RWS：2024全球包容性語言文化指南（29頁）.pdf

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1、 2023 RWS1 2023 RWS1RWS 全球包容性語言文化指南2024 2023 RWS2 2023 RWS21.無障礙性與健康 Accessibility&Health2.精神、宗教與信仰 Spirituality,Religion,Belief3.性取向、性別認同與性別關系 Sexual Orientation,Gender Identity,Gender Relations4.年齡、外貌與社會經濟地位 Age,Appearance,and Socioeconomic Status 5.種族、民族與國籍 Ethnicity,Race,and Nationality RWS 全球包容

2、性語言文化指南由 RWS 全球來自 30 多個國家的語言專家編寫，作為全球首屈一指的由技術賦能的語言、內容和知識產權服務提供商，此指南的推出旨在為中國企業出海提供無偏見、包容性的英語風格指南和敏感詞匯表。從多樣性、平等和包容性(DEI)角度出發，重新審視并規范了英文敏感詞匯的使用。通過推薦使用“人本語言”、避免偏見與冒犯性詞匯、摒棄委婉語、尊重個體偏好等原則，助力企業在全球交流中構建更加和諧、尊重與包容的溝通環境。指南涵蓋了以下五個章節：2023 RWS3Accessibility&Health本章節旨在提高公眾對無障礙環境與健康議題中語言使用的敏感度。其中在描述殘障或疾病時建議使用“人本語言

3、”（people-first language），它強調在描述與身體條件、健康狀況、能力或其他特性相關的人時，將“人”置于描述的中心，而不是將這些特性或條件放在首位。這種語言風格旨在減少對個體的刻板印象和歧視，強調每個人都是獨一無二的，其身份不應僅僅由他們的身體條件或能力所定義。另外應盡量避免使用委婉語，因為這可能會被視為居高臨下、冒犯或回避談論殘疾的一種方式以人為本的語言：推薦使用“人本語言”（people-first language），即在描述殘障或疾病時，將“人”置于首位，強調人的主體性和多樣性，如使用“person with a disability”而非“disabled pers

4、on”避免偏見與冒犯：如“addict”、“AIDS victim”、“brain-damaged”等存在偏見或冒犯性，建議替換為更中性的表述避免委婉語：在談論殘疾時，應避免使用委婉語，因為這可能會被視為居高臨下、冒犯或回避談論殘疾的一種方式，如“handicapped”、“hearing-impaired”等，建議直接而尊重地描述個體情況特定術語的正確使用：如“late-term abortion”和“partial-birth abortion”，在醫學有效性上具有爭議，建議根據具體情況使用更準確的術語或描述。尊重個體偏好：強調在不確定受眾偏好時，應傾向于使用更加普遍接受的術語，同時鼓勵尊

5、重個體的自我認同和表達意愿，避免無意識地造成冒犯?！癙eople-first language 是一種更加包容、尊重和人性化的表達方式，它鼓勵我們在談論他人時，始終將“人”放在首位，尊重他們的獨特性和個體性 2023 RWS4TermNotesUse InsteadaddictThis term can be reclaimed by the individual,but otherwise prefer person with a substance use disorder“可能帶有偏見person with a substance use disorderAIDS victimThis

6、term can imply that a person is powerless,with no control over their life.可能暗示一個人無能為力，無法控制自己的生活。HIV positive;person living with HIV;person with HIVthe blindAvoid describing a group only in terms of their disabilities and not as people.Note that many individuals in the Blind community identify as bli

7、nd/Blind(note that this term is sometimes capitalized).However,be careful about using blind as a collective noun for a group of people,or to describe things and situations in a pejorative manner.不要將“blind”用作一群人的集合名詞，或以貶損的方式描述事物和情況。Defer to the preferences of the person or people with disabilities yo

8、u are talking about.If you do not know the preferences of your audience,prefer person who is blind/Blind.bonkersThis is derogatory language that contributes to negative attitudes and stigma surrounding mental illness.一種貶損性語言，會助長對精神疾病的消極態度和污名化。person with a mental health conditionbrain-damagedperson

9、with an intellectual disability;person with a traumatic brain mitted suicideAvoid framing suicide as an achievement(successful/unsuccessful)or a crime(committed).避免將自殺描述為完成（successful/unsuccessful）或罪行（committed）。died by suicideAccessibility&Health 2023 RWS5TermNotesUse Insteadcrazy;crazed;insaneThis

10、 is derogatory language that contributes to negative attitudes and stigma surrounding mental illness.這是一種貶損性語言，會助長對精神疾病的消極態度和污名化。person living with mental illness;person with mental health conditions.If referring to situations and things,remove and rewrite.cripple;crippled;cripThese terms are offens

11、ive to people with physical disabilities.對身體有殘疾的人來說是具有冒犯性。person with a physical disabilitythe deafAvoid describing a group only in terms of their disabilities and not as people.Many individuals in the Deaf community identify as deaf/Deaf(note that this term is sometimes capitalized).However,be care

12、ful about using deaf as a collective noun for a group,or to describes things and situations in a pejorative manner.不要將“the deaf”用作一群人的集合名詞，或以貶損的方式描述事物和情況。Defer to the preferences of the person or people with disabilities you are talking about.If you do not know the preferences of your audience,prefe

13、r person who is deaf/Deaf.deaf-mutePeople can express themselves through writing,sign language,vocal devices and other ways.Generally people with hearing loss have functioning vocal cords,so mute is inappropriate and offensive.人們可以通過書寫、手語、發聲裝置和其他方式來表達自己。一般來說，聽力受損的人聲帶是正常的，所以“mute”這一說法是不恰當的。Defer to t

14、he preferences of the person or people with disabilities you are talking about.If you do not know the preferences of your audience,prefer person who is deaf/Deaf,person with a hearing disability,person who uses a device to communicate,etc.Accessibility&Health 2023 RWS6TermNotesUse Insteaddefective；d

15、eformedThis can be used to describe objects,but never people.可以用來描述物體，但不能用來描述人Remove and rewritedisabled personIn general,prefer people-first language unless the people you are talking about prefer otherwise.一般來說，除非你所談論的人有特別的偏好，否則最好使用以人為本的語言。避免使用冒犯性語言person with a disabilityfreakAvoid offensive lang

16、uage,even as a joke.避免使用冒犯性的語言，即使是開玩笑。Remove and rewritehandi-capableAvoid euphemisms when speaking about disability,as it can be perceived as condescending,offensive or a way of avoiding talking about disability.Use people-first language.在談論殘疾時，應避免使用委婉語，因為這可能會被視為居高臨下、冒犯或回避談論殘疾的一種方式。請采用“人本語言”來表達。per

17、son with a disabilityhandicappedaccessible(when speaking about infrastructure);with a disability(with speaking about a person)handicapped parking/bathroomAvoid using handicapped to refer to accessible infrastructure.避免使用“handicapped”來指代無障礙基礎設施accessible parking/bathroomharelipThis term is offensive

18、as it implies the medical condition makes someone resemble a hare.具有冒犯性，因為它暗示了某種醫療狀況使人看起來像一只兔子。cleft lipAccessibility&Health 2023 RWS7TermNotesUse Insteadhearing-impairedAvoid euphemisms when speaking about disability,as it can be perceived as condescending,offensive or a way of avoiding talking abo

19、ut disability.Use people-first language.The word“impaired”focuses on what a person cant do.在談論殘疾時，避免使用委婉語，因為這可能被視為居高臨下、冒犯或避免談論殘疾的方式。使用以人為本的語言?！癷mpaired”這個詞關注的是一個人不能做什么。hard of hearing;person with a hearing disabilityinvalidThis can be used to describe things or processes,but never people.這個詞可以用來描述事物

20、或過程，但絕不能用來描述人。person with a disabilitylameAvoid offensive language,even as a joke.Do not use this word to mean boring or uncool.“避免使用冒犯性語言。不要用這個詞來表示“boring”或“uncool”。uses crutches;walks with a caneWhen used metaphorically,remove and rewrite.late-term abortionThis term has no medical validity and is

21、controversial.If necessary,refer to the trimester in which the procedure is occurring.這個詞沒有醫學上的有效性，而且頗具爭議。在醫學領域，對于墮胎（也稱為終止妊娠）的時間點并沒有一個全球統一、明確界定的“晚期”標準。如有必要，請提及手術發生的具體孕期。Remove and rewritelunaticThis is derogatory language that contributes to negative attitudes and stigma surrounding mental illness.貶

22、損性語言，會助長對精神疾病的負面態度和污名化。person living with mental illness;person with mental health conditionsAccessibility&Health 2023 RWS8TermNotesUse InsteadmaimedThis is a derogatory term when applied to people.這個詞用于人時是貶義詞Remove and rewritementally ill Prefer“person with mental health conditions”unless your audi

23、ence prefers otherwise.除非當事人另有偏好，否則請優先考慮使用 person with mental health conditions”person with mental health conditionmidgetMidget is always offensive.People with dwarfism may or may not consider themselves to have a disability.Use the term they prefer and do not refer to their stature unless necessary

24、.帶有冒犯性?；加匈灏Y的人可能認為自己有殘疾，也可能不這么認為。請使用他們喜歡的術語，除非必要，否則不要提及他們的身高。person with dwarfism,little person 雖然little person 在某些情況下可能被誤解為帶有貶義，但在當今的語境中，它更多地被用作一種無冒犯性的、描述身高異常矮小個體的方式。特別是在關注殘障人士權益和避免使用冒犯性語言的背景下，little person 成為了比midget等舊有詞匯更為合適的選擇。mongoloid This is a derogatory term for people with Down syndrome and

25、 should never be used.這是對唐氏綜合癥患者的貶義詞，應該杜絕使用。person with Down syndromemute Things can be mute(d),such as trumpets.People should never be described as mute.可以用來描述物品，不適合描述人Focus on how the person communicates,whether thats sign language,using a device,or otherwise.It is recommended to ask the person ho

26、w they want you to refer to their disability.normal personThis can imply that people with disabilities are the abnormal exception.Use“normal”only in medical/scientific context such as“normal test result”or“normal growth.”這可能暗示有殘疾的人是異常的例外。僅在醫學/科學背景下使用“normal”一詞，如“normal test result”或“normal growth”。p

27、erson without a disability;person without visible disabilitiesAccessibility&Health 2023 RWS9TermNotesUse Insteadpartial-birth abortionThis term has no medical validity and is controversial.Refer,if necessary,to dilation and extraction procedures.該術語沒有醫學上的有效性，并且具有爭議性。如有必要，請使用“dilation and extraction”

28、手術來指代。Remove and rewriteretardedAvoid offensive language,even as a joke.具有冒犯性，應避免使用，即使是開玩笑。person with an intellectual disability;person with a learning disability;person with mental illness.short busAvoid ableist language to refer to individual education services.避免使用帶有歧視殘障人士色彩的語言來指代個別教育服務。Remove a

29、nd rewritespecial needsAvoid euphemisms when speaking about disability,as it can be perceived as condescending,offensive or a way of avoiding talking about disability.Use people-first language.在談論殘疾時，應避免使用委婉語，因為這可能會被視為居高臨下、冒犯或回避談論殘疾的一種方式。請采用“人本語言”來表達。functional needs;support for intellectual disabil

30、itiesspecially abledRemove and rewritewheelchair boundAvoid passive words that paint people with disabilities as victims.避免使用將殘障人士描繪成受害者的消極詞匯。wheelchair user;person who uses a wheelchairsanity checkThis is derogatory language that contributes to negative attitudes and stigma surrounding mental illne

31、ss.貶損性語言，會導致對精神疾病的負面態度和污名化。quick checkAccessibility&Health 2023 RWS10Spirituality,Religion,Belief宗教信仰一直是跨文化交流中一個敏感且復雜的話題。主動學習和了解不同宗教、文化和族群的習俗、信仰和禁忌，對于促進相互理解和尊重至關重要。本章節列舉了多個與宗教、信仰及族群相關的敏感詞匯，并提供了更中性、更尊重的替代詞匯，提醒我們在溝通中應避免使用這些可能引發冒犯或不快的用語，從而構建更加和諧與包容的交流環境。宗教信仰：“Bible-thumper”等詞匯對信奉基督教的宗教人士具有貶損意味，建議使用“Chr

32、istians”等中性詞匯替代。同樣，針對猶太人的“Heeby”、“Kike,kyke”等詞匯也被列為貶義，建議去除并重寫。種族與族群：“Kaffir”在南非歷史中是對非洲人的種族侮辱，應被完全避免。其他如“raghead”對阿拉伯人、印度錫克教徒等的貶損也應被替換為更中性的表達。特定語境：“pow-wow”和“spirit animal”等詞匯應僅在原住民語境中使用，或由原住民使用，以避免文化誤用。節日與慶祝方式的表述：Christmas holiday;merry Christmas：避免使用特定宗教節日表示時間或假期，建議使用“holidays;happy holidays”。地域與文化

33、差異：某些詞匯的貶義性質在不同地域和文化背景下可能存在差異，如“Mullah”在印度對穆斯林的侮辱，但在其他語境中可能無此含義。2023 RWS11Spirituality,Religion,BeliefTermNotesUse InsteadBible-thumperThis is a derogatory term to refer to religious people who follow Christianity.貶義詞，用于指代信奉基督教的宗教人士。ChristiansChristmas holiday;merry ChristmasAvoid using a specific r

34、eligious holiday to indicate atime of year or seasonal break,as everyone does not observe the same holidays.避免使用特定的宗教節日來表示一年中的某個時間或季節性假期，因為并非每個人都會慶祝相同的節日。holidays;happy holidaysheathenThis is a derogatory term to refer to someone without a religious affiliation.貶義詞，用來指代沒有宗教信仰的人。person without a reli

35、gious affiliationHeebyThis is a derogatory term to refer to Jews.貶義詞，用來指代猶太人。Remove and rewrite.infidelThis is a derogatory term to refer to someone without a religious affiliation.貶義詞，用來指代沒有宗教信仰的人。person without a religious affiliationJack MormonThis is a derogatory term to refer to Mormons that do

36、 not strictly observe religious doctrine.貶義詞，用來指代不嚴格遵守宗教教義的摩門教徒。Remove and rewrite.jewboyThis is a derogatory term to refer to Jewish men.貶低猶太男性的貶義詞。Remove and rewrite.2023 RWS12Spirituality,Religion,BeliefTermNotesUse InsteadKaffirThis is a derogatory term for people with African descent.Racial slu

37、r in South Africa.在南非及其歷史中，這個詞被用作貶低和歧視非洲人的詞語，與種族隔離制度和種族歧視緊密相連，被視為不恰當和不尊重的用語。Remove and rewrite.Kike,kykeThese are derogatory terms to refer to Jews.貶義詞，用來指代猶太人。Remove and rewrite.MullahIn India,this is a religious slur for Muslims.在印度，這是對穆斯林的宗教侮辱。Remove and rewrite.pow-wow;powwowThis term should onl

38、y be used in the appropriate Indigenous context or by an Indigenous speaker.這個詞只能在適當的原住民語境中使用，或者由原住民使用。huddle;meeting;meetupragheadThis is a derogatory term for Arabs,Indian Sikhs,etc.這是對阿拉伯人、印度錫克教徒等的貶義詞。Remove and rewrite.spirit animalThis term should only be used in the appropriate Indigenous cont

39、ext or by an Indigenous speaker.這個詞只應在適當的原住民語境中使用，或者由原住民使用。role model;kindred spirittotem polehierarchyVoodooRemove and rewrite.2023 RWS13Sexual Orientation,Gender Identity,Gender Relations隨著西方社會對于性別與性取向多樣性的認識和接納程度不斷提升，LGBTQ+群體（即女同性戀者、男同性戀者、雙性戀者、跨性別者等及其相關群體）的權益日益受到重視。在構建包容平等社會時，更新蘊含性別偏見或過時用語至關重要，以充分

40、尊重個性的差異，創造包容尊重的語言環境，讓每個人都能自由表達身份與性取向，無懼歧視。性取向的現代表達：告別舊詞：放棄如“dyke”等可能帶有冒犯性的詞匯，改用自我認同的積極表達，如“queer”（注意在正面語境下使用）積極標簽：鼓勵使用“LGBTQIA+community”等包容性強的英文詞匯來代表多元性取向和性別認同的群體，以此傳遞正能量，促進社會的包容與和諧。尊重個人選擇：當提及他人性取向時，盡量使用他們自我認同的詞匯，或采用中性描述性別認同的現代術語：性別中立：推薦使用性別中立的詞匯，如“business person”代替“businessman”以減少性別偏見自我肯定：對于跨性別者，

41、避免使用“sex change”等過時且可能引發誤解的詞匯，改用“gender-affirming”或“transgender person”等，因為許多接受手術的跨性別者認為自己是在肯定自己的性別，而不是改變它。非二元性別：拓展性別認同的邊界，認識到性別不僅限于男女二元，可以使用“different sex/gender expressions”來替代傳統的“opposite sex”等詞匯，以體現性別認同的多樣性和復雜性。2023 RWS14Sexual Orientation,Gender Identity,Gender RelationsTermNotesUse Insteadbimb

42、oThis is a sexist term.帶有性別歧視的詞。Remove and rewrite.businessman;businesswomanUse gender-neutral terms.建議使用性別中立的術語。business-person;executivechairman,chairwomanchair;chairpersondykeSometimes considered offensive;can be reclaimed by the individual.Generally,do not use unless quoting someone who identifi

43、es as such.可能被認為具有冒犯性，可以被個人重新定義。除非當事人自稱，否則不建議使用。When describing people,use their language,or refer to members of the LGBTQIA+community.female-to-maletransgender person;trans mangay To be avoided when used negatively,to say something is bad,foolish,excessive,etc.Can be used as a description of sexual

44、 orientation,especially when self-identified.當用于負面含義，比如形容某物不好、愚蠢、過度等時，應避免使用。它可以作為性取向的描述，特別是當自我認同時。Remove and rewrite when used in a pejorative sense.guysAvoid gendered nouns that favor one gender over the other when speaking to a mixed group,e.g.Hi guys.“在與混合性別群體交談時，避免使用帶有性別偏見的名詞，比如“Hi guys”。everyon

45、e;folks;people;teams 2023 RWS15Sexual Orientation,Gender Identity,Gender RelationsTermNotesUse Insteadhermaphrodite This is an outdated and derogatory term.過時且帶有貶義。intersex person;intersex(adj)homoThis is pejorative to gay men.對男同性戀者具有冒犯性。Remove and rewrite.homosexualThis term can be used in a neutr

46、al,scientific context,especially to describe a behavior(for example,the homosexual mating patterns of bonobos).This term should not be used when referring to people,unless they choose that term themselves.In general,prefer gay or other more specific term.這個詞可以在中性、科學的語境中使用，特別是用來描述一種行為（例如，倭黑猩猩的同性戀交配模式

47、）。但在指代人時，除非當事人自稱，否則應避免使用。一般來說，更傾向于使用“gay”或其他更具體的術語。When describing people,use their language,or refer to members of the LGBTQIA+community.lady boyThis is a derogatory term,traditionally referring to a transgender woman of Thai ethnicity.這個詞帶有貶義的色彩，傳統上用來指代泰國裔的跨性別女性。Remove and rewrite.mailmanUse gende

48、r-neutral terms whenever possible,such as mail carrier or postal worker.“盡可能使用性別中立的術語mail carrier;postal workermale-to-femaleSometimes considered offensive;can be reclaimed by the individual.Generally,do not use unless quoting someone who identifies as such.可能被認為具有冒犯性，可以被個人重新定義。除非當事人自稱，否則不建議使用。trans

49、gender person;trans woman 2023 RWS16Sexual Orientation,Gender Identity,Gender RelationsTermNotesUse Insteadman hoursUse gender-neutral terms.建議使用性別中立的術語work hoursmanpowerstaff;employeesnancy boyThis is a derogatory term to refer to gay man.這個詞帶有貶義的色彩，用來指代男同性戀者。Remove and rewrite.normalDo not use in

50、relation to gender orientation or sexual identity.不要在與性別取向或性身份相關的語境中使用。cisgender;straightopposite sexUse non-binary language.建議使用非二元性別語言。different sex/genderqueerThis term should never be used in a disparaging manner.However,it can be used where it describes an identity to which an individual willin

51、gly ascribes.不能以貶義的方式使用。在描述個人自我認同的身份時可以使用。說明：在適當的語境下，這個詞可以被用作正面的自我認同，但使用時需注意不會冒犯他人。salesman;saleswomanUse gender-neutral terms.建議使用性別中立的術語sales person;sales associatesex changeThis is an outdated term.Many transgender people who have surgery see themselves as affirming their gender,not changing it.這

52、是一個過時的術語。許多接受手術的跨性別者認為自己是在肯定自己的性別，而不是改變它。transition;gender-affirming care;sex reassignment 2023 RWS17Sexual Orientation,Gender Identity,Gender RelationsTermNotesUse Insteadshe-maleUse gender-neutral terms.使用性別中立的術語。transgender person;trans womanspokesmanUse gender-neutral job titles.使用性別中立的職位名稱。spok

53、esperson;representativestewardessflight attendantsuperstraightThis term should never be used,as it was the product of online anti-LGBTQIA+discourse.避免使用這個詞，它是網絡上反 LGBTQIA+言論的產物。Remove and rewrite.trannyThis is an outdated and offensive term;use transgender instead unless the person in question ident

54、ifies otherwise.這些是過時且具有冒犯性的術語，除非當事人自己認同，否則應使用“transgender”。transgender person;trans persontransexualtransgender(adj);transgender person;trans persontransgenderedtransgender(adj)tranvestitetransgender person;trans person 2023 RWS18Age,Appearance,Socioeconomic Status年齡不應成為定義個人能力的界限，外貌也不應成為評判價值的唯一標準，而

55、社會經濟地位更不應成為阻礙公平與尊重的壁壘。通過增進對這些議題的理解與敏感性，我們努力營造一個環境，讓每個人都能超越這些外在標簽，以真實的自我被看見、被尊重，共同促進一個更加包容、平等與公正的社會。避免偏見與刻板印象避免使用如“big-boned,chubby,plump”等對體型有貶損性的描述，以及“low-class people,the poor”等對收入水平的貶低年齡表述：用“older adults,older persons”替代“the aged,the elderly”，以減少負面刻板印象社會現象描述：避免使用“illegal alien,illegal immigrant”，

56、這些詞匯對非公民居民具有貶損性住房狀況：將“ghetto,the projects”替換為“low-income housing,low-income areas”中性與準確性社會經濟狀況：在描述社會經濟狀況時，采用中性且準確的詞匯，避免任何可能引發誤解或偏見的表達權力關系：在提及權力關系時，如非必要且非貶損性語境，避免使用“master”來暗示支配，改用其他更中性的詞匯強調積極面資源與能力：在交流中，更多地關注個體或群體所擁有的資源和能力，而非其缺乏之處，以激發正面能量和積極行動 2023 RWS19Age,Appearance,Socioeconomic StatusTermNotesUs

57、e Insteadbig-bonedThis euphemism is generally to be avoided.應避免使用。Remove and rewrite.child prostituteThis language suggests children have consent in a choice to engage in prostitution,which they do not.這種表述暗示兒童在從事賣淫方面有同意權，而事實并非如此。child who has been traffickedchubbyThis euphemism is generally to be a

