishwa Nath

28、Tiwari of UNDP) guided the development of the text. The core team of authors comprised Arun Jacob, Hitomi Rankine, Katinka Weinberger and Omer Aijazi. Contributing authors included Samiuddin Ahmed, Georges Delrieu and Bishwa Nath Tiwari. Staff members from ESCAP, ADB and UNDP reviewed parts of the r

29、eport and provided technical inputs: Erik Aelbers, Paul Bunsell, Cai Cai, Patrick Duong, Yan Duval, Hongjoo Hahm, Gemma Van Halderen, Alberto Isgut, Florian Kitt, Jeong-Dae Lee, Hamza Ali Malik, Hannie Meesters, Kee-Yung Nam, Kaukab H. Naqvi, Mansour Ndiaye, Genadiy Rau, Karin Schelzig, Srinivas Tat

30、a, Bishwa Nath Tiwari, Christine Wellington-Moore and Michael Williamson. Additionally, staff members as part of sector-specific Reference Groups provided valuable insights on the country “deep dives”: Shakeel Ahmad, Md Anisuzzaman, Milou Beerepoot, Jyoti Bisbey, Matthew Johnson-Idan and Ermioni Sok

31、ou. They were joined by Sture Patrik Andersson, Rima Prama Artha, Elena Danilova-Cross, Wang Dong, Irina Goryunova, Sophie Kemkhadze, Hongpeng Liu, Winifereti Nainoca, Sharad Neupane, Van Nguyen, Kevini Petrini, Shamsur Rahman, Devanand Ramiah, Emma Sale and Sweta Saxena. Arman Bidarbakht Nia, Georg

32、es Delerieu, Hazel M. Lalas, Ishraq Fazal, Azusa Reardon, Dayyan Shayani, Bishwa Nath Tiwari and Szewun Tong provided research and data support. Those who took part in an expert consultation organized by ESCAP in October 2019 are also gratefully acknowledged: Courtney Lawrence and Hannie Meesters, B

33、ishwa Nath Tiwari and Szewun Tong (UNDP), Fera Fizani Ahmad Fizri (Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology), Johan Falk (Exponential Roadmap), Marie Lisa M. Dacanay and Gomer Padong (Institute for Social Entrepreneurship in Asia), Peter Newell (Rapid Transition Alliance), Rushdi Abdu

34、l Rahim (Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology), Hazwan Rezak (Sarawak Multimedia Authority), Areeya Tivasuradej (Raitong Organics Farm), Omer Aijazi, Charumati Haran and Shannon Kalayanamitr. Tom Felix Joehnk edited the manuscript and project administration support was provided by

35、 Aqira Bhatchayutmaytri. Communications and publishing support was provided by Kavita Sukanandan and Linn Enger Leigland (ESCAP); Graham Dwyer, Pima O. Arizala-Bagamasbad, Rodel Bautista and Duncan McLeod (ADB); Cedric Monteiro, Mahtab Haider and Supaporn Tampirak (UNDP); the Publications Board of t

36、he United Nations, Office of the Executive Secretary, ESCAP; the ADB Office of Administrative Services; and the publishing team of ADBs Department of Communications. Publication design and layout was by Quo Global. ivFAST-TRACKING THE SDGS: DRIVING ASIA-PACIFIC TRANSFORMATIONS CONTENTS Foreword iii

37、Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations vii Explanatory notes viii Executive summary ix Chapter 1 The urgency of accelerating transformations 1 Introduction 2 Where do we stand and is this progress enough? 4 Unpacking accelerated transformations an overview of the report 8 Chapter 2 How fast is progress b

38、eing made across the region? 9 Introduction and methodology 10 Results of the quadrant analysis for six transformative entry points 12 Observations 19 Linkages between the entry points 21 Conclusions 24 Chapter 3 Learning from the past 25 Introduction 26 What kinds of interventions are linked with r

39、apid progress ? 26 What steps have been taken to benefit groups often left behind? 30 Conclusions: Moving forward to transformation 32 Country “deep dives” 33 Bangladesh: Longer and healthier lives 34 China: Rising living standards 37 Fiji: A path towards greener growth 41 Kazakhstan: Tackling unemp

40、loyment 44 Indonesia: A path to cleaner fuel 47 Japan: Energy efficiency 49 Chapter 4 Actions for accelerating transformation responding to COVID-19 51 and beyond Building blocks for accelerating transformations 52 Aligning COVID-19 responses with accelerating transformation for the SDGs 57 Annex: M

41、ethodology 61 Boxes Figures Tables Box A.1 Access to essential drugs 35 Box A.2 Expansion of urban health services for the poor 35 Box A.3 Wide provision of social insurance 37 Box A.4 A roadmap to tackle rural poverty 37 Box A.5 Empowering the rural labour force 38 Box A.6 Funds for start-ups 39 Bo

42、x A.7 Targeting youth 40 Box A.8 Goals, policies and strategies for resource efficiency: Fijis 2017 development plans 41 Box A.9 Stimulating small businesses and self-employment 45 Figure 1.1 Asia-Pacific progress in transformative entry points 5 Figure 1.2 Subregional progress in transformative ent

43、ry points 5 Figure 2.1 Five-step methodology to assess and compare rates of progress across countries 11 Figure 2.2 Sample quadrant analysis 11 Figure 2.3 Quadrant analysis for “strengthening human well-being and capabilities” 13 Figure 2.4 Quadrant analysis for “shifting towards sustainable and jus

44、t economies” 14 Figure 2.5 Quadrant analysis for “building sustainable food systems and healthy nutrition patterns” 15 Figure 2.6 Quadrant analysis for “achieving energy decarbonization and universal access to energy” 16 Figure 2.7 Quadrant analysis for “promoting sustainable urban and peri-urban de

45、velopment” 17 Figure 2.8 Quadrant analysis for “securing the global environmental commons” 18 Figure 2.9 Level of achievement - Inter-relationships between transformative entry points 22 Figure A.1 Density of different types of health-care providers per 10,000 population. 34 Figure A.2 Entrepreneuri

46、al activity among young people 38 Figure A.3 Unemployment rate in Kazakhstan 19942019 44 Figure B.1 Expected years of schooling: Acceleration analysis 62 Table 2.1 Low-income and lower-middle income Sprinters 19 Table 2.2 Sprinting ahead countries with special needs 20 viFAST-TRACKING THE SDGS: DRIV

47、ING ASIA-PACIFIC TRANSFORMATIONS ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank AOI The Agriculture Orientation Index ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASTAE Asia Sustainable and Alternate Energy Programme BRAC Building Resources Across Communities CDB China Development Bank COVID-19 coronaviru

48、s disease 2019 CSN countries with special needs eNAM electronic National Agricultural Market ENEA East and North-East Asia ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas emissions GNI gross national income ICEF Innovation fo

49、r Cool Earth Forum IEA International Energy Agency ILO International Labour Organization KLE capital-labour-energy (unit) LDCs least developed countries LLDCs landlocked developing countries LPG liquified petroleum gas MDG Millennium Development Goal NCA North and Central Asia n.d. no date NGO non-governmental organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PM particulate matter R South- East Asia: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippine