碳巨頭：2024年碳排放主體數據庫（英文版）（34頁）.pdf

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1、THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 1The Carbon Majors DatabaseLaunch ReportApril 2024Executive Summary 3Introduction 6Methodology 8Findings 12Conclusion 26Appendix 1:Historical Emissions(18542022)27Appendix 2:Emissions After the Paris Agreement(20162022)31Table of ContentsTHE C

2、ARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 2Executive Summary The Carbon Majors database traces 1,421 GtCO2e of cumulative historical emissions from 1854 through 2022 to 122 industrial producers,the CO2 portion of which is equivalent to 72%of global fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions sinc

3、e 1751.Over 70%of these global CO2 emissions historically can be attributed to just 78 corporate and state producing entities.Carbon Majors is a database of historic production data from 122 of the worlds largest oil,gas,coal,and cement producers.This data is used to quantify the direct production-l

4、inked operational emissions and emissions from the combustion of marketed products that can be attributed to these entities.Carbon Majors was originally released in 2013 by Richard Heede of the Climate Accountability Institute(CAI)1.InfluenceMap has since updated and released the database on a new w

5、ebsite:carbonmajors.org.1 Heede,R.Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers,18542010.Climatic Change 122,229241(2014).Figure 1:Carbon Majors&Global CO2 Emissions(18542022)010K20K30K40KEMISSIONS(MtCO2)COALOILGASCEMENTGLOBAL FOSSIL FUEL AND CEMENT E

6、MISSIONS198018601900188019401960202020001920PARIS AGREEMENTTHE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 3 The Carbon Majors dataset has played a pivotal role in holding fossil fuel producers to account for their climate-related impacts in academic,regulatory,and legal contexts.Examples i

7、nclude quantifying the contribution these entities have made to global surface temperature,sea level,and atmospheric CO2 rise2;and establishing corporate accountability for climate change-related human rights violations3.The database categorizes entities into three types:investor-owned companies,sta

8、te-owned companies,and nation-states.Historically,investor-owned companies account for 31%of all emissions tracked by the database(440 GtCO2e),with Chevron,ExxonMobil,and BP the three largest contributors respectively.State-owned companies are linked to 33%of the database total(465 GtCO2e),with Saud

9、i Aramco,Gazprom,and the National Iranian Oil Company being the largest contributors.Nation-states account for the remaining 36%(516 GtCO2e),with Chinas coal production and the Former Soviet Union the largest contributors.2 Ekwurzel,B.,Boneham,J.,Dalton,M.W.et al.The rise in global atmospheric CO2,s

10、urface temperature,and sea level from emissions traced to major carbon producers.Climatic Change 144,579590(2017).3 Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines(2022).National Inquiry on Climate Change Report.In the seven years after the Paris Agreement was adopted at the end of 2015,251 GtCO2e of

11、emissions are linked to the 117 extant entities in the database,the CO2 portion of which is over 88%of total fossil fuel and cement emissions in this time.80%of these global emissions from 2016 through 2022 can be traced to just 57 corporate and state producing entities.During this period,nation-sta

12、te producers account for 38%of emissions in the database,while state-owned entities account for 37%and investor-owned companies for 25%.Figure 2:Emissions by Entity Type(19402022)03K6K9K12K15KEMISSIONS(MtCO2)INVESTOR-OWNED COMPANYNATION STATESTATE-OWNED ENTITY200019401960195019801990202020101970PARI

13、S AGREEMENTTHE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 4 The Carbon Majors database finds that most state-and investor-owned companies have expanded their production operations since the Paris Agreement.58 out of the 100 companies were linked to higher emissions in the seven years after

14、 the Paris Agreement than in the same period before.This increase is most pronounced in Asia,where 13 out of 15(87%)assessed companies are connected to higher emissions in 20162022 than in 20092015,and in the Middle East,where this number is 7 out of 10 companies(70%).In Europe,13 of 23 companies(57

15、%),in South America,3 of 5(60%)companies,and in Australia,3 out of 4(75%)companies were linked to increased emissions,as were 3 of 6(50%)African companies.North America is the only region where a minority of companies,16 of 37(43%),were linked to rising emissions.Analysis of the Carbon Majors data s

16、hows that there was a shift in coal supply in the seven-year period after the Paris Agreement between investor-owned companies and state-controlled entities.According to the IEA,global coal consumption increased by almost 8%from 2015 to 2022,reaching an all-time high of 8.3 billion tonnes in 20224.T

17、his research finds that from 2015 to 2022,CO2e emissions linked to investor-owned coal production decreased by 28%,while CO2e emissions linked to state-owned companies and nation-states coal production increased by 29%and 19%,respectively.4 IEA(2023).Coal Market Update July 2023.Figure 3:Coal Emissi

18、ons by Entity Type(20092022)02K4K6K8K10K12K14K2015EMISSIONS(MtCO2)2009201120102013201420172016202020182019202220212012INVESTOR-OWNED COMPANYNATION STATESTATE-OWNED ENTITYPARIS AGREEMENTTHE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 5IntroductionBackgroundIn its 2023 AR6 Synthesis Report,th

19、e International Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)makes clear the need for a swift phaseout of coal,oil,and gas to stand a chance of keeping global warming below 1.5C.Meanwhile,the International Energy Agencys(IEA)Net Zero by 2050 report quantifies significant,immediate declines in the use of coal,oil,an

20、d gas to give the world an even chance of limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5C.Despite the landmark Paris Agreement treaty in 2015,the fossil fuel industry continues to expand,while global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels reached a record high of 37.1 GtCO2 in 2022,almost 5%higher than in 201

21、55.Current projections estimate that 16%of CO2 emissions since the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1751 were released in the eight years after the Paris Agreement was adopted at the end of 20156.Based on current climate policies worldwide,the IEA predicts a path to 2.4C in its Energy Outlook 2

22、023.The UN revised this figure to 2.8C,based on the same data,in its Production Gap Report 2023,which tracks the discrepancy between planned fossil-fuel production and what would be consistent with a 1.5C or 2C outcome.This years key observation is that fossil fuel producers are intensifying their p

23、roduction efforts.By 2030,these producers are projected to produce 110%more fossil fuels than they should in a 1.5C pathway and 69%more than in a 2C pathway.If carbon dioxide emissions stay at 2022 levels,the carbon budget is projected to be depleted before 20307,even without accounting for emission

24、s from these planned expansions.5 Friedlingstein,P.,OSullivan,M.,Jones,M.W.et al.Global Carbon Budget 2023.Earth System Science Data,15,53015369(2023).6 Ibid.7 Lamboll,R.D.,Nicholls,Z.R.J.,Smith,C.J.et al.Assessing the size and uncertainty of remaining carbon budgets.Nature Climate Change 13,1360136

25、7(2023).Carbon MajorsThe Carbon Majors Database was originally released in 20138 by Richard Heede of the Climate Accountability Institute(CAI)to show how emissions from the production of fossil fuels and cement can be traced to the companies that produced them.InfluenceMap,in collaboration with the

26、Climate Accountability Institute,has updated and released the Carbon Majors database on a new website,carbonmajors.org,where the database will be updated regularly and remain accessible to users.The primary focus of the original Carbon Majors project was the accountability of hydrocarbon producers,s

27、pecifically corporations that consistently generate substantial profits from the extraction and manufacturing of products recognized as the foremost contributors to climate change.Historically,emissions databases at this scale were exclusively established at the national level.Carbon Majors is the f

28、irst and still the only database to aggregate emissions data on a global scale at the company level.As a result,Carbon Majors added a crucial link in the causal chain,connecting the actions of identifiable defendants to the climate change-related harms suffered by identifiable plaintiffs.The databas

29、e attributes responsibility to a small group of companies and entities that have made a measurable,demonstrable,and historically important contribution to global warming.8 Heede,R.Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers,18542010.Climatic Change

30、122,229241(2014).THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 6Since Carbon Majors original release in 2013,the database has been used widely and frequently in climate litigation all over the world.Examples include:The Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines(CHRP)conducted an inqui

31、ry on corporate accountability for human rights violations including the loss of life,livelihood and property in the Philippines associated with the impacts of climate change.The Carbon Majors database played a pivotal role as the crucial piece of evidence in this inquiry.CHRPs 2022 ruling stated th

32、at the Carbon Majors entities were aware of the impacts of their products on the environment,engaged in willful obfuscation and obstruction to prevent meaningful climate action,and are responsible to undertake human rights due diligence and provide remediation.It further recommends that the Carbon M

33、ajors entities desist from all activities that undermine climate science;cease exploration of new oil fields,keeping fossil fuels underground and leading a just transition to clean energy;and contribute to finance the implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures;among others.Residents of the

34、 Indonesian island Pari submitted a complaint in a Swiss court against Holcim,the Swiss cement corporation.The complainants demanded compensation for climate damages they have suffered,a financial contribution to flood-protection measures,and the rapid reduction of Holcims emissions.The database has

35、 been cited in multiple climate lawsuits across the United States,including in Baltimore,Oregon,and San Francisco and Oakland.The number of new climate litigation cases continues to grow,and the Carbon Majors database will likely continue to play a significant role in this area.As historical cumulat

36、ive emissions are the primary driver of climate change,historical source attribution is also critical for a wide range of stakeholders outside of environmental law.The database serves as a key piece of research across various academic and research fields.Examples include:Schleussner et al.(2023)dete

37、rmine dollar estimates for climate damages from the 25 biggest oil and gas companies from 1985 to 2018.Grasso and Heede(2023)quantify proposed reparations for climate damage by oil,gas,and coal producers.Ekwurzel et al.(2017)found that emissions traced to 90 Carbon Majors entities contributed 57%of

38、the observed rise in atmospheric CO2,4250%of the rise in global mean surface temperature,and 2632%of global sea level rise from 1880 to 2010.Dahl et al.(2023)found that 19.8 million acres or 37%of the total area burned by forest fires across western North America since 1986 can be attributed to 88 o

39、f the largest fossil fuel and cement producers.Licker et al.(2019)found that emissions traced to the 88 largest industrial carbon producers from 1880 to 2015 contributed 55%of the historical decline in surface ocean pH values.The Arctic Risk Platform uses the database to investigate and highlight th

40、e global risk of Arctic change.Outside of academia,the Carbon Majors database has also been cited as a source by the European Banking Authority in its Pillar 3 disclosure requirements on ESG risks,requiring financial institutions to disclose their exposure to the top 20 most polluting companies in t

41、he world.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 7MethodologyThe Carbon Majors database aims to trace greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and cement produced by companies,historically from as early as 1854 to the present.This section gives an overview of the methodology that

42、Carbon Majors uses to achieve this.For a more detailed description of this methodology,including discussion around the accounting protocol,calculation of emissions factors,historical attribution,uncertainties,etc.,please refer to Rick Heedes 2014 paper,Carbon Majors:Methods&Results Report9.Entity Se

43、lectionGreenhouse gas emissions data has historically primarily been collected at the country level.The Carbon Majors database was created to instead link these emissions to fossil fuel production companies,or“carbon majors”.Carbon Majors originally selected extant companies from a variety of source

44、s that met an 8 MtCO2 per year emissions threshold.Some entities in the database do not meet this threshold,for example,companies that met the threshold when the Carbon Majors project was started but have since shrunk,or smaller companies acquired by larger ones.However,this guideline still applies

45、to ensure a manageable number of entities.The number of entities assessed may vary over time due to mergers and acquisitions,as well as additions to the database.The assessed entities are divided into three entity types:investor-owned companies,state-owned companies,and nation-state producers.Invest

46、or-owned companies include both publicly listed and privately held producers.Nation-state producers 9 The data storage and processing methods as well as the output formats have changed.The new data structure is accessible and is explained on the website.are used primarily in the coal sector and are

47、included only when investor-owned or state-owned companies havent been established or played a minor role in the relevant country.Examples include North Korea and former Soviet states(the former Soviet Union and separately the Russian Federation,Kazakhstan,Ukraine,etc.).While current production is a

48、vailable for some Chinese coal entities,historic production data is unavailable and it has not been possible to verify the ownership structure of these entities,many of which are reportedly operated or directed by provincial government.Hence,Chinas coal production has been aggregated and reported as

49、 a nation-state.State-owned companies are often partially owned by institutional or individual shareholders.These are considered state owned if more than fifty percent of shares are controlled by the state.The database also tracks mergers and acquisitions.In such cases,the acquired companies emissio

50、ns are attributed to the surviving company.Divestitures are inherently accounted for,as the production from divested assets will not be included in subsequent company disclosures(see Production Data below for further explanation).Assets that have been nationalized or expropriated are also monitored

51、to the extent that equity-owned production is reported accurately by the relevant entities.Breakups of companies are also accounted for.For example,the multiple smaller companies into which the Standard Oil Trust was broken up have evolved to become some of the most recognizable companies in the dat

52、abase today.Some are direct descendants of Standard Oil,like ExxonMobil,with both Exxon and Mobil as descendants separately,and Chevron.Others have resulted from mergers with descendants of Standard Oil,such as BP and ConocoPhillips.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 8Productio

53、n DataCarbon Majors obtains production data for each entity for each year.Due to the importance of transparency in the Carbon Majors approach,self-reported production data by the producing entity is always preferred to and used instead of any other sources.This includes annual reports,company histor

54、ies,SEC filings,operation reviews,online datasets on production,etc.However,in some cases,reputable third-party sources are used when self-reported data is unavailable,particularly for national companies that irregularly,inaccurately,or do not publish production data.Alternative,third-party sources

55、include the U.S.Energy Information Administration(EIA),the Keystone Coal Industry Manual,the Oil&Gas Journal(especially the annual OGJ100/150 issues),and others.For historical data,complete production records are sought and used where applicable.However,for some entities,production data is unavailab

56、le from the establishment of the entity,resulting in minor cases of underreporting,as early production is often overshadowed by later company expansions.In such cases,the entitys missing early production data are left empty.This is especially true before the U.S.Securities Act of 1933,which required

57、 companies to provide full and accurate financial and operational information.Other data gaps sometimes occur,often due to missing annual reports.In the absence of alternative available data,such gaps are filled through interpolation of surrounding data.Net production data is preferred to gross,as g

58、ross production often includes output from joint ventures,production-sharing partnerships,or a state resource owner.While reporting gross production was common in the 1960s and early 1970s,it tends to overestimate emissions.In such cases,net production is estimated by applying a net-to-gross ratio.S

59、tate-owned oil and gas companies typically report total production rather than their equity share.This practice can lead to a potential issue of double counting,where production is recorded both as overseas equity production by multinational oil and gas companies and as production by state-owned ent

60、ities.To address this,collating data from third-party sources is utilized to adjust self-attributed production.This involves reducing total national production by a percentage corresponding to the portion of production owned by the state.Due to variations in how companies report production,the repor

61、ted production data is standardized to a common commodity type,each with a standard unit:Oil&Natural Gas Liquids(million barrels),Natural Gas(billion cubic feet),and Coal(million tonnes).To improve data accuracy,coal production is further categorized by rank,such as bituminous or anthracite,or by ut

62、ilization,such as thermal or metallurgical.Preferably,coal rank data reported by the producing entity is used.However,coal rank is frequently reported in generic terms,but often with data on heat content.Using this information,along with the geographical locations of coal mines,enables coal rank cat

63、egorization when entities fail to do so themselves.If this information is only available for specific years,this coal rank split may be applied to production data outside these years as an estimation.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 9Emissions CalculationsFossil Fuel Emission

64、sEmission factors for each fuel type are used to estimate the carbon content released when these fossil fuels are combusted.These emissions factors were mostly derived from Tier 1 defaults from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes(IPCC)Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.Oth

65、er sources,including the International Energy Agency(IEA),United Nations,EIA,US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA),and Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center(CDIAC),were also consulted.These emissions factors are then modified by deducting net non-energy uses of each fuel.This is due to some p

66、roportion of the fuel produced being refined into products that effectively store carbon,such as various petrochemicals.Non-energy uses vary by a wide variety of factors,however,like other global emissions databases,a common factor must be applied for non-energy uses associated with each fuel type.W

67、hile this factor is likely reasonably accurate on a global scale,it may not always precisely represent each specific entitys non-energy uses.Applying this factor to the standardized production results in the emissions from the combustion of marketed products,comprising nearly 90%of total emissions t

68、racked by the database.These are Scope 3 Category 11 emissions,corresponding to“use of sold products”,however this has been modified to quantify emissions from each fossil fuel companys net production of oil,gas,or coal as opposed to sold products.This was done to avoid double counting,and deliberat

69、ely excludes emissions from crude oil purchased from other producers,natural gas purchased for resale,or coal sold on behalf of other producers.Table 1:Emission factors for the combustion of oil&natural gas liquids,natural gas,and coal10Fuel typeCarbon factorCO2 factorOil&Natural Gas Liquids101.4 kg

70、C/bbl371.4 kgCO2/bblNatural Gas14.6 kgC/kcf53.4 kgCO2/kcfLignite Coal328.4 kgC/tonne1,203.2 kgCO2/tonneSub-Bituminous Coal495.1 kgC/tonne1,814.1 kgCO2/tonneBituminous Coal665.5 kgC/tonne2,438.6 kgCO2/tonneAnthracite Coal715.4 kgC/tonne2,621.5 kgCO2/tonneMetallurgical Coal727.4 kgC/tonne2,665.4 kgCO2

71、/tonneThermal Coal581.0 kgC/tonne2,128.9 kgCO2/tonneFour further direct operational Scope 1 emission types are then estimated:Flaring of CO2 at oil and gas facilities,including various upstream and midstream facilities,relevant to oil and gas production.Venting of CO2 from natural gas processing pla

72、nts,also relevant to oil and gas production.Fugitive methane emissions from coal mines,oil extraction and storage,and gas production,processing,and transportation systems,applicable to oil,gas,and coal production.CO2 emissions resulting from entitys use of their own fuel,limited to gas production,pr

73、imarily the difference between total gas produced and“gas available for sale”.10 Emissions factors include deduction for non-energy uses.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 10Table 2:Emission factors for the vented,flared,and fugitive carbon dioxide and methane,and use of own fu

74、el11Fuel typeCombustion(kgCO2/tCO2)Flaring(kgCO2/tCO2)Venting(kgCO2/tCO2)Fugitive methane(kgCH4/tCO2)Fugitive methane(kgCO2e/tCO2)Own fuel use (kgCO2/tCO2)Oil&Natural Gas Liquids1,00015.943.831.9253.86-Natural Gas1,0001.7428.539.88276.5957.26Coal1,000-4.03112.97-11 This analysis uses the IPCC AR5 10

75、0-year global warming potential of 28 x CO2 for methane.Cement EmissionsEstimation of CO2 emissions for cement production differs from that for fossil fuel production.Cement-related emissions are estimated as a proportion of gross emissions reported by the major cement companies to the Cement Sustai

76、nability Initiative.This proportion of gross emissions estimates the process emissions from the calcining of limestone into clinker or portland cement and excludes the emissions from fuel and electricity inputs,thus avoiding the double counting of fuels from fossil fuels producers already accounted

77、for in Carbon Majors.From all these calculations,the database tracks the total emissions value in CO2 equivalent units generated by each entity each year.Global Fossil Fuel&Cement EmissionsThis research compares the emissions tracked by the Carbon Majors database to total fossil fuel and cement emis

78、sions since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in 1751.Data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center(CDIAC),and more recently the Global Carbon Project,provides this total,amounting to 1,773 GtCO2 from 1751 to 2022.The CO2 emissions figures obtained from the above calculations(exc

79、luding fugitive methane CO2 equivalent emissions)are compared to this total to calculate entities relative contributions to total global fossil fuel and cement emissions.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 11FindingsThis section presents analysis of the Carbon Majors database,st

80、arting with a historical overview of the data.Entity emissions are then analyzed by the three entity types:investor-owned companies,state-owned companies,and nation-state producers.This section also sets out analysis of global emissions after the Paris Agreement.The final sections focus on emissions

81、 by fuel type and by entity region,respectively.Figure 4 shows the annual CO2 emissions traced to the carbon fuels and cement produced by the Carbon Majors entities from the beginning of the data records in 1854 to 2022,and compares them to global fossil fuel and cement emissions of CO2.Figure 4:Car

82、bon Majors&Global CO2 Emissions(18542022)010K20K30K40KEMISSIONS(MtCO2)COALOILGASCEMENTGLOBAL FOSSIL FUEL AND CEMENT EMISSIONS198018601900188019401960202020001920PARIS AGREEMENTTHE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 12Database EmissionsThe Carbon Majors database has quantified and t

83、raced cumulative emissions totalling 1,421 GtCO2e to the 122 entities within the database.The data spans from 1854 to 2022,with the CO2 proportion of the database covering over 72%of fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions since the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1751.Over 70%of this global tota

84、l can be traced to just 78 corporate and state producing entities.Table 3 shows the top 20 highest carbon producing entities in the database.Table 3:Top 20 Carbon Majors entities by emissions(18542022)12EntityTotal emissions(MtCO2e)CO2 emissions(MtCO2)Percentage of global CO2 emissionsChina(Coal)276

85、,458248,39714.0%Former Soviet Union135,113120,8756.8%Saudi Aramco68,83264,3523.6%Chevron57,89852,7973.0%ExxonMobil55,10549,5372.8%Gazprom50,68741,0312.3%National Iranian Oil Co.43,11239,2822.2%BP42,53038,7882.2%Shell40,67436,5282.1%Coal India29,39126,4081.5%Poland28,75025,8321.5%Pemex25,49723,3841.3

86、%Russian Federation23,41221,0361.2%China(Cement)23,16123,1611.3%ConocoPhillips20,22217,9161.0%British Coal Corporation19,74517,7411.0%CNPC18.95117,1941.0%Peabody Coal Group17,73515,9350.9%TotalEnergies17,58415,9350.9%Abu Dhabi National Oil Co(ADNOC)17,38315,9290.9%12 Thetotalemissionsvaluesinthetabl

87、eaboveincludefugitivemethaneemissionsinMtCOequivalentunits,howeveronlytotalCOfiguresarefactored into the calculation of an entitys percentage of global fossil fuel and cement emissions.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 13Carbon Majors has also traced 251 GtCO2e to the entities

88、 in the database in the seven years after the Paris Agreement,from 2016 until the end of 2022.The total Carbon Majors-tracked CO2 emissions in this period are equivalent to 88%of global fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions.According to the Global Carbon Budget,these seven years contain 12.2%of globa

89、l fossil CO2 emissions since 1751 in 2.6%of the time,while 6 of the 10 highest emission years on record have occurred after the Paris Agreement13.Of all fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions in this time,80%can be traced to just 57 corporate and state producing entities.Table 4 shows the top 20 carbo

90、n producing entities in the seven years after the Paris Agreement was adopted at the end of 2015.13 Friedlingstein,P.,OSullivan,M.,Jones,M.W.et al.Global Carbon Budget 2023.Earth System Science Data,15,53015369(2023).Table 4:Top 20 Carbon Majors entities by emissions(20162022)14EntityTotal emissions

91、(MtCO2e)CO2 emissions(MtCO2)Percentage of global CO2 emissionsChina(Coal)72,993 65,58425.8%Saudi Aramco 13,256 12,3134.8%Gazprom 10,127 8,2973.3%Coal India 8,509 7,6453.0%National Iranian Oil Co.8,176 7,1232.8%China(Cement)8,155 8,1553.2%Russian Federation 7,174 6,4452.5%Rosneft 5,734 5,2622.1%CNPC

92、4,966 4,3591.7%Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 4,746 4,3161.7%ExxonMobil 4,086 3,6191.4%Iraq National Oil Company 3,695 3,4881.4%Shell 3,621 3,1621.2%BP 3,513 3,1111.2%Sonatrach 3,408 2,9011.1%Chevron 3,326 2,9461.2%Kuwait Petroleum Corp.3,046 2,8521.1%TotalEnergies 2,877 2,5351.0%Petrobras 2,839 2,6

93、081.0%Pemex 2,648 2,4321.0%14 ThetotalemissionsvaluesinthetableaboveincludefugitivemethaneemissionsinMtCOequivalentunits,howeveronlytotalCOfiguresarefactored into the calculation of an entitys percentage of global fossil fuel and cement emissions.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 P

94、AGE 14Emissions by Entity TypeEmissions from the assessed entities are traced to three entity types:investor-owned companies,state-owned companies,and nation-state producers.Nation-state producers are used primarily in the coal sector and are included only when investor-owned or state-owned companie

95、s havent been established or play a minor role in the country.Figure 5 shows how the emissions from each entity type have evolved from 1940 to 2022.Investor-owned CompaniesInvestor-owned companies have played a substantial role in contributing to historical fossil fuel and cement emissions.This anal

96、ysis has traced 440 GtCO2e to the 75 investor-owned companies in the database.The top 5 investor-owned companies,Chevron,ExxonMobil,BP,Shell,and ConocoPhillips are cumulatively linked to 11.1%of all fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions since 1751.Just 75 investor-owned companies are linked to 22.3%o

97、f these global emissions.Figure 5:Emissions by Entity Type(19402022)03K6K9K12K15KEMISSIONS(MtCO2)INVESTOR-OWNED COMPANYNATION STATESTATE-OWNED ENTITY200019401960195019801990202020101970PARIS AGREEMENTTHE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 15Table 5:Top 10 investor-owned companies b

98、y emissions(18542022)15Investor-owned companyTotal emissions(MtCO2e)CO2 emissions(MtCO2)Percentage of global CO2 emissionsChevron57,89852,7973.0%ExxonMobil55,10549,5372.8%BP42,53038,7882.2%Shell40,67436,5282.1%ConocoPhillips20,22217,9161.0%Peabody Coal Group17,73515,9350.9%TotalEnergies17,58415,9350

99、.9%Occidental Petroleum12,90711,5910.7%BHP11,0429,9030.6%CONSOL Energy10,4909,4130.5%In the seven years after the Paris Agreement,62 GtCO2e of emissions were traced to investor-owned companies,the CO2 proportion of which is equal to 21.6%of total fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions.While not playin

100、g as large a role after the Paris Agreement as historically,these companies are still linked to significant emissions,with each of the top 5 companies by emissions linked to at least 1%of these global CO2 emissions in this time frame.15 Note:Thetotalemissionsvaluesinthetableaboveincludefugitivemetha

101、neemissionsinMtCOequivalentunits,howeveronlytotalCOfiguresarefactoredintothecalculationofanentityspercentageofglobalfossilfuel and cement emissions.Table 6:Top 10 investor-owned companies by emissions(20162022)16Investor-owned companyTotal emissions(MtCO2e)CO2 emissions(MtCO2)Percentage of global CO

102、2 emissionsExxonMobil4,0863,6191.4%Shell3,6213,1621.2%BP3,5133,1111.2%Chevron3,3262,9461.2%TotalEnergies2,8772,5351.0%Peabody Coal Group2,3942,1510.8%Glencore2,3132,0790.8%Lukoil2,3102,1110.8%Eni1,7521,5280.6%BHP1,7091,5450.6%Most investor-owned companies also expanded production in the seven-year p

103、eriod after the Paris Agreement compared to the seven years before its adoption,despite the IPCC making clear the necessity of a rapid shift away from fossil fuels.Of the 66 companies active from 2009 through 2022,36(55%)are linked to increased emissions.Despite most of these companies increasing em

104、issions,total investor-owned company emissions decreased from 2016 through 2022.This was driven by a few coal producers significantly reducing emissions.16 Note:ThetotalemissionsvaluesinthetableaboveincludefugitivemethaneemissionsinMtCOequivalentunits,howeveronlytotalCOfiguresarefactoredintothecalcu

105、lationofanentityspercentageofglobalfossilfuel and cement emissions.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 16State-owned CompaniesCarbon Majors has traced 465 GtCO2e of historical emissions to 36 state-owned companies,including Saudi Aramco,Gazprom,Coal India,National Iranian Oil,an

106、d others.The CO2 proportion of this total is equivalent to 23.6%of global fossil fuel and cement emissions.The contribution of the worlds largest state-owned companies to total historical emissions is substantial,with 15.5%of global fossil fuel and cement emissions attributable to just the top 10 st

107、ate-owned producers in the database.Table 7:Top 10 state-owned entities by emissions(18542022)17State-owned entityTotal emissions(MtCO2e)CO2 emissions(MtCO2)Percentage of global CO2 emissionsSaudi Aramco68,83264,3523.6%Gazprom50,68741,0312.3%National Iranian Oil Co.43,11239,2822.2%Coal India29,39126

108、,4081.5%Pemex25,49723,2841.3%British Coal Corporation19,74517,7411.0%CNPC(PetroChina)18.95117,1941.0%Abu Dhabi National Oil Co(ADNOC)17,38315,9290.9%Petroleos de Venezuela16,90115,6540.9%Kuwait Petroleum Corp.15,92214,9450.8%17 ThetotalemissionsvaluesinthetableaboveincludefugitivemethaneemissionsinM

109、tCOequivalentunits,howeveronlytotalCOfiguresarefactoredintothecalculationofanentityspercentageofglobalfossilfueland cement emissions.In the seven years after the Paris Agreement,2016 through 2022,state-owned entities were linked to 95 GtCO2e,the CO2 proportion of which is equivalent to 33.4%of the f

110、ossil fuel and cement total in that time.This is a 10%increase from the 86 GtCO2e linked to these entities in the seven years preceding the Paris Agreement,2009 through 2015.This is evidence of expanded extraction activities,with 65%of these entities showing increased production.Table 8:Top 10 state

111、-owned entities by emissions(20162022)18State-owned entityTotal emissions(MtCO2e)CO2 emissions(MtCO2)Percentage of global CO2 emissionsSaudi Aramco13,25612,3134.8%Gazprom10,1278,2973.3%Coal India8,5097,6453.0%National Iranian Oil Co.8,1767,1232.8%Rosneft5,7345,2622.1%CNPC(Petro China)4,9664,3591.7%A

112、bu Dhabi National Oil Co(ADNOC)4,7464,3161.7%Iraq National Oil Company3,6953,4881.4%Sonatrach3,4082,9011.1%Kuwait Petroleum Corp.3,0462,8521.1%18 ThetotalemissionsvaluesinthetableaboveincludefugitivemethaneemissionsinMtCOequivalentunits,howeveronlytotalCOfiguresarefactoredintothecalculationofanentit

113、yspercentageofglobalfossilfueland cement emissions.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 17Nation-state ProducersTable 9:Carbon Majors nation-state entities ranked by emissions(20162022)19 Nation-stateEmissions(20162022,MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions (20162022)Emissions

114、(18542022,MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions(18542022)China(Coal)72,99325.8%276,45814.0%China(Cement)8,1553.2%23,1611.3%Russian Federation7,1742.5%23,4121.2%Kazakhstan1,9010.7%7,7690.4%Poland1,6860.6%28,7501.5%Ukraine4870.2%4,9690.3%North Korea4250.2%4,1040.2%Czech Republic4060.1%2,7370.1%Slo

115、vakia130.1%1040.1%Former Soviet Union-135,1136.8%Czechoslovakia-9,6180.5%19 ThetotalemissionsvaluesinthetableaboveincludefugitivemethaneemissionsinMtCOequivalentunits,howeveronlytotalCOfiguresarefactoredintothecalculationofanentityspercentageofglobalfossilfuelandcementemissionsCarbon Majors has trac

116、ked 516 GtCO2e to 11 nation-state producers contained within the database.The CO2 emissions from these entities account for 26.3%of the global fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions.After the Paris Agreement,from 2016 through 2022,state producers were linked to 93 GtCO2e,the CO2 proportion of which is

117、 equal to 33.3%of the global total in that time.This is a 5%increase from the 89 GtCO2e linked to these same producers in the seven years prior to the Paris Agreement,2009 through 2022.This change has been almost entirely driven by rising Chinese and Russian coal production.Emissions traced to Chine

118、se coal production rose by 3 GtCO2e in 20162022 compared to 20092015,a 4.4%increase.Emissions from Russian production increased by 1.6 GtCO2e between the two periods,a 31%increase.A 0.6 GtCO2 increase was linked to Chinas cement production in this period,an 8%increase.Emissions traced to all other p

119、roducers decreased between these two periods.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 18Emissions by Fuel TypeThe Carbon Majors database tracks emissions from the production of four different commodity types:oil&natural gas liquids,natural gas,coal,and cement.As can be seen in Figure