58、voided.應避免使用。Remove and rewrite.convictAvoid this term when referring to a person who is/was incarcerated or has been convicted of a crime.在提及被監禁或定罪的人時，應避免使用此詞。person who is/was incarcerateddropoutsInstead of referring to what people lack,focus on what they have.Do not blame individuals for sociodem

59、ographic obstacles.不要以人們缺乏什么來指代他們，而應關注他們所擁有的。不要將社會人口方面的障礙歸咎于個人。people without a high school diploma,or people who had completed 10th grade for instance.First worldDo not use this term to refer to nations of the world that are considered more economically and technologically advanced.不要使用這個術語來指代世界上在經

60、濟和技術上被認為更發達的國家。developed countriesgrandfatheredThis term should not be used for historical reasons,as it is derived from grandfather clause originated in the 1890s as a way to defy the 15th Amendment and prevent Black Americans from voting.出于歷史原因，這個術語不應使用，因為它源自19世紀90年代的“祖父條款”，該條款用于抵制第15條修正案并阻止美國黑人投票

61、。exempted;excused.2023 RWS20Age,Appearance,Socioeconomic StatusTermNotesUse InsteadghettoThis is a pejorative description of housing status.這是對住房狀況的一種貶義描述。low-income housing;low-income areashomeless personUse language that acknowledges circumstances or challenges faced.在強調在描述某人或某群體時，應使用能夠理解和尊重他們所面臨的

62、實際情況和挑戰的語言。unhoused;person experiencing homelessness or without a homeillegal alien;alien；illegal immigrantDehumanizing terms to ref to residents who are not citizens.這些是對非公民居民的貶損性稱呼。noncitizen;person lacking documentationlow-class peopleThis is a pejorative description of income level.這是對收入水平的一種貶損性

63、描述。people whose incomes are below the federal poverty thresholdmaster/slaveNever use master to imply dominance;other contexts of master may be appropriate(master sommelier).不要使用“master”來暗示支配；其他語境下的“master”可能是恰當的（如“master sommelier”）。說明：這個詞在歷史和文化背景中，可能與奴隸制、殖民主義或其他形式的統治和壓迫相關聯。primary/subordinate;prima

64、ry/secondaryplumpThis euphemism is generally to be avoided.應避免使用。poverty-strickenAvoid referring to poverty as an illness or social ill.避免將貧困描述為疾病或社會弊病。people whose incomes are below the federal poverty thresholdprostituteThis term can be reclaimed by the individual.這個術語可以被個人自行主張使用。sex worker 2023 R

65、WS21Age,Appearance,Socioeconomic StatusTermNotesUse InsteadslaveThis term is appropriate when referring to a tangible situation of human enslavement.這個術語在指稱實際存在的人類奴役情況時是恰當的。secondary device;subordinate devicethe aged;the elderlyThis term evokes negative stereotypes of older adults.帶有對老年人的負面刻板印象。olde

66、r adults;older personsthe poorThis is a pejorative description of income level.這是對收入水平的貶損性描述people whose incomes are below the federal poverty thresholdthe projectsThis is a pejorative description of housing status.這是對住房狀況的貶損性描述。low-income housing;low-income areasThird world Do not use this term to

67、refer to nations of the world that are considered less economically or technologically advanced.不要使用此術語來指代世界上被認為在經濟或技術上較不發達的國家。developing countries;emerging economiesundocumented Do not use as an adjective(as in undocumented immigrant).It can be used as a predicate(i.e.,a person is undocumented).不要用

68、作形容詞（如“undocumented immigrant”）。它可以作為謂語（即，“a person is undocumented”）。For the adjective,use person lacking documentation or something similar instead.untouchableDo not use to refer to the lowest of the Indian castes.不要用來指代印度種姓制度中的最低種姓。Dalitwelfare queenThis is a pejorative description of income leve

69、l.這是對收入水平的貶損性描述。people who receive TANF benefitswhoreThis term is derogatory to women.這個術語對女性具有貶義。Remove and rewrite.2023 RWS22Ethnicity,Race,Nationality 本章節列舉民族、種族與國家身份等術語的使用，特別強調這些術語的文化敏感性、歷史背景以及潛在的文化挪用問題。呼吁使用更具包容性和準確性的語言，注意特定術語在不同語境下的不恰當性及潛在的冒犯性，使用替代表述以減少誤解和歧視。種族與國籍“Black”和“African-American”在指代上存

