1、Global accommodation sector The road to net zero emissionsOctober 20213Globalaccommodation sector The road to net zero emissionsClimate change is one of the most pressing challenges of our time.As an important contributor to greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,the accommodation sector has a vital role to p

2、lay in the effort to decarbonise.Accommodations account for 264Mt CO-eq direct and controllable emissions(so-called scope 1&2),reflecting roughly 10%of emissions throughout the tourism sector.The accommodation sector needs to curb emissions by 17Mt CO-eq per year an annual reduction rate of 6 to 7%o

3、f current levels to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.This is the equivalent of eliminating all residential emissions in roughly 2.3 million households per year.An exponential increase in effort is therefore needed to master this transformation in a market that is continuously growing._ Executive s

4、ummaryFigure 321Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 Urgency45Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_Executive summaryGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_Executive summaryA challenge with a double dividend The good news is that there is a wide r

5、ange of measures that significantly reduce GHG emissions and can in principle be implemented profitably.They provide accommoda-tions with a double dividend:they cut both GHG emissions and operating costs.That is not to say these emission reductions are easy to achieve.Significant upfront investments

6、 are still needed at a time when accommodations around the world are only slowly starting to recover from the catastrophic impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic.But it does provide an opportunity to heed the call for urgent action.It also provides an opportunity for closer cooperation between all s

7、takeholders in the accommodation sector public and private to come together to master this challenge.This report presents a transition pathway with specific opportunities for accommoda-tions to directly reduce their carbon emissions.It is based on novel and unparalleled primary research,mapping the

8、GHG emissions of the global accommodation sector accounting for different types of accommodations operating in different geographies and climate zones.It provides a detailed,bottom-up underpinning of what the sector has achieved to date and more importantly what can still be achieved with different

9、measures.This report focuses on abating direct and controllable GHG emissions.It identifies concrete measures to abate carbon emission by implementing the best available technologies,estimates the associated investment and implementation costs,and surveys existing barriers to taking action.Finally,t

10、he report shows how a wider set of stakeholders can support accommodations in their decarbonisation efforts and accelerate the green transition.Four element approach to arrive at net zero emissionsThe transition pathway to net zero emissions consists of four elements:1 improve the efficiency of natu

11、ral resource usage by accommodations,2 promote more sustainable behaviour by guests and accommodation staff,3 stimulate the transition to renewable energy usage,and 4 offset any remaining GHG emissions.A wide range of carbon-saving measures is available for accommodations to reduce usage of natural

12、resources and waste disposal.An accommodation can reduce its(original)GHG emissions by up to 32%with these measures.Most of the measures have a positive business case.Accommodations are already,to varying degrees,engaged in sustainability initiatives.Current adoption levels of carbon-saving measures

13、 diverge from anywhere between 30%-70%,with even a few outliers still outside this broad band.About 39Mt CO2-eq have been abated annually as a result.Accommodations can still achieve a further 15%-20%reduction of total current emissions,which reflects approximately 48Mt CO2-eq per year.The lions sha

14、re of residual abatement potential is associated with the implementation of just three initiatives:energy-efficient heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems;energy-efficient appliances across the accommodation;and installation of double glazing.Despite the skew in potential,accommodatio

15、ns should aim for greater adoption of all initiatives in the quest for net zero emissions.Small steps are better than inaction.Even after implementing all currently available abatement technologies,significant GHG emissions remain.They will have to be addressed through behavioural changes,the greeni

16、fication of energy production,and,if electrification is not an option,carbon offsets.Greenification of energy productionBehavioural changesCarbon offsetting 264 Mt CO2-eqGlobal greenhouse gas emissions from accomodationsInfrastructure efficiency improvementAccomodations share oftourism sectors emiss

17、ions10%_ Four-element approach to net zero emissionsBarriers to implementationMany accommodations care deeply about sustainability.However,there are some barriers to implementation of decarbonisation measures.The most important are:an insufficient sense of urgency,knowledge gaps or deficient data,an

18、d a lack of financial resources or access to capital.This report identifies three accommodation mindsets with respect to implementation and importance of sustainability.The Spectators,reflecting approximately 32%of the market,do not actively pursue sustainability goals and have to date only implemen

19、ted standard industry initiatives or taken action solely for cost-saving purposes.Creating urgency for this segment,for example by highlighting the cost of inaction,would be an important driver going forward.The Partakers the bulk of the market with approximately 61%of room coverage want to take act

20、ion as long as it does not negatively impact the attraction of their accommodation.They will go along with the transition as long as it does not hurt their long-term interests.They can be specifically supported with increased knowledge and financial support to increase the viability of the business

21、case.And,last but not least,the Frontrunners,to which approxi-mately 7%of the market supply can be attributed.They have sustainability at the core of their proposition and pro-actively try to achieve all kinds of improvements.Though little left to still abate,they could be supported with relevant an

22、d compelling knowledge and financial resources with respect to the remaining,most challenging initiatives.Concerted action neededThe road to adopt carbon-saving measures cannot be travelled by accommodations on their own.Even with a large share of abatement measures being profitable in principle,the

23、 cost of realising the full abatement potential of current technologies is estimated to be 243b or 4,750 per room.Greening the energy production for the remaining emissions comes at an estimated cost of 525b for the global accommodation sector.Given the catastrophic impact of COVID-19 and the preval

24、ence of many small and medi-um-sized accommodations,it is clear that it will take financial and non-financial support to master this transition.These support actions range from creating general awareness to helping channel demand to sustainable properties to providing easy access to capital and fina

25、ncial support schemes.Governments are essential in creating the right regulatory framework and incentives for the accommodation sector.However,other stakeholders also have a role to play.Travel is a growing market and unlocking additional demand by responding to travellers prefer-ences for more sust

26、ainable choices can be an important driver for the transition as it will make green investments amortise better and faster.For example,online travel platforms can help in creating a cycle of supply and demand of sustainable travel choices mutually reinforcing each other.It will take the cooperation

27、of all stakeholders to master this transition.Although 2050 may seem a long way off,urgent action to decarbonise the accommo-dation sector is required.This report provides a roadmap to take the first steps along the way ahead._ Key barriers to overcome48Mt CO2-eq remaining abatement potential reflec

28、ting an 18%emission reduction243 billioninvestment is requiredto implementall decarbonisationinitiatives-equivalentof c.4,750per room7%32%61%FrontrunnersSpectatorsPartakers_ Sustainability mindsets_ Indexpage 8 _ The road to net zero emissions in the global accommodation sectorpage 12 _ Methodology

29、of the studypage 15 _ The potential of implementing the most efficient technologies page 24 _ The abatement potential of accommodations in practicepage 36 _ Full transition pathway to achieve net zero ambitionpage 40 _ Support from stakeholders to accelerate decarbonisationpage 47 The way ahead 89Gl

30、obal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The road to net zero emissions in the global accommodation sectorGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The road to net zero emissions in the global accommodation sector_ The road to net zero emissions in the global

31、 accommodation sectorClimate change is one of the most pressing challenges of our time.Limiting surging global temperatures to 1.5 to 2C requires a significant acceleration in the mitigation of green-house gas(GHG)emissions.The accommodation sector is no exception.Global accommodations emit the equi

32、va-lent of 264 megatons of carbon dioxide(CO-eq)per year and the sector is expected to grow(again)in the future.Decarbonisation by 2050 requires the accommodation sector to increase its efforts at a time when many are still recovering from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.All stakeholders private

33、 and public sector need to closely cooperate to make this transition a success._ Global greenhouse gas emissions from accommodations Figure 1 are necessary to offset 264 Mt CO2-eq 264 Mt CO2-eqScope 1 Direct emissionFrom on-site natural resource consumption (e.g.boiler)Scope 3 Not directly controlla

34、ble indirect emissions From value chain inputs(e.g.food)Scope 2 Indirect emissions From purchased energy consumption (e.g.lighting)12.5 billion treesDecarbonisation is a political and societal priority one that is increasingly urgent.With the 2015 Paris Agreement,governments around the world agreed

35、to undertake“ambitious efforts”to reduce their countries emissions and to increase their ambition and endeavour over time Source 1.Despite this exertion,progress has been limited so far.The most recent report by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),pub-lished in August 2021,therefore

36、 stresses the urgency to take action:“Stabilizing the climate will require strong,rapid,and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emis-sions,and reaching net zero CO-eq emissions”Source 2.The accommodation sector is no exception to the need to take urgent action.Accommodations are a substantial con

37、tributor to global GHG emissions.Direct and control-lable emissions(so-called scope 1&2)account for 264Mt CO-eq p.a.,representing roughly 10%of the tourism sectors total emissions Source 3.The travel and tour-ism sector,including accommodations,is a continuously and strongly growing market Source 4.

38、Domestic and international travel are anticipated to bounce back post-COVID-19 and continue their historical growth trajectory.Between 2011 and 2019,accommodations have been growing at an annual rate of c.4%Source 5.This under-lines the need to take effective action:achieving net zero emissions by 2

39、050 requires the accomodation sector to reduce emissions by 3%per year compared to current emission level and by 6-7%when taking into account the expected sectoral growth of 3-4%(c.17Mt CO-eq annu-ally).This is the equivalent of eliminating all residential emissions from roughly 2.3 million househol

40、ds per year Source 6.The transition to zero emissions can be seen as a four-element approach,as depicted in figure 2.Stage one con-sists of accommodations improving the efficiency of their natural resource usage(i.e.energy and water)and waste disposal.As this report will show,there are a large numbe

41、r of initiatives to improve energy conservation,water stew-ardship and single-waste prevention.In stage two,accom-modations can actively try to nudge guests and person-nel towards more sustainable behaviour.A large share of energy consumption is unavoidable for the operation of an accommodation,yet

42、smarter and more efficient usage can already result in significant improvements.Stage three sees accommodations achieve carbon neutrality by substituting fossil fuels for renewable energy.This can be achieved through local renewable energy production(e.g.wind turbine or solar panels),or by sourcing

43、green energy from the national grid.Finally,and as a last resort,any remaining GHG emissions can and need to be offset.However,as offsetting capacity is limited,this can only be a measure for physical or chemical processes that are _ Key focus areas Accommodation managements key focus areas Figure 4

44、offers estimates for the costs associated with the switch to renewable energy.Finally,the report provides an over-view of current progress in the transition of the accom-modation sector,its main adoption barriers and the provi-sion of support by external stakeholders to accelerate the effort to deca

45、rbonise.It is evident that the transition pathway to zero emissions is not an easy one and,more importantly,it is one that has to be taken collectively.The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted the tourism sector.Accord-ing to the World Travel and Tourism Council,international tourist ar

46、rivals worldwide dropped by 74%compared to pre-pandemic levels and the sectors contribution to GDP declined by nearly 50%,compared to an overall decline of global GDP of 3.7%Source 7.It is estimated that around 62 million jobs were lost in the tourism sec-tor globally due to the pandemic,particularl

47、y impacting small and medium-sized enterprises Source 8.Accom-modations were particularly hard hit.Investing in decar-bonisation therefore poses an enormous challenge.While ultimately only accommodations can bring about the necessary changes,other stakeholders have a role to play as well in supporti

48、ng this transition.Although 2050 may seem like a long way off,immediate action to decarbon-ise the accommodation sector is crucial.Aided associations with sustainability%of accommodationsProtecting the environmentReducing waste Reducing energy use Reducint water use Offering local produce/servicesPr

49、eserving wildlife and natural habitats Supporting local community Protecting local cultures Ensuring lower/no emissions Other75%75%73%69%65%57%55%54%54%6%10Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Introduction to decarbonisation of accommodations11Global accommodation sector _T

50、he road to net zero emissions /_ Introduction to decarbonisation of accommodations_ Expected emission developmentExpected sector emission development Figure 3GHGemissionsNow2050Status Quo:Tourism growth driving emissions,without any actionAmbition:Full focus on decarbonisation to drive net emissions

51、 to zero_ Four-element approach to net zero emissions Figure 2Greenification of energy productionInfrastructure efficiency improvementBehavioural changesCarbon offsettingwithout an alternative and essential to the operation of an accommodation.While the need for decarbonisation is becoming increasin

52、gly acute,not many accommodations currently consider sustain-ability a priority.The concern is that sustainable practices might negatively impact guest experience or business profita-bility.That is not to say that accommodations do not perceive sustainable development as an important goal.They are,h

53、owever more focused on sustainability in a broader sense and do not solely focus on decarbonisation,as seen in figure 4.Accommodations interviewed for this study often referred to the UN Sustainable Development Goals and placed emphasis on the social/local community goals of that frame-work.These tw

54、o factors a broad sense of promoting sustain-ability and the focus on guest experience and business prof-itability might explain why,up to now,accommodations have mostly adopted sustainability initiatives that are relatively easy to implement and financially attractive.For the future,this will not b

55、e enough.This report presents a transition pathway for accommodations to get to net zero emissions.It does so by meticulously mapping the GHG abatement potential of existing properties through adop-tion of the most efficient current technologies.It also pro-vides a calculation of the associated cost

56、s of implementing these measures.However,not all emissions can be abated.Eventually all energy consumption will therefore have to come from renewable energy generation.This report also SustainabilityGuest experienceProfitability123121313BackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emi

57、ssions /_ Methodology of the studyGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Methodology of the studyEY-Parthenon accommodation surveyAbatement Cost Curve(ACC)Baccommodation database Surveyed:c.6,500 surveyed partners,covering 23 countiesInterviewed:40+conducted interviews with p

58、artners in 10 geographies_ Methodology of the studyThe findings in this report are based on a wide variety of new collected primary data,compiled in the second half of 2021,and current research.In contrast to most existing literature,this study is based on a bottom-up approach with extensive fieldwo

59、rk underscored by a consideration of the global accommodation sector both in terms of countries and accommodation archetypes.This research was initiated by selecting the most relevant actions for accommodations to reduce emissions,based on existing studies and discussions with various industry playe

60、rs.An elaborate interview programme with over 40 accommo-dation providers from all over the world has been used to detect both the current positioning of these initiatives and the key drivers and barriers with respect to their adoption.Abatement Cost Curves have been modelled for several relevant se

61、gmentations(i.e.continent,climate and accom-modation archetype)as an in-depth underpinning of the sectors total potential.Inputs for these curves also rely on existing research Source 9;10;11.Current and planned levels of implementation were determined based on a thorough accommodation survey among

62、Bs partners in 23 countries.This partner survey has a total response rate of c.6,500 properties,covering all types of accommodations,different continents and climate regions across the world.Finally,based on Bs database of global accommodations,the findings and results were extrapolated to come to a

63、 global overview of the accom-modation sectors remaining abatement potential.Despite the expansive bottom-up approach of this study,some limitations remain.Firstly,a selection bias may have _ Primary researchOverview of novel primary research conducted Figure 5occurred within the partner survey,as p

64、artners committed to sustainability are likely to have been more inclined to participate.Consequently,remaining abatement poten-tial is likely even slightly underestimated.Secondly,a limited response rate in certain geographies covered by the survey constrains accuracy of underlining data points.Fur

65、thermore,in order to model global measures,findings of certain geographies were extrapolated.Lastly,as this is a modelled exercise,simplifications were applied in meas-ures such as climate segmentation and extent of imple-mentation of sustainable practices.Complete roadmap to archive net zero emissi

66、ons in accomodation sector Extensive coverage of the global accomodation supply across all types and regions Global new primary data collection among a representative set of accomodations Detailed Abatement Cost Curves addressing all property types and various climates Extensive bottom-up approach w

67、ith respect to current emissions and abatement potential Market supply coverage based on most extensive global accomodation databaseContribution and added value of this studyAccommodations with the function of providing a short-stay lodging function to travellers exist in all kinds of sizes and typo

68、logies.Within this research,relevant segmentations are a simplification of reality,yet should provide clear differentiators.Accommodation segmentations in this report are based on 1 country/continent,2 climate zone and 3archetype.An accommodations archetypes are determined by their size(small vs.lar

69、ge)and for large accommodations on their service level(limited vs.full).The abatement cost curve(ACC)identifies the key initiatives accommodations can imple-ment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.As an accommodations size and service level significantly impact the GHG abatement potential,three arch

70、etypes were sketched:small,limited and full-service accommodations.The model full-service accommodation has 4,500 m flooring space,100 guest rooms and includes facilities such as a pool,garden area and catering.On the other hand,small and limited-service accommodations are assumed not to offer facil

71、ities other than guest rooms.Small and limited-service accommo-dations are differentiated based on the number of guest rooms 4 and 100 respectively and the total flooring space of 115 m and 2,800 m respectively.In reality,identifying Relevant segmentation throughout the report_ Accommodation archety

72、pes Figure 6SmallFull serviceGuest rooms(#)Common areasize m2Services levelFacilities41151002,8001005,000Limited serviceTemperateContinentalTropicalContinentalTemperateTropical141514BackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Methodology of the studyGlobal accommodation

73、sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ _The potential of implementing of the most efficient technologiesarchetypes is more complex.Although each archetype exhibits differences in the range of service and facilities offered,these are often not as binary as currently assumed in the ACC.Furthermore,

74、in-house food and beverage options often differ substantially from full to small and limited-service accommodations;other facilities such as gyms or swim-ming pools can also be found at both establishment types.The climate zone in which an accommodation is located also impacts its overall carbon foo

75、tprint and the effectiveness of carbon-saving initiatives.Consequently,three climate zones were identified for the modelling:continental,temperate and tropical.These cli-mates have been illustrated in figure 7.The ACC was made climate-specific,by adjusting key assumptions such as average monthly rai

76、nfall and temperature for each initiative.This is a simplification of the broad range of existing country and even location-specific climates._ Climate zones Figure 7_ The potential of implementing the most efficient technologies Accommodations are typically considered to be resource-intensive build

77、ings.The range of services offered by accommodations,along with occupation density of guest rooms,leads accommodations to use relatively large amounts of energy and water per square meter and generate high levels of waste Source 12.As a result,energy and water efficiency,together with waste reductio

78、n,are key areas of environmental manage-ment for the accommodation sector.Implementing the most efficient available technologies and best practices would enable an individual accommodation to reduce its GHG emissions by up to 32%.Although the reduction of all three elements(i.e.energy,water and wast

79、e)is relevant,the majority of greenhouse gas emissions stem from energy consumption.Energy conservation measures are commonly linked with improvements to a buildings structure and on-site equip-ment,for example measures such as insulation and light sensors.In parallel,accommodations can practise wat

80、er stewardship,by for instance installing low-flow systems and introducing towel and linen reuse programmes.This not only results in less water usage but also in reduced energy consumption from water heating.Finally,the accommodation sector can reduce the carbon foot-print of its waste disposal.For

81、example,by eliminating single-use packaging and facilitating recyclingThe various mitigation measures have different reduction potential and come with diverging costs.This report pre-sents an analysis of the reduction potential and associ-ated costs for 24 measures that have been identified as parti

82、cularly relevant through the primary research.Moreo-ver,the operating costs(e.g.reduction in energy consump-tion)were modelled over a 15-year investment horizon to estimate the net financial impact.Finally,to compare the cost-effectiveness of different measures,a breakdown was made of the cost per k

83、ilogram of CO2-eq abatement.The result is an Abatement Cost Curve(see figure 10 for more The accommodation sector has the ability to realise significant reductions in GHG emissions by implementing carbon-sav-ing measures which reduce usage of natural resources and waste disposal.In doing so,an indiv

84、idual accommodation could lower the carbon emissions of its operations by up to 32%,with the majority of measures being net profitable over a 15-year investment horizon.details).This curve serves two purposes:i)it provides an easy overview of the economic implications of reducing carbon emission for

85、 different types of accommodations and climate zones,ii)it helps accommodations identify measures by impact and _The potential of implement-ing the most efficient technologies.This is particularly important in the current situation,where many accommo-dations are in a financially precarious situation

86、 with little resources for new investments,but still want to become more sustainable.The analysis lets them choose those measures that are best suited to their individual prefer-ences.Ultimately,however,all of the applicable measures need to be implemented by accommodations._ Emission reduction pote

87、ntial Figure 832%potentialemission savings_ Contributors to GHG emissions Figure 9EnergyWasteWater16171617BackgroundBackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The potential of implementing the most efficient technologiesGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero

88、emissions /_ The potential of implementing the most efficient technologies_ Abatement Cost Curve reading guide Figure 10Each box represents one emissions reduction opportunityAbatement cost per kg CO2-eqAnnual GHG emissions reduction potential in a given yearEstimated costs in a given year to implem

89、ent initiativeMeasures are sorted by increasing costs per kg CO2-eqGHG Abatement Cost CurveThe GHG Abatement Cost Curve(ACC)illustrates the potential abatement of emissions by individual initiative and the associated cost per kg CO2-eq.Six different ACCs are pre-sented in figure 11 and 12,covering t

90、hree unique climates and both limited and full-service accommodations.Such curves provide a quantitative basis for accommodations to identify which actions could be the most effective in delivering emission reductions.However,as the ACC curves identify an average abatement potential and costs,they w

91、ill still require validation on a case-by-case basis.Property-level decisions will also require consideration of other dimensions such as local taxes,government subsidies,operational impacts and technological developments.Each bar on the ACC curves represents a carbon-saving initiative see figure 13

92、 for the full detailed list of initiatives that an accommodation can implement with technologies available today.The width of each bar illustrates an initiatives potential to reduce GHG emis-sions within a given year,compared to business-as-usual.The GHG abatement potential assumes considerable impr

93、ovements in the energy efficiency of equipment along with optimised operational processes.It does not take into account current levels of imple-mentation or the applicability of each initiative to individual properties.The height of each bar represents the net cost of abating 1 kg of GHG emissions,a

94、ssuming that investments are carried out now and potential GHG savings are modelled until 2035.The graph is read from left to right,illustrating the GHG abatement from the lowest to the highest cost opportunities.The initiatives which appear below the horizontal axis offer financial savings over a 1

95、5-year investment horizon,whereas initiatives that appear above the horizontal axis come at a net cost.The costs incurred to install each initiative do not include(local)taxes or subsidies.Moreover,opportunity costs of potentially missed revenues resulting from more severe operational interventions,

96、are excluded from the equation.This methodology allows comparison of the economic appeal of each abatement opportunity on a more holistic level and between regions and countries.Abatement cost/kg CO2-eq10.51.00.50.0-0.5-2.0255075100125150CO2-eq abatedtonne CO2-eq/year10.51.00.50.0-0.5-2.025507510012

97、5150CO2-eq abatedtonne CO2-eq/year10.51.00.50.0-0.5-2.0CO2-eq abatedtonne CO2-eq/year255075100125150Figure 12Abatement cost/kg CO2-eqCO2-eq abatedtonne CO2-eq/year8710-1-7255075100125150175200225250275CO2-eq abatedtonne CO2-eq/year8710-1-7255075100125150175200225250275CO2-eq abatedtonne CO2-eq/year8

98、710-1-7255075100125150175200225250275ContinentalContinentalTemperateTemperateTropicalTropical1919BackgroundBackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The potential of implementing the most efficient technologies18Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissio

99、ns /_ _The potential of implementing the most efficient technologie18Key underlying differences between climate regions Heating/cooling days(and outdoor temperature)Monthly rainfall Showering habits Sunlight hours&intensity Limited serviceFull serviceKey underlying differences between archetypes App

100、licability of facilities(i.e.restaurant,garden,pool and lift)Hotel size(average common area per guest room)Usage intensity(e.g.laundry per room,waste per room)_ Abatement Cost Curve by climate,limited-service accommodationsTonne CO-eq emissions Figure 111 Excluding outdoor initiativesBuilding struct

101、ure&facadesFixtures&equipmentOperations_ Abatement Cost Curve by climate,full-service accommodationsTonne CO-eq emissions Figure 1220212021BackgroundBackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The potential of implementing the most efficient technologiesGlobal accommodat

102、ion sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The potential of implementing the most efficient technologiesInitiativeRationaleKey leverGHG impact(kg CO2-eq)1Invest-ment ()2Yearly savings()3Scalable metricTurn off minibars by defaultSwitching off minibars by default and guests can turn them on if nee

103、ded,lowering unnecessary electricity use4k-8k-c.3kOpt-out of daily towel&linen changesBy opting out,laundry volume is reduced,lowering water use and electricity consumption3k-7k-2k-3kReduce laundry temperatureReducing laundry water temper-ature from 90C to 60C,reduces energy consumption for hot wate

104、r2k-4k-1k-2kRecycle waste Recycling allows for reusing materials and reduces waste,consequently lowering emissions related to waste disposal2k-3k-Introduce paperless proceduresLimiting the paper use will reduce GHG emissions associated with paper manufacturing and waste treatmentc.0.7k-Limit food wa

105、ste Reduce food waste(e.g.donating food,removing buffets,etc.)limits amount of waste disposalc.0.7k-Eliminate disposablesEliminating single-use materials reduces GHG emissions associated with product manufacturing and waste treatment0.4k-0.6kc.5k-Collect rainwaterCollecting rainwater which can be us

106、ed for irrigation will reduce an water use21-33c.7k100 400Develop native gardensNative gardens have local plants which require no additional irriga-tion,reducing water consumption8-13c.5k40-100Install smart irrigation sys-temDrip irrigation eliminates inefficien-cies associated with overwatering and

107、 evaporation,reducing water consumption 6-13c.10k30 100OperationsOutdoors(i.e.garden)_ Overview of decarbonisation initiatives(impact per accommodation)Figure 13InitiativeRationaleKey leverGHG impact(kg O2-eq)1Invest-ment ()2Yearly savings()3Scal-able metricRetrofit efficient HVAC systemEfficient te

108、chnologies and control options can reduce overall energy consumption of Heating,Ventila-tion,and Air Conditioning(HVAC)systems35k-130k110k-170k18k-60kInstall double-pane windowsDouble glazing reduces heat loss through windows,which lowers energy consumption for HVAC7k-25k80k-160k3k-15kInstall sunsha

109、ding on windowsSunshading reduce heat gain from solar radiation,which lowers energy consumption for HVAC1k-25k180k-300k0.7k-10kInstall(more)insulationInsulation creates a barrier to heat gain and loss through walls and roofs,which lowers energy con-sumption for HVAC1k-7k130k-160k0.5k-5kInstall energ

110、y-efficient appliancesInstall energy-efficient(A-grade rating)appliances in guest,laundry rooms and kitchen,which lowers electricity consumption8k-30k80k-110k5k-7k Install low-flow fixturesLow-flow showerheads and faucets reduce water usage and energy consumption for hot water4k-19kc.16k3k-13kUse en

111、ergy-efficient lightingLED lighting is more energy effi-cient than older solutions,reducing electricity consumption3k-9k7k-9k2k-4k Electrify vehicle fleetReplace owned or leased vehicles by electric models,reducing emissions from vehicles fuel3k-4kc.2kc.6k Install smart lift softwareElevator softwar

112、e which automat-ically switches off elevator lights and ventilation lowers energy consumption1k-3k20k-30k0.9k-1kInstall key card switch in guest roomsKey card controlled switches ensure lights are only used when guests are present in their room,reducing electricity consumption1k-2kc.25k0.9k-1kInstal

113、l motion sensors in corridors for lightingMotion sensors turn on lights only when movement is detected in corridors,resulting in reduced energy consumption for lighting0.4k-2k3k-4k0.2k-1kInstall efficient pool pumpsVariable-speed pool pumps can run at a lower speed setting,which is more energy-effic

114、ient0.8k-1kc.1k0.5k-0.6kPlace a pool coverPool covers decrease the heating need of pool water and reduce water evaporation0.7k-1kc.11k0.5k-0.6k Install dual-flush toiletsA dual-flush toilet conserves water by offering choice between two flush volumes,reducing the water consumption0.3k-1k40k-50k1k-9k

115、Fixtures&equipmentBuilding structure&facades1.Yearly GHG emission savings,based on specific conversion factor2.Total upfront investment required for the initiative3.Yearly savings stemming from lower energy consumption/water use/waste disposalGarden areaEnergyWasteWaterSurface areaNumber of roomsNum

116、ber of windowsNumber of elevatorsNumber of carsNumber of pools_ Abatement potential breakdownTonne CO2-eq,%of total emissions/abatement potential Figure 15Full serviceLimited service1 Net savings:cost savings compensate for upfront investments within a timespan of 15 years2 Net costs:cost savings do

117、 not compensate for upfront investments within a a timespan of 15 years70%30%33%67%3009075077%17532%45028%40068%31%69%14525%1,10075%21%79%28032%68%72%22%99078%35%11023%77%215EmissionsAbatementpotentialEmissionsAbatementpotentialEmissionsAbatementpotential23%65%of an accommodations emission saving po

118、tential is associated with initiatives with a positive business caseAbatement potentialUnabated emissionsAbatement attributed to initiatives associated with net savings1Abatement attributed to initiatives associated with net costs2TropicalContinentalTemperate222323BackgroundGlobal accommodation sect

119、or _The road to net zero emissions /_ The potential of implementing of the most efficient technologiesGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The potential of implementing the most efficient technologies_ Business case feasibility of decarbonisation measures Figure 14Implicati

120、ons of the GHG Abatement Cost Curves The total abatement potential can be estimated by add-ing up all the individual measures.For example,when looking in absolute terms,a full-service accommodation with 100 guest rooms and extensive facilities in a tropical climate as shown in figure 15 could realis

121、e c.215,000 kg CO-eq savings on average per year.Absolute emis-sions scale with the number of guest rooms or common area,and are heavily impacted by the applicability of measures to each archetype,i.e.not all accommodations offer the same amenities(e.g.minibar,pool,and diver-sity of Food&Beverages).

122、This is reflected by the width in curves of figure 11 compared to figure 12,in which limited-service accommodations realise lower absolute GHG abatement compared to a full-service accommoda-tion.While absolute abatement potential differs between climates,the relative abatement is fairly comparable.O

123、n the other hand,limited-service accommodations have a higher relative potential compared to full-service accom-modations,albeit at lower overall emissions,see figure 15.Finally,country variances in power conversion rates strongly impact the absolute GHG abatement potential.The more a countrys energ

124、y grid relies on renewable energy,the less GHG is emitted by consumed energy and as such less GHG can be abated.For example,a full-service accommodation in France,which is a frontrunner when it comes to renewable electricity generation(i.e.conver-sion factor of 0.0487 kg CO-eq/kWh),has an abatement

125、potential of 32 tonne CO-eq,whereas a full-service accommodation with the same number of rooms in South Africa has an abatement potential of c.450 tonne CO2-eq(i.e.conversion factor of 0.9927 kg CO-eq/kWh).When looking at individual abatement measures,the ACC highlights considerable fragmentation re

126、gardless of the considered archetype there is not one silver bullet,but multiple measures need to be combined.For full-service accommodations,most of the GHG abatement poten-tial(c.65%)relies on improvements to the structure and faade of accommodations building.On the flip side,gar-den stewardship t

127、ypically offers limited carbon savings (c.1%),though it should be recognised that the latter offers clear other sustainability improvements besides decarbonisation.76%24%The majority of measures require upfront investments,which vary in size.A large share(c.58%)of measures has a positive business ca

128、se,which means that the upfront investments are recovered by lower energy spending in the next 15 years.These measures represent c.76%of the abatement potential.Hence,the majority of abatement can be pursued with a positive net return.2425Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /

129、_The abatement potential of accommodations in practiceFigure 160%20%40%60%80%100%Global average:c.45%Energy-efficient lighting(e.g.LED)has become a true industry standard,partially because of the clearly positive business caseThe most potent decarbonising practice,energy-efficient HVAC still has amp

130、le potential left.As implementation is relatively cumbersome,appetite is lowPool covers are one of the leastimplemented initiatives,primarily due to limited awareness of the optionGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_The abatement potential of accommodations in practice_ The

131、 abatement potential of accommodations in practiceAccommodations care about sustainability and decar-bonisation:virtually all businesses have implemented one or several practices to reduce their carbon footprint.However,the depth of these efforts varies greatly,leav-ing substantial reduction opportu