120、 6,cement has played a substantially smaller role than the other fuels.As a result,the analysis in this section is limited to the three carbon fuels.As can be seen in Figure 7,emissions from investor-owned coal production decreased by 939 MtCO2e or 27.9%from 2015 to 2022.However,in the same period,e

121、missions from state-owned coal production increased by 343 MtCO2e(29%),while emissions from nation-state coal production increased by 2,208 MtCO2e(19%).According to the IEA,global coal consumption rose almost 8%from 7.6 billion tonnes in 2015 to an all-time high of 8.3 billion tonnes in 2022.These f

122、indings indicate a shift in coal supply from investor-owned companies to state entities.Emissions associated with oil production remained steady from 2015 to 2022,for both investor-owned and state-owned oil producers.While oil production emissions from state-owned entities experienced a decline in 2

123、020 and 2021,they rebounded in 2022,nearly reaching 2015 levels again.Emissions linked to natural gas production,however,increased from 2016 through 2022,driven by both state-owned and investor-owned gas producers.THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 19Figure 6:Emissions by Commo

124、dity Type(19402022)Figure 7:Coal Emissions by Entity Type(20092022)02K4K6K8K10K12K14K2015EMISSIONS(MtCO2)2009201120102013201420172016202020182019202220212012INVESTOR-OWNED COMPANYNATION STATESTATE-OWNED ENTITYPARIS AGREEMENT05K10K15K20KEMISSIONS(MtCO2)COALOILGASCEMENT20001940196019501980199020202010

125、1970INVESTOR-OWNED COMPANYNATION STATESTATE-OWNED ENTITYPARIS AGREEMENTCOALOILGASCEMENT200019401960195019801990202020101970THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 20Figure 8:Oil Emissions by Entity Type(20092022)Figure 9:Gas Emissions by Entity Type(20092022)01K2K3K4K5K6K7K8K2015EMI

126、SSIONS(MtCO2)2009201120102013201420172016202020182019202220212012INVESTOR-OWNED COMPANYSTATE-OWNED ENTITYPARIS AGREEMENT01K2K3K4K5K6K2015EMISSIONS(MtCO2)2009201120102013201420172016202020182019202220212012INVESTOR-OWNED COMPANYSTATE-OWNED ENTITYPARIS AGREEMENTINVESTOR-OWNED COMPANYSTATE-OWNED ENTITY

127、PARIS AGREEMENTINVESTOR-OWNED COMPANYSTATE-OWNED ENTITYPARIS AGREEMENTTHE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 21Company Emissions by RegionThis section analyzes the emissions of both investor-owned and state-owned companies by region,categorizing these entities based on the location

128、 of their headquarters:Africa,Asia,Australia,Europe,the Middle East,North America,and South America.Figure 10 illustrates emissions from companies in these regions spanning from 1940 to the present.In the seven years after the Paris Agreement,2016 through 2022,58%of investor-owned and state-owned co

129、mpanies have been linked to increased emissions compared with the same period before the Paris Agreement,2009 through 2015.This trend is most prevalent in Asia,with all 5 Asian investor-owned companies and 8 out of 10 state-owned entities linked to increased emissions.This development has been prima

130、rily shaped by rising emissions from Asian coal production,as can be seen in Figure 11.Asian companies have seen a 7.4%overall increase in emissions in the seven years after the Paris Agreement compared to the same period before the agreement.Expansion after the Paris Agreement is also prominent in

131、Middle Eastern companies,with increased emissions traced to 7 out of the 10 companies in this region,a 12.4%overall increase regionally between the two periods.In Europe,13 out of 23 companies,and in Africa,3 out of 6 companies were linked to increased emissions,with an average increase of 4.1%and 7

132、.1%Figure 10:Company Emissions by Region(19402022)01K2K3K4K5K6K7KEMISSIONS(MtCO2)AFRICAASIAAUSTRALIAEUROPEMIDDLE EASTSOUTH AMERICANORTH AMERICA200019401960195019801990202020101970THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 22respectively.3 out of 4 Australian companies were linked to hi

133、gher emissions,although BHPs significant decrease in emissions led to an overall decrease in emissions of 10.2%.Similarly,while 3 out of 5 entities in South America increased emissions,Petroleos de Venezuelas large drop pushes the total change in emissions regionally to a 14.4%decrease.North America

134、 was the only region where most companies decreased emissions,with rising emissions traced to only 16 out of 37 companies,for a total decrease in emissions of 11.6%in 20162022 compared to 20092015.This decrease has primarily been driven by the reduction in production from North American coal compani

135、es,with 9 out of 14 North American coal companies linked to lower emissions in 20162022 compared to 20092015,for a total decrease in emissions of 35.1%.Figure 11:Asian Company Emissions by Commodity Type(19602022)05001K1.5K2KEMISSIONS(MtCO2)COALOILGASCEMENT2000196019801990202020101970THE CARBON MAJO

136、RS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 23Policy EngagementMany of the companies tracked by Carbon Majors are among the most oppositional companies to climate regulation globally,as shown by InfluenceMaps LobbyMap database.The LobbyMap database scores and ranks over 500 companies and 250 industry

137、associations on their activities influencing climate change policy using an A+to F scale.Investor-owned CompaniesAs shown in Table 10,half of the 10 highest emissions investor-owned companies in the Carbon Majors database score a D-or below,indicating unsupportive positions on climate policy.The oth

138、er half score only slightly higher at C or C-.Every company in the top 10 has an engagement intensity score above 12%,indicating active engagement with climate policy.8 out of 10 have intensity scores above 36%,indicating highly active or strategic engagement with climate policy.For example,Chevron

139、scores an E+with an engagement intensity of 51%,and ExxonMobil scores a D with an engagement intensity of 53%,indicating that both companies are highly engaged with and hold unsupportive or oppositional positions on climate-related policy.Table 10:Top 10 investor-owned companies:LobbyMap policy enga

140、gement scores Investor-owned companyPerformance bandEngagement intensityExxonMobilD53%ShellC66%BPC64%ChevronE+51%TotalEnergiesC55%Peabody Coal GroupE-19%GlencoreD36%LukoilD-13%EniC-42%BHPC-45%THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 24State-owned CompaniesState-owned companies are ev

141、en more oppositional to climate regulation globally according to LobbyMap research.LobbyMap assesses 6 of the top 10 state-owned Carbon Majors companies by emissions.Of these,none scores higher than a D+,while only 2 receive scores higher than an E+,where D to F indicates increasingly obstructive cl

142、imate policy engagement.State-owned companies are also not as transparently engaged as investor-owned companies.The 6 assessed state-owned companies average a 15%engagement intensity compared to 44%for investor-owned companies.Saudi Aramcos E+score with an engagement intensity of 14%is representativ