70、在細微差別，需考慮受眾偏好?！癆ryan”等詞與種族主義意識形態相關聯，應避免在非歷史語境中使用?！癆sian virus”錯誤關聯疫情與種族，違背事實且具偏見?！癇lacklist”強化了負面刻板印象文化與群體指代“Chinaman”、“Gypsy”等詞存在貶損性，應避免使用。特定詞匯如“gyp”對羅姆人有貶義，需慎用。膚色與刻板印象“Negro”、“Nigger”等詞源于負面歷史背景，應避免使用?！癝lant eyes”、“Spade”等詞是種族刻板印象的體現。尊重文化特色避免使用可能涉及文化挪用的詞匯，如“Guru”一詞來自印度次大陸，具有深厚宗教和精神內涵。2023 RWS23Term

71、NotesUse InsteadAboriginal，AborigineFor Australia:Aboriginals or Aborigines are generally considered to be outdated terms,while Aboriginal alone is not inclusive of the diversity of cultures and identities across Australia.Moreover,the term Aboriginal peoples is not inclusive of Torres Strait Island

72、er peoples.對于澳大利亞而言，“Aboriginals”或“Aborigines”通常被認為是過時的術語，而僅使用“Aboriginal”一詞則不包括澳大利亞各地文化和身份的多樣性。此外“Aboriginal peoples”一詞也不包括托雷斯海峽島民。建議使用“First Nations”或“First Peoples”。在可能的情況下，使用更具體的群體、民族或部落名稱。First Nations or First Peoples.Use a more specific group,people or tribe name whenever possible.African-Ame

73、ricanPrefer Black,but defer to the audience.Black and African American do not necessarily mean the same thing and individuals may not identify with one term or the other.Never use African-American to refer to people of color who are not American.推薦使用“Black”，但也要考慮受眾的接受度。Black 和 African American 不一定指同

74、一類人，個人可能不認同其中一個或另一個術語。不要使用“African-American”來指代非美國的有色人種。BlackAmerican IndianAvoid,unless the person or group uses this term to identify themselves.除非個人或群體使用此術語來表明自己的身份，否則應避免使用。Native American or First Nations(Canada)anchor baby;anchor childPejorative term to refer to a child born to a noncitizen mot

75、her in a country that grants automatic citizenship to children born on its soil.Do not use.貶義詞，用于指代在一個國家出生即可自動獲得公民身份的非公民母親所生的孩子。請勿使用。Remove and rewriteEthnicity,Race,Nationality 2023 RWS24TermNotesUse InsteadAryanDue to its negative associations with supremacist ideologies,this term should be avoide

76、d outside of historical contexts.由于該術語與種族主義意識形態有負面聯系，因此在歷史語境之外應避免使用。如果你需要在學術語境中提及這一歷史人群，請使用“Indo-Iranian”。If you need to refer to the historical people in an academic context,use Indo-Iranian.Asian virusThis term wrongly equates the COVID-19 pandemic with Asians and Asian-Americans.此術語錯誤地將 COVID-19

77、大流行與亞洲人和亞裔美國人等同起來。應使用“COVID-19”或“novel coronavirus”COVID-19;novel coronavirusblacklist;black listPerpetuates the stereotype of black being associated with negative traits.這個詞使“black”與負面特征聯系在一起，應避免使用。應改為“blocklist”或“disallowed list”。blocklist;disallowed listblackhat;black hat hacker/blackhat hackerPe

78、rpetuates the stereotype of black being associated with negative traits.強化了“black”與消極特質相關聯的刻板印象。unethical hackerBushmanThis term is outdated and now considered derogatory這個詞已經過時，現在被認為具有貶義。應使用“San”來指代這一族群。The collective ethnicity San CaucasianAvoid as a synonym for white,unless used in demographic da

79、ta.除非在人口統計數據中使用，否則應避免將其作為 white 的同義詞。whitecakewalkBecause of its association with slavery,this word should be avoided.由于與奴隸制相關，這個詞應該避免使用。Remove and rewriteEthnicity,Race,Nationality 2023 RWS25TermNotesUse InsteadChinamanOften applied to anyone of Asian heritage.Derogatory term to refer to Chinese.這個

80、詞常被用于指代任何具有亞洲血統的人，但它是一種對中國人或具有中國血統的人的貶損性稱謂，建議改用該人的正確國籍身份來指代。Refer to the persons correct national identity.Chinese whispers;Chinese whispererChinese Whisperer refers to the Telephone game,where players whisper a phrase to the person next to them until it reaches the last person in line.It implies th

81、at the Chinese language is difficult to understand and/or translate.這個術語指的是“傳話游戲”，即玩家將一句話悄悄告訴下一個人，直到這句話傳到隊伍的最后一個人。這個詞暗示了漢語難以理解或翻譯。應改為“a game of telephone”。To refer to the game:a game of telephoneEskimoAlthough commonly used in Alaska to refer to Inuit and Yupik people,it is derogatory in many other