132、nities for adoption.Cur-rent global adoption rates of decarbonisation initiatives fluctuate mostly between 30%and 70%,see figure 16.Accommodations have already made considerable progress in implementing sustainable practices.Nevertheless,there is still room for further improvement.Collectively,accom

133、modations have the opportunity to abate c.15-20%of their current total carbon emissions by adopting the most efficient technologies.This requires a greater sense of urgency,more targeted infor-mation about the potential of different measures,and better access to financial capital.A select number of

134、practices have become industry stand-ards:only a few accommodations do not yet have energy-efficient lighting,offer opting out of daily laundry and adopted waste separation.On the other hand,some prac-tices appear persistently lagging,such as insulating pool covers and energy-efficient lift software

135、._ Implementation rate of decarbonation practices%of decarbonisation practices Figure 16AccommodationsRoomsRemainingabatementvolumeSmallLimited serviceFull service262726BackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential of accommodations in practiceGloba

136、l accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential of accommodations in practice_ Implementation rate of decarbonisation practices by archetype%of abatement potential Figure 17_ GHG emission and abatement potentialMt CO-eq Figure 18The potential amount of CO-eq that ca

137、n be abated through sustainable practices amounts to 87Mt globally.The majority thereof,48Mt CO-eq,remains untapped to date,corresponding to a saving of 15-20%of accom-modations current total emissions(264Mt CO-eq).This potential is strongly skewed towards full-service accom-modations,as depicted in

138、 figure 19.This type of accom-modation represents only a small share of properties,but their large room portfolio and extensive service propo-sition increase their share of usage of natural resources.Still,it is imperative that all accommodations reduce their GHG emissions to achieve the Paris clima

139、te goals.The lions share of remaining abatement potential(c.75%)is associated with the implementation of just three initia-tives,see figure 20 for more detail.The greatest potential lies in installing an energy-efficient heating and cooling systems(HVAC;c.53%of remaining abatement poten-tial globall

140、y),using energy-efficient appliances across the accommodation(c.12%)and in installing double-glazed windows(c.10%).However,despite the skew in poten-tial,it should be clear to all value chain participants that the focus should not just be on these big fish.Wider adoption of all initiatives including

141、 ones with relatively smaller impact is still indispensable to achieve net zero emissions in the end.These other initiatives account for c.25%of the total abatement potential.Despite having relatively smaller impact,typically these practices are easier to implement.For example,turning the minibar of

142、f by default(c.2%),opting out of daily linen and towel changes(c.2%),lowering laundry temperature(c.1%)are all practices which could easily be implemented tomor-row without the need for additional investment.Relative impact and current implementation rates are comparable for individual initiatives a

143、cross the world,with only slight variations between different archetypes of accommodations.As depicted in figure 17,it appears that especially limited-service accommodations are slightly lagging in terms of their adoption rate across the range of initiatives.Furthermore,nuances exist mostly with res

144、pect to applicability/effectiveness of initiatives across different regions of the world._ Accommodation market and abatement potential by archetype Figure 19264Residual emissionsHistoric emission39216Already abatedRemainingemissions48Remainingabatement volume 302-13%18%Energy-efficient lightingRecy

145、clingLinen changesFood wasteNo disposablesInsulationSunshadingNative gardensLaundry temperatureLow-flow fixturesPaperless proceduresDual-flush toiletsEnergy-efficient appliancesMinibars offDouble-pane windowsRainwater irrigationSmart lift softwareEnergy-efficient HVACSmart irrigation systemEnergy-ef

146、ficient pool pumpsMotion sensorsKey card switchPool coverElectric vehicles0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Decarbonisation initiativeImplementation rateSmallLimited serviceFull service28292829BackgroundBackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential o

147、f accommodations in practiceGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential of accommodations in practiceFigure 200%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%821113550679101249545253455565157058APACLATAMLATAMEuropeLATAMEuropeGlobalGlobalAPACEuropeGlobalAPACInstalled base(

148、%of rooms with measure)Share of remaining abatement potential (%of region)Usual suspectsSmall-impact initiativesthat have been widely implementedBig fishBig-impact initiatives with ample remaining potentialGravelSmall-impact initiatives,that appear unknown,or difficult/unattractive to implementIniti

149、atives can be bucketed based on the remaining potential and the current installed base.The combination of these metrics provides a high-level view on the ease of cap-turing the potential and the extent to which adoption barriers exist.Overall dynamics of individual initiatives are fairly comparable

150、the world over.Meanwhile,specific segments(in terms of continents,climate and accommodation type)each have their nuances,in particular continents,as depicted in this graph.The horizontal axis share of remaining abatement potential explains how large the impact of an initiative is relative to other i

151、nitiatives within the same segment(i.e.spe-cific continent).Based on this measure,three initiatives(big fish)drive the majority of abatement potential across the world.The current implementation rate on the vertical axis is associated with ease of implementation.Initiatives that have already been wi

152、dely adopted appear attractive,indicating that future adoption could occur relatively smoothly(usual suspects).Lastly,a few initiatives have low adoption rates(gravel),indicating that external intervention might be necessary to make these cases attractive as well.Remaining abatement potential by reg

153、ion_ Remaining abatement potential of decarbonisation measures by region Figure 201 North America and Africa not explicitly visualised but included in global numberMotion sensorsMinibars offLinen changesRecyclingLow-flow fixturesSunshadingDouble-pane windowsEnergy-efficient appliancesEnergy-efficien

154、t HVACEnergy-efficient lightingElectric vehiclesInsulationKey card switchLaundry temperatureSmart lift softwareNegative business casePositive business caseAPACEuropeNorth AmericaLATAMAfrica3031Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential of accommodations in

155、 practiceGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential of accommodations in practice_ Financial perspective of remaining potentialAs illustrated by the Abatement Cost Curve in the previous chapter,most initiatives are effectively positive business cases.In ot

156、her words,the investment is earned back over the lifetime(15 years)of the initiative.This is the case for initiatives representing c.74%of the abatement potential.Meanwhile,only c.28%of the cumulative required invest-ments are associated with these positive business cases.This disparity is caused by

157、 the fact that initiatives carrying large abatement potential(the big fish)are associated with relatively positive business cases,whereas initia-tives with smaller impact also require substantial invest-ments.The cumulative investment required to achieve the remaining carbon emission abatement of 48

158、Mt CO-eq is 243b,or an average of c.4,750 per room.These invest-ments do not take into account opportunity costs in the form of potentially missed revenues and it also ignores _ Abatement potential and required investments Figure 21_ Feasibility of sustainable initiatives Figure 22AfricaLATAMNorth A

159、mericaEuropeAPAC96b9b32b23Mt3Mt4Mt7Mt39b11Mt68b26%Remaining abatement potential72%74%28%Required investment48Mt CO2-eq 243bNegative business casePositive business case48Mt CO2-eq 243bthe availability of(local)grants/subsidies.It should be noted that continental differences exist in terms of aver-age

160、 required investment per CO-eq abatement potential.Especially Europe is more expensive,which is a reflection of their progression to date the remaining potential is skewed towards initiatives with larger investment and the regions relatively low energy conversion rate,see figure 21.PartakersSpectato

161、rsFrontrunners3233Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential of accommodations in practiceGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential of accommodations in practice_ Sustainability mindsets Figure 23_ Barriers for

162、further adoptionMost accommodations recognise the growing need to do their part in decarbonising the industry.However,despite their good intentions and efforts,businesses run into barriers that prevent them from going further.Based on accommodations considerations,current implementa-tion profiles,an

163、d perceived barriers,accommodations can be classified into three sustainability mindsets see fig-ure 23:Spectators,Partakers and Frontrunners.In general,Spectators,reflecting c.32%of global supply,are lagging in their efforts.They do not perceive the urgency to pri-oritise decarbonisation in their d

164、ecisions and operations.Next,Partakers,reflecting c.61%of global rooms,have taken initial steps towards decarbonisation.They are now at the point that they do not necessarily know how to continue.Furthermore,sustainability is still an objective which comes secondary to their core business.Lastly,a m

165、inority of c.7%of global rooms can be classified as Frontrunners,proactively pushing sustainable efforts.It is mostly large full-service accommodations that can be Spectating accommodations typically have few initiatives in place.Their focus is on running a profitable business,and sustainability is

166、subordinate to this.They tend to implement the industry standards and,when applicable,some cost-saving practices that happen to be sustainable as well.This group has achieved some reductions,but it clearly has the largest abatement potential left.Partaking accommodations put considerable effort into

167、 adopting sustainable practices.However,as it is not their main focus,they tend to run out of ideas and therefore miss out on less obvious practices.As such,they typically have implemented a wider range of initiatives,but only those that are financially attractive and relatively well-known.There is

168、still significant reduction to be achieved.Frontrunning accommodations explicitly build their proposition on sustainability.It is deeply engrained in their operations and part of the guest offering.They have high adoption rates as a result of their focus to make even the more far-fetched initiatives

169、 viable.However extensive the efforts of this group are,in most cases they can still achieve further emission reduction._ Barriers to implementation by sustainability mindset Figure 243.Financial means“How can we obtain money for large upfront investments?”“How can we omit large upfront investments?