143、e of these companies,indicating oppositional positions on climate policy with active engagement.Table 11:Top 10 state-owned companies:LobbyMap policy engagement scores State-owned companyPerformance bandEngagement intensitySaudi AramcoE+14%GazpromE20%Coal IndiaE9%National Iranian Oil Co.-RosneftE-13

144、%CNPC(Petro China)D+26%Abu Dhabi National Oil Co(ADNOC)D-10%Iraq National Oil Company-Sonatrach-Kuwait Petroleum Corp.-THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 25ConclusionThis analysis of the emissions traced to the worlds largest carbon producing entities,or Carbon Majors,provides

145、insights into the responsibility for historical and post-Paris Agreement industrial emissions.The historical overview,spanning from 1854 through 2022,reveals that 70%of fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions since the Industrial Revolution can be traced to 78 entities.Analysis of the post-Paris Agreem

146、ent period,covering seven years from 2016 until the end of 2022,further demonstrates the outsized impact of a small group of producers that are expanding production.Just 57 entities are linked to 80%of post-Paris Agreement fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions,underlining the increasing concentration

147、 of carbon contributions.This analysis also highlights the persistent increase in production by the majority of producers within all entity types after the Paris Agreement,despite the urgent need for a transition away from fossil fuels.InfluenceMaps research on policy engagement reveals a clear conn

148、ection between these high-emitting entities and some of the most globally oppositional positions on critical climate regulation necessary to steer the real economy towards the transition.The analysis of emissions by fuel type reveals a shift in coal supply dynamics,with emissions from investor-owned

149、 coal production decreasing from 2015 to 2022,while state-owned and nation-state coal production has increased.This increase comes despite the IPCCs warning that curbing coal consumption is essential to meeting international climate targets20.Likewise,emissions linked to natural gas production incre

150、ased in the seven years after the Paris Agreement,most substantially by state-owned entities,while oil production emissions remained constant.20 IPCC(2022).Climate Change 2022:Mitigation of Climate Change.Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel

151、 on Climate ChangeLastly,regional company analysis highlights companies lack of emissions reductions globally.The research shows that there are no leading regions when it comes to emissions reductions.Asia and the Middle East stand out as the regions associated with the highest emissions increases,a

152、longside companies from Africa,Europe,and South America.North America is the only region to buck this trend,with a slim majority of companies linked to decreasing emissions.In summary,the Carbon Majors database offers a comprehensive understanding of the worlds largest fossil fuel and cement produce

153、rs role in shaping industrial greenhouse gas emissions.In doing so,Carbon Majors provides evidence for the attribution of responsibility for substantial climate impacts to a small group of companies and entities that have made a measurable and demonstrable contribution to global warming.THE CARBON M

154、AJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 26Appendix 1:Historical Emissions(18542022)The emissions column in Table 12 includes four direct production-linked operational emission types and emissions from the combustion of marketed products.One of the four direct emission types is fugitive methane(

155、see the Methodology for more information),given in CO2 equivalent units.In the final column,Percentage of global CO2 emissions,the value for fugitive methane is not considered when comparing an entitys total CO2 emissions to total fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions.Table 12:Carbon Majors entities

156、ranked by emissions(18542022)EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions1China(Coal)276,45814.01%2Former Soviet Union135,1136.82%3Saudi Aramco68,8323.63%4Chevron57,8982.98%5ExxonMobil55,1052.79%6Gazprom50,6872.31%7National Iranian Oil Co.43,1122.22%8BP42,5302.19%9Shell40,6742.06%10Coal

157、 India29,3911.49%11Poland28,7501.46%12Pemex25,4971.32%13Russian Federation23,4121.19%EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions14China(Cement)23,1611.31%15ConocoPhillips20,2221.01%16British Coal Corporation19,7451.00%17CNPC(PetroChina)18,9510.97%18Peabody Coal Group17,7350.90%19TotalE

158、nergies17,5840.90%20Abu Dhabi National Oil Company17,3830.90%21Petroleos de Venezuela16,9010.88%22Kuwait Petroleum Corp.15,9220.84%23Iraq National Oil Company15,1880.81%24Sonatrach14,9550.73525Rosneft14,2950.75%THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 27EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percent

159、age of global CO2 emissions26Occidental Petroleum12,9070.65%27BHP11,0420.56%28Petrobras10,7990.56%29CONSOL Energy10,4900.53%30Nigerian National Petroleum Corp.10,2430.53%31Czechoslovakia9,6180.49%32Petronas9,1300.45%33Eni9,0750.45%34QatarEnergy8,4050.42%35Pertamina8,2700.42%36Anglo American8,1630.41

160、%37Libya National Oil Corp.8,1460.43%38Arch Resources7,9690.40%39Lukoil7,8350.41%40Kazakhstan7,7690.39%41Equinor7,7390.39%42RWE7,5850.38%43Rio Tinto6,7670.34%44Glencore6,3290.32%EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions45Alpha Metallurgical Resources6,1270.31%46ONGC India5,9170.30%47

161、Sasol4,9920.25%48Ukraine4,9690.25%49Surgutneftegas4,7350.25%50Repsol4,5840.23%51Petroleum Development Oman4,3870.22%52Sinopec4,3740.23%53Egyptian General Petroleum4,3180.22%54TurkmenGaz4,2230.19%55Petoro4,1740.21%56CNOOC4,1470.22%57North Korea4,1040.21%58Marathon Oil3,8040.19%59Bumi Resources3,7620.

162、19%60Devon Energy3,2970.16%61Singareni Collieries3,2910.17%62Sonangol3,2810.18%63Holcim Group3,1730.18%64Novatek3,0960.14%65Ecopetrol3,0960.16%THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 28EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions66Suncor Energy3,0720.16%67Hess Corporati

163、on3,0260.15%68Ovintiv2,9930.14%69Czech Republic2,7370.14%70Canadian Natural Resources2,6400.13%71Cyprus AMAX Minerals2,5690.13%72Westmoreland Mining2,3390.12%73BASF(Wintershall Dea)2,3130.11%74American Consolidated Natural Resources2,2400.11%75Exxaro Resources Ltd2,1600.11%76Bapco Energies2,1270.10%

164、77Adaro Energy2,0680.10%78YPF2,0390.10%79Cenovus Energy1,9650.10%80APA Corporation1,9640.10%81Banpu1,9430.10%82PetroEcuador1,9220.10%83EOG Resources1,8060.09%84Alliance Resource Partners1,7770.09%EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions85Kiewit Mining Group1,6890.09%86Heidelberg Mat