82、places because it was widely used by racistcolonizers.雖然在阿拉斯加州通常用來指代因紐特人和尤皮克人，但在許多其他地方，這個詞因被種族主義殖民者廣泛使用而具有貶義。Inuit(used in Canada);Alaska Native(term used in US federal laws since 2016)gestapoThis term is culturally sensitive and should not be used unless referring to the German internal security po

83、lice under the Nazi regime in a historical concept.這個詞在文化上很敏感，除非是在指納粹政權下的德國國內安全警察時用作歷史概念，否則不應使用。Remove and rewrite.go off the reservationThis term is derogatory to Native Americans.這個詞對印第安人有貶義。Remove and rewrite.gringoThis term is derogatory to white people from a Latin American perspective.這個詞從拉丁美洲

84、人的角度來看對白人有貶義。Remove and rewrite.Ethnicity,Race,Nationality 2023 RWS26TermNotesUse InsteadgypWhen used as a verb to shortchange or to swindle,this word is derogatory to the Roma people as it implies they are untrustworthy and liars.當用作動詞“to shortchange”或“to swindle”時，這個詞對羅姆人有貶義，因為它暗示他們不值得信任且會說謊。steal

85、;scam,defraud;cheatguruThis is a form of cultural appropriation.“Guru”是一個來自印度次大陸的詞匯，通常指的是在某個領域（如宗教、哲學、藝術或科學）內具有深厚知識和高度成就，并能傳授或指導他人的人。這個詞在印度文化中具有深厚的宗教和精神內涵。在提到“Guru”這個詞時，要注意它可能涉及的文化挪用問題，并盡量在尊重和理解其文化背景的前提下使用expert;specialistGypsyThis term is derogatory to the Roma people.這個詞對羅姆人有貶義。Roma or Romanihalf-

86、breedThis is a derogatory term for racial and ethnic minorities.這是對種族和民族少數群體的貶義稱呼。Biracial,mixed-raceIndian giverThis term is derogatory to Native Americans,as it implies they are untrustworthy.這個詞對印第安人（Native Americans）具有貶義，因為它暗示他們不可信。Remove and rewrite.Indian-styleDo not use to refer to the sittin

87、g position.不要用來指坐姿。cross-leggedjapThis term is derogatory to people of Japanese origin.這個詞對日本血統的人具有貶義。Remove and rewrite.Ethnicity,Race,Nationality 2023 RWS27TermNotesUse Insteadmulatto;mulatoThe term originates from the Spanish word“mulato,”which originates from the word“mula,”or mule the offspring

88、 of a horse and a donkey.這個詞源自西班牙語“mulato”，而“mulato”又源自“mula”，即馬和驢的后代。biracial,mixed-raceNaziCan be used in historical contexts describing members of National Socialism;should not be used outside of that context to suggest that someone is controlling or strict.可以在描述國家社會主義成員的歷史上下文中使用；但不應在此范圍外用來暗示某人具有

89、控制欲或嚴格。negro；nig;nigerDo not use.不要使用Blacknon-whiteThis suggests that white is the default and is thus derogatory.這暗示了白色是默認的，因此具有貶義。Remove and rewrite.open the kimonoThis term is derogatory to Asian women and should not be used.這個詞對亞洲女性有貶義，不應使用。full disclosure;provide insight infopolackThis term is

90、derogatory to people of Polish origin.這個詞對波蘭血統的人有貶義。PoleredskinThis term is derogatory to Native Americans.這個詞對美洲原住民有貶義。Native American or First Nations(Canada)sherpaThis is a form of cultural appropriation.這個詞用于非其文化背景的語境中，可能會構成文化挪用，因為它沒有充分尊重和理解夏爾巴人的文化身份和自豪感。leader;guideEthnicity,Race,Nationality 20

91、23 RWS28TermNotesUse Insteadslant eyes;slit eyes;SpadeRacial stereotype.Do not use.種族刻板印象，不要使用。Remove and rewrite.spookNever used to refer to a person.The verb form spook/ed can be ok,but tread with caution.永遠不要用來指人。動詞形式“spook/ed”可能可以，但要謹慎使用。Remove and rewrite.squawRacial stereotype.Do not use.種族刻板印

92、象，不要使用。Remove and rewrite.wetbackThis is derogatory to people(usually from Central or South America)who have recently arrived in the United States.這個詞對20世紀初之后從中美洲或南美洲抵達美國的人具有貶義色彩。Remove and rewrite.whitelist;white listPrefer allow list.Perpetuates the stereotype of white being associated with positi

93、ve traits.推薦使用“allow list”。它強化了“white”與積極特質相關聯的刻板印象。allow list;accepted senders listwhitehat;white hat hacker/whitehat hackerPerpetuates the stereotype of white being associated with positive traits.強化了“白色”與積極特質相關聯的刻板印象。ethical hackerEthnicity,Race,Nationality 2023 RWS29RWS 簡介RWS Holdings plc 是一家全球規

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