170、”2.Knowledge“What are sustainable practices we could adopt?”“What is practically needed to implement this initiative?”“What are upfront/long-term implications of this initiative?”1.Urgency “Why do we need to make an effort(now)?”We have a few sustainability measures in place,however these were solel

171、y implemented with the aim to reduce operating costs.For example,we have LED bulbs and opt-out for daily laundry in place.Spectator hotel,USAWe have included sustainability as a pillar in our strategy last year,driven by the increasing sustainability demand from guests.However,progressing from a hig

172、h-level plan to concrete actions has been challenging.Partaker hotel,Spain identified as Frontrunners and they have a larger preva-lence in Europe and Africa,see figure 26 and 27.Even this group still has some steps to take to achieve net zero emissions.Spectators and Partakers behave largely reacti

173、vely with respect to sustainability or do so with a different primary objective(e.g.cost savings)in mind.With the ambition of accelerating the transition,accommodations eventu-ally need to shift sustainability mindset.In other words,Spectators becoming Partakers and Partakers becoming Frontrunners,t

174、hereby increasing the overall focus on sus-tainability.The road to adoption of new practices contains three main barriers:sense of need or urgency,availability of knowledge and availability of required resources.The three sustainability mindsets struggle at various stagesof the implementation path.S

175、upport with overcoming existing barriers is crucial to accelerate overall decarboni-sation efforts and to unlock the reduction of the remaining abatement potential.Most hotels are happy when they reach a platinum level for some eco label.We go far beyond that point.It is fun to come up with new and

176、more sustainable initiatives.Frontrunner hotel,the NetherlandsSpectatorsPartakersFrontrunners Spectators do not yet feel the urge to make steps with respect to decarbonisation,see figure 25.A call to action and creating a sense of urgency(e.g.by showing the likely increase in energy prices in the fu

177、ture)will be the most direct lever to increase their levels of implementation.Partakers on the other hand,already want to make a larger effort.They especially run into the barriers of knowing what they can do and how to achieve this.Moreover,even if they are aware of the opportunities,the lack of re

178、sources might still hamper their actions.Lastly,even Frontrunners could benefit from external help.These accommodations are still incidentally limited by knowledge and/or resources.SpectatorPartakerFrontrunnerFigure 27SmallLimited serviceFull service8%48%44%8%56%35%5%85%10%Full serviceLimited servic

179、eSmall34353435BackgroundBackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential of accommodations in practiceGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The abatement potential of accommodations in practice_ Adoption barriers by sustainabil

180、ity mindset%of rooms Figure 27FrontrunnerPartakerSpectatorEuropeAfricaLatin AmericaNorth AmericaFigure 26Asia-Pacific_ Regional spread of sustainability mindsetShare of rooms Figure 26_ Adoption barriers by sustainability mindset%of initiatives Figure 25ImplementedUrgencyKnowledgeFinancial meansPart

181、aker Spectator Frontrunner 36%49%9%6%58%16%16%10%90%4%3%2%3637Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Full transition pathway to achieve net zero ambitionGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Full transition pathway to achieve net zero ambitionRoom sha

182、re of the accommodation sector in which staff is trained to adopt sustainable manners55%Room share of the accommodation sector in which travellers are educated on sustainable behaviour41%_ Full transition pathway to achieve net zero ambitionGuest behaviourWhile consumers become increasingly aware of

183、 the need to avert climate change,their sustainable behaviour tends to cease during their travels.33%of travellers indicate that they view vacations as a special time where they want to escape and relax,without thinking about sustainability Source 13.As such,habits like switching off lights when lea

184、ving a room and recycling are often left at home,which results in preventable emissions.Even though accommo-dations cannot directly control guest behaviour,they can try to positively influence it.Changing guest behaviour is a particularly powerful tool as its effect is twofold.Firstly,and most obvio

185、usly,emissions will be reduced directly when guests limit their energy consumption.Secondly,involving guests in sustainable practices initiates a mutually amplifying interplay between sustainable demand and supply.After all,when accommo-dations succeed in making sustainability an integrated part of

186、travel,commercial relevance of sustainability in the accommodation sector will grow.This self-reinforcing mechanism will eventually drive overall sustainability adoption throughout the travel value chain.As identified,accommodations can abate c.15-20%of total GHG emissions by improving the efficienc

187、y of their infra-structure.In order to achieve net zero emissions,three remain-ing steps need to be taken:behavioural changes,so-called greenification of energy production and carbon offsets.Guests can for example already be made aware ahead of bookings,by emphasising accommodations sustainability i

188、nitiatives on their listings.Furthermore,accommodations can actively educate travellers on sustainable practices _ Flywheel of decarbonisation Figure 28Sustainable accommodationSustainable guest behaviourDecarbonisation_ Behavioural changesAccommodations can further reduce consumption of natural res

189、ources by stimu-lating behavioural changes among their guests and their own personnel.Human behaviour is not under accommodations direct control,yet nudging can unlock significant GHG reductions.through environmental appeals.This outreach can be undertaken in many ways,for example by indicating the

190、relevance of lowering/turning off the HVAC system and showing the impact of shorter showers.Such messages appeal to guests voluntary cooperation.More persua-sive influencing may be achieved through the addition of attractive incentives(e.g.free perks,discount on future stays.).Nudging and attractive

191、 interventions regarding behaviour can have substantial impact,since the majority of travellers is indifferent or even resistant.For example,in the USA only 15%of travellers already have a pro-active sustainable behaviour pattern.40%are indifferent,and are likely to adopt more sustainable manners up

192、on being educated.More notably,a group of 45%resists sustain-able behaviour when travelling,and is most likely only moved by incentives Source 14.Staff behaviourNot just the attitude of guests,but also staff behaviour affects the efficient consumption of natural resources.Accommodations can(more)act

193、ively educate staff on how to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Involving personnel through brainstorms and/or sustainability committees in efforts to decarbonise creates a shared responsibility.Furthermore,personnel could limit consump-tion of natural resources by,among other things,turning off light

194、s and HVAC in vacant rooms,using kitchen appliances only when needed,and perhaps most importantly help-ing and supporting guests to behave sustainably.Further-more,training staff to abide by sustainable practices is vital for the transition.In the end,many sustainable practices are as effective as t

195、he personnel applying them.Although changing behaviour of guests and staff seems obvious,only half of the accommodations currently train their staff regarding energy saving practices.Full-service accommodations already do this a little more.Moreover,fewer than half the accommodations currently pro-a

196、ctively inform their guests on ways to behave more sustainably.Accommodations typically lack the knowledge on how to effectively communicate this,without compromising guest comfort.3839Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Full transition pathway to achieve net zero ambition

197、Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Full transition pathway to achieve net zero ambitionCarbon credits are regulated tradable certificates or per-mits representing the negation of one tonne of CO-eq.In essence,carbon credits aim to facilitate the reduction of GHG emissions

198、 by generating the opportunity to mon-etise.Credits can be created in two ways:either through prevention of or by storing emissions.Carbon prevention schemes typically fund projects/initiatives that reduce GHG emissions,such as updating power plants,improv-ing energy efficiency of buildings and tran