165、erials1,6840.09%87North American Coal1,6440.08%88Chesapeake Energy1,6090.07%89Syrian Petroleum1,5780.08%90Cloud Peak1,4760.07%91Vistra1,3940.07%92Teck Resources1,3080.07%93Inpex1,2560.06%94Naftogaz1,2520.06%95Coterra Energy1,1840.06%96PTTEP1,0800.05%97OMV Group1,0140.05%98EQT Corporation1,0010.05%99

166、Southwestern Energy9820.04%100Woodside Energy9180.04%101UK Coal8820.04%102Cemex8670.05%103Santos8370.04%104Pioneer Natural Resources8260.04%THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 29EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions105Murphy Oil7650.04%106Orlen7200.04%107Ante

167、ro6060.03%108Taiheiyo Cement5800.03%109Continental Resources4550.02%110Tourmaline Oil4500.02%111Whitehaven Coal4280.02%112Navajo Transitional Energy Company3900.02%113Wolverine Fuels3850.02%114Seriti Resources3610.02%115Obsidian Energy3560.02%116Vale3170.02%117SM Energy3160.02%118Adani Enterprises31

168、60.02%119CNX Resources2270.01%120CRH2170.01%121Tullow Oil2110.01%122Slovakia1040.01%THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 30Appendix 2:Emissions After the Paris Agreement(20162022)The emissions column in Table 13 includes four direct production-linked operational emission types an

169、d emissions from the combustion of marketed products.One of the four direct emission types is fugitive methane(see the Methodology for more information),given in CO2 equivalent units.In the final column,Percentage of global CO2 emissions,the value for fugitive methane is not considered when comparin

170、g an entitys total CO2 emissions to total fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions.Table 13:Carbon Majors entities ranked by emissions(20162022)EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions1China(Coal)72,993 25.79%2Saudi Aramco 13,256 4.84%3Gazprom 10,127 3.26%4Coal India 8,509 3.01%5Nationa

171、l Iranian Oil Co.8,176 2.80%6China(Cement)8,155 3.21%7Russian Federation 7,174 2.53%8Rosneft 5,734 2.07%9CNPC 4,966 1.71%10Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 4,746 1.70%11ExxonMobil 4,086 1.42%12Iraq National Oil Company 3,695 1.37%13Shell 3,621 1.24%EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emiss

172、ions14BP 3,513 1.22%15Sonatrach 3,408 1.14%16Chevron 3,326 1.16%17Kuwait Petroleum Corp.3,046 1.12%18TotalEnergies 2,877 1.00%19Petrobras 2,839 1.03%20Pemex 2,648 0.96%21Peabody Coal Group 2,394 0.85%22Glencore 2,313 0.82%23Lukoil 2,310 0.83%24Petronas 2,223 0.76%25Nigerian National Petroleum Corp.2

173、,107 0.74%26Equinor 1,979 0.68%THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 31EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions27Kazakhstan 1,901 0.67%28Eni 1,752 0.60%29BHP 1,738 0.61%30Petroleos de Venezuela 1,710 0.61%31ConocoPhillips 1,709 0.60%32Poland 1,686 0.60%33QatarEner

174、gy 1,652 0.56%34Novatek 1,570 0.51%35CNOOC 1,467 0.53%36Sinopec 1,441 0.51%37Surgutneftegas 1,373 0.50%38Bumi Resources 1,355 0.48%39TurkmenGaz 1,315 0.42%40Occidental Petroleum 1,283 0.46%41Canadian Natural Resources 1,137 0.41%42Arch Resources 1,129 0.40%43Petoro 1,073 0.36%44Petroleum Development

175、 Oman 1,033 0.36%45ONGC India 920 0.32%46Pertamina 884 0.30%47Anglo American 883 0.31%EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions48Egyptian General Petroleum 877 0.29%49Singareni Collieries 869 0.31%50Libya National Oil Corp.841 0.30%51American Consolidated Natural Resources 835 0.29%5

176、2Sonangol 813 0.30%53Adaro Energy 802 0.28%54Exxaro Resources Ltd 779 0.28%55EOG Resources 778 0.28%56Sasol 776 0.27%57Cenovus Energy 762 0.27%58EQT Corporation 742 0.24%59Ecopetrol 728 0.26%60Suncor Energy 726 0.27%61Repsol 708 0.24%62Banpu 707 0.25%63RWE 686 0.24%64Coterra Energy 675 0.22%65Chesap

177、eake Energy 658 0.21%66BASF(Wintershall Dea)654 0.22%67Alliance Resource Partners 613 0.22%68Devon Energy 608 0.21%THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 32EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions69Southwestern Energy 606 0.19%70Bapco Energies 576 0.19%71Inpex 553

178、0.19%72Ovintiv 533 0.18%73Teck Resources 533 0.19%74Holcim Group 526 0.21%75PetroEcuador 524 0.20%76Antero 520 0.17%77YPF 495 0.17%78Ukraine 487 0.17%79PTTEP 481 0.16%80APA Corporation 472 0.17%81CONSOL Energy 470 0.17%82OMV Group 438 0.15%83North Korea 425 0.15%84Pioneer Natural Resources 416 0.15%

179、85Czech Republic 406 0.14%86Marathon Oil 405 0.14%87Navajo Transitional Energy Company 379 0.13%88Tourmaline Oil 371 0.12%89Seriti Resources 361 0.13%EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions90Cloud Peak 344 0.12%91Heidelberg Materials 339 0.13%92Hess Corporation 330 0.12%93Continent

180、al Resources 324 0.11%94Westmoreland Mining 308 0.11%95Whitehaven Coal 299 0.11%96Woodside Energy 291 0.09%97Naftogaz 282 0.09%98Santos 276 0.09%99Alpha Metallurgical Resources 265 0.09%100Adani Enterprises 263 0.09%101North American Coal 255 0.09%102CNX Resources 227 0.07%103Kiewit Mining Group 192

181、 0.07%104Murphy Oil 183 0.06%105Cemex 181 0.07%106Rio Tinto 169 0.06%107Orlen 162 0.05%108Vale 157 0.06%109Wolverine Fuels 150 0.05%110SM Energy 142 0.05%THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 33EntityEmissions(MtCO2e)Percentage of global CO2 emissions111Vistra 133 0.05%112CRH 119 0.05%113Taiheiyo Cement 109 0.04%114Tullow Oil 79 0.03%115Syrian Petroleum 60 0.02%116Obsidian Energy 34 0.01%117Slovakia 13 0.01%THE CARBON MAJORS DATABASE:LAUNCH REPORT APRIL 2024 PAGE 34