199、sport,etc.,whereas carbon storage prevents emissions from entering the atmosphere.Storage can be done through biological,physical and chemical processes.For example,afforesta-tion establishing a forest in an area without previous tree cover creates carbon credits,since trees function as car-bon sink

200、s and remove CO from the atmosphere.Accom-modations could partake in acquiring carbon credits and using these negative emissions to neutralise their own.Carbon offsets appear attractive as they are a relatively accessible way to limit GHG emissions.Knowledge and investment requirements are typically

201、 lower than for the implementation of carbon-saving measures and greeni-fying energy production.As an illustration,compensation for a years energy consumption of a typical guest room would cost 3301 Source 9;17.However,the financial _ Carbon offsetting Even after full implementation of available red

202、uction measures,accommodations might still emit some greenhouse gases.Accommodations have the option to offset the remainder.However,supply is limited,and offsets should therefore be adopted moderately and as a last resort.attractiveness of this measure will rapidly decrease.Supply of carbon credits

203、 is becoming increasingly restricted and with a rising demand,prices are likely to surge.Despite their current appeal,carbon offset credits are currently hardly used in the accommodation sector;only 3%of accommodations indicate they procure such credits.These options at the moment still appear relat

204、ively unknown to most accommodations.More importantly,despite their appeal,offsets should strictly be seen as(a small)part of the solution rather than the whole solution.They could be used during the transi-tion phase,and in the long run only as a last resort.As the world searches for ways to reduce

205、 emissions,the limited supply of offsets can serve only to alleviate a certain share of that demand.1Based on 2021 price point of a European carbon credit.Local green energy productionAccommodations have the opportunity to generate their own renewable energy locally.Various options exist:on-site sol

206、ar panels,wind turbines and heat pumps can be installed,but a stake in local solar/wind farms or even connecting to a grid at pre-existing farms can also be bought.So far,accommodations appear hesitant to adopt on-site installations.Payback periods of these installa-tions depend on the local energy

207、price,the technology employed,product characteristics,subsidy schemes and local climate conditions.In the illustrative case of solar panels,the typical payback period is roughly 10 years.If all accommodations were to place solar panels on their roof surface,they would theoretically produce a col-lec

208、tive c.71TWh,abating an additional c.33 Mt CO-eq,at an estimated investment of c.141b Source 12;15.Despite the generally positive business case,accommo-dations perceive the high upfront investment as the main barrier.It is not just financial attractiveness,but also a lack of(financial)knowledge that

209、 holds back accommoda-tions from broader adoption.Yet,incentives like leasing and loans go a long way towards establishing local green energy production._ Greenification of energy production Alongside optimising energy consumption,accommodations can further reduce GHG emissions by minimising their r

210、eliance on fossil fuels.This requires accom-modations to transition to renewable energy sources,such as wind,solar and hydro energy.Adoption of green energy can be done directly,by local energy production;or indirectly,through procurement.ProcurementAccommodations can also purchase renewable energy

211、from the grid.The notion that the sectors emissions can be abated by procuring green energy from utility provid-ers should however be handled with caution.After all,ear-marking green energy production to a certain sector may seemingly decarbonise the sector in question,but does not provide a direct

212、solution to global emissions.Eventu-ally,increased demand for green energy does stimulate the market to greenify global energy production.To real-ise an actual difference in global emissions,production of green energy should be expanded and applied at a global level across all sectors.Moving the wor

213、ld to 100%renewa-ble energy by 2050 would require a collective 63 trillion in upfront investments as recently published by Stanford University Source 16.In theory,this translates to c.525b for the accommodation sector,to reduce the remaining c.215Mt CO2-eq (i.e.after adoption of all initiatives intr

214、o-duced in the previous chapter).Carbon storageCarbon preventionCarboncredits Purchasing green energyProducing renewable energy(on-site)Carbon storageCarbon preventionCarboncredits _ Carbon offset credits Figure 30_ Green energy production options Figure 29Room share of accommodations that purchase

215、carbon credits3%Figure 321Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 Urgency404141BackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Support from stakeholders to accelerate decarbonisationGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Support from stakeholders t

216、o accelerate decarbonisation_ Support from stakeholders to accelerate decarbonisationThe accommodation sector has a broad range of stake-holders who can influence an accommodations decisions/operations and in particular assist in overcoming the barri-ers towards decarbonisation.Within an accommodati

217、ons value chain,these stakeholders include travellers,online distributors(OTAs),employees and local communities.Outside this ecosystem,it is possible to recognise other stakeholders,such as:governments,intergovernmental organisations(e.g.UN),NGOs,travel and tourism associa-tions,creditors and sustai

218、nability advisors(e.g.consultancy firms,certification agencies,research institutes).Each of these stakeholders has their own specific set of resources,capabilities and core competencies,which can facilitate the decarbonisation of the accommodation sector.As mentioned previously,accommodations can pe

219、rceive multiple barriers to achieving net zero emissions,namely:a lack of urgency,a lack of knowledge and cess to finan-cing.It is important to realisethat barriers might differ by specific initiative.To support accommodations in overcoming these barriers,stakeholders can:Create a sense of urgency b

220、y raising awareness on the need for decarbonisation or incentivising the adoption of carbon-saving measuresThe roadmap for accommodations towards net zero emis-sions is ambitious.External support is needed to accelerate the adoption of decarbonisation practices.All stakeholders of the accommodation

221、sector,both public and private,can assist in overcoming barriers which have constrained decarbonisation until today._ Stakeholders overview of accommodation sector Figure 32OwnersOperatorsAccomodationsTravel&tourismassociationsSustainabilityadvisorsIntergovernmentalorganisationsGovernmentsTravelprov

222、idersCreditorsChains/ownersTravellersClose the knowledge gap of accommodations by improving the quality and availability of data,and promoting infor-mation sharingFacilitate the investments needed for accommodations to decarbonise by enhancing the availability and mobilisation of financing For a sum

223、mary of potential actions by stakeholder,see figure 33._ Main barriers to overcome Figure 31Decisions impacting property real estate might fall under a different responsibility than day-to-day operations.If owners and operators are different parties,alignment of goals can vary,driven by different so

224、urces of income and risk.Implementation of sustainable and decarbonisation practices becomes more challenging,with potentially conflicting underlying goals and agendas.To successfully decarbonise the accommodation sector,external stakeholders need to align accommodation owners and operators under a

225、com-mon objective.Greater goal alignment will likely produce a more consistent and effec-tive set of decisions with regards to decarbonisation.Bridging the gap between property owners and operators4342Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Support from stakeholders to acceler

226、ate decarbonisationGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Support from stakeholders to accelerate decarbonisationFigure 321Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 Urgency1Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 UrgencyTo create a sense of urgency,stakeholders can:Raise

227、awareness on the need for decarbonisation by increasing media coverage of climate change and by setting explicit decarbonisation goals for accommodationsTo start with,raising awareness about the need for decarbonisation can be achieved by increasing coverage of climate change and its impacts,often p

228、ursued via the media and outreach campaigns.Ultimately,every single person or institution can assist in generat-ing awareness for a specific cause and in particular place efforts towards the promotion of sustainable travel.Governments can for example play a role in developing public awareness campai

229、gns.In parallel,climate-focused NGOs,tourism associations,sustain-ability advisors,public personalities and the media industry can act as partners for out-reach efforts,by creating content and sharing this content through targeted channels to reach accommodations.Examples include global climate stri

230、ke movements or documen-taries on global warming.The need for decarbonisation can be strengthened by setting explicit goals for the accommodation sector.Also in the direct ecosystem,accommoda-tion owners/chain management can create urgency by promoting sustainable travel and setting goals as well as

231、 travellers,who communicate efforts through their own behaviour.On a(supra)national level,governments should put in place a clear and time-defined roadmap to achieve net zero emissions.This endeavour can be reinforced by tourism asso-ciations,that can show support for government goals by providing s

232、hort-term milestones to accommodations.Incentivise the adoption of carbon-saving measures by stimulating the willingness of guests to travel sustainably,improving the transparency of an accommodations sustainable efforts and offering preferential treatment to sustainable accommodationsThe urgency to

233、 decarbonise can further be passed on to accommodations through commercial incentives.First,the need can be bolstered by guests,who become increas-ingly aware of climate change,thereby increasing their willingness to travel sustainably Source 18.This makes it commercially crucial for accommodations

234、to decarbonise in Lack of urgency is still a limitation for most accommodations on their way to achiev-ing net zero emissions.In particular for Spectators see figure 23 for an overview of the different sustainability mindsets,it is the key barrier as they tend to focus on other priorities.Somewhat s

235、urprisingly,even Partakers and Frontrunners can still benefit from support with respect to raising urgency for the initiatives they have not yet implemented.They have overcome this barrier,evidenced by their past efforts,but need additional support with the next initiatives.Lack of urgency is a domi

236、nant barrier that accommodations can hardly be expected to overcome without help.When indicating that urgency is a limiting factor to adopt a practice,a staggering 78%of accommodations state that nothing could persuade them to adopt,even when the practice in question is relevant to reducing their bu

237、siness emissions.To defy this strong mindset,stakeholders may employ increased awareness,incentivisation and constraints._ Create sense of urgency for accomodations to decarboniseorder to remain competitive.Business travellers sometimes already introduce this metric as a selection criterion,therewit

238、h disqualifying specific Spectating and Partaking accom-modations.Furthermore,decarbonisation can be incentivised by improving transparency regarding sustainable accommodations,thereby driving additional guest bookings.Until now,41%of travellers indicate they do not know how to find sustainable trav

239、el options Source 13.Online travel agencies(OTAs)and tourism sites can remedy this by introducing sustainability search filters.Moreover,OTAs and tourism sites can make an accommodations sustainability efforts more transparent by adopting sustainability labels and listing descriptions.Figure 321Know

240、ledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 Urgency1Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 Urgency1Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 Urgency1Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 UrgencyTo bridge the knowledge gap of accommodations,stakeholders can:Improve data availability and quality

241、with regards to decarbonisationA necessary step towards addressing accommodations knowledge barrier will be to increase information and data quality.Specific areas are still underdeveloped and might be deemed relevant for accommodations in their decision-making process,especially when it comes to th

242、e technical characteristics and commercial viability of the various carbon-saving options.Research by intergovernmental organisations,climate-focused NGOs,governments,sustainability advisors,travel and tourism associations,and travel providers can help produce detailed results and recommendations fo

243、r specific countries.Increase information accessibility and distribution,by making it freely available(online)and through campaigns,conferences/training sessions and best-practice sharing across the sectorTo further close the accommodation sectors knowledge gap,it is necessary to make information an

244、d data freely accessible and available to those accommodations seek-ing it.First,travel and tourism associations,travel providers and specific accommodation groups/chains could remedy this by creating a centralised platform which serves to iden-tify the main programmes and funding options available

245、for accommodations to decar-bonise.The French Chamber of Commerce has developed such a tool,through which it offers personalised advice based on an accommodations location,proposed project and support needs Source 19.Furthermore,information targeted to decarbonisation in the accommodation sector sho

246、uld remain in the public domain.Libraries,archives and government offices should make relevant documents accessible without restriction.Even if knowledge is present and available,not everyone is aware of it,or can easily access it.Continuous activation of relevant materials can be of support to acco

247、mmodations.Partakers and,to a lesser extent,Frontrunners often mention their lack of know-ledge as a barrier to decarbonisation.They see the need and urgency of decar-bonisation,but lack the knowledge to some degree.Partakers in particular would benefit from knowing more about the available decarbon

248、isation options,under-standing the(financial)implications,and how to potentially prioritise these initia-tives in order to take the next step in the transition._ Close the knowledge gap of accommodations444545BackgroundGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Support from stake

249、holders to accelerate decarbonisationGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Support from stakeholders to accelerate decarbonisationTo ease the investments needed for accommodations to decarbonise,stakeholders can:Improve the financial attractiveness of decarbonisation through

250、 grants or subsidies Implementing decarbonisation practices typically requires upfront investments.Govern-ments can play a vital role in unlocking profitable investments,which banks currently are unwilling to finance given the long-term investment for especially(smaller)properties.Governments can al

251、leviate all or part of this financial burden by offering grants or sub-sidies to accommodations.Such incentives can also be offered in the form of taxation,both as a bonus or a malus initiative.Promote investments in decarbonisation by developing credit(e.g.loans)activitiesGovernments and financing

252、institutions(e.g.banks)can also spread the upfront financial burden associated with decarbonisation,enabling longer and more-than-market-attrac-tive repayment terms.This is achieved through long-term loans targeted to sustainable development,on-site renewables and green tourism accreditations.Such l

253、oans could offer advantageous interest rates for sustainable development.As an example,Triodos Bank offers loans targeted to sustainable development,with interest rate discounts linked to the level of environmental certification achieved Source 19.Finally,when an accommodation has an overarching own

254、ership structure,financial requirements for investments are often more stringent.A relaxation of these investment requests when it comes to sustainable development can also provide further support.The last barrier is access to and support with financial means.This barrier is mainly relevant for Part

255、akers and Frontrunners.They typically have the motivation and knowledge to implement initiatives,but are sometimes limited due to the large upfront investments.These investments are particularly hefty when accommoda-tions improve their building structure and equipment.On top of the relatively large

256、investment,temporary accommodation closure can lead to missing revenues.When means are the limiting factor for accommodations to implement initiatives,accom-modations indicate that especially subsidies(78%)could trigger them vs.loans(22%)._Opportunities to support by stakeholder Figure 33_ Facilitat

257、ing the investments needed to decarbonise 1.Urgency2.Knowledge3.Financial means Intergovernmental organisations Launch public awareness campaigns Define transition ambitions and goals Provide(global)platform Contribute to research into sustainability Improve information availa-bilityGovernments Laun

258、ch national awareness campaigns Define national roadmap for decarbonisation Contribute to research into sustainability Improve information availability Introduce sustainability related taxation Offer grants and subsidies Offer attractive financial structuresTravel&tourism associations Promote sustai

259、nable travel&tourism Define(sub)sector-specific decarbonisation roadmap Contribute to research into sustainability Create a central knowledge platform Enable information sharing across sector(s)Travel providers (e.g.OTAs)Promote sustainable travel Improve transparency of sustainability efforts Creat

260、e a central knowledge platform Enable information sharing across accommodationsSustainability advisors Support public awareness campaigns Contribute to research into sustainability Partner with accommodations and other stakeholdersCreditors Improve financial information availability Offer attractive

261、 financial structuresChains/owners Promote sustainable travel Set sustainability targets for affiliated accommodations Become the industry standard Create a knowledge platform Enable information sharing across accommodations Relax financial requirementsAccommodations Promote sustainable travel Share

262、 knowledge and best practices among peersTravellers Propagate sustainable travelFigure 321Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 Urgency1Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 Urgency1Knowledge3Financial meansDecarbon-isation2 UrgencyTypically,tourism associations can launch campaigns and sc

263、hedule training sessions/conferences on the mitigation strategies available to accommodations.As an example,the German Hotel and Restaurant Association uses such campaigns to offer guidance,on-site consulting services and workshops to the accommodation sector Source 19.Finally,accommodations themsel

264、ves also have a hand in driving knowledge distribution.Strengthening feedback loops and best practice sharing across peers or within their owner-ship structure and taking a pro-active stance in facilitating such knowledge sharing could prove useful for other accommodations to gain practical insights

265、.4647Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ The way aheadGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Carbon offsettingClimate change is and will remain one of the most pressing challenges of our time.Urgency will only fur-ther increase if no immediate and s

266、ubstantial action is taken by all market players.As a relevant contributor to climate change,the accommodation sector has a vital role to play in the effort to decarbonise.The tourism sec-tor is expected to bounce back after the COVID-19 cri-sis to historic(growth)levels.As such,it is crucial to tak

267、e all possible measures now to prevent the growth of this thriving market to be translated into more GHG emis-sions.The aim towards net zero emissions is in line with global ambitions and this study showcases how accom-modations themselves can intensify their current efforts,and how stakeholders can

268、 support and accelerate this relevant transition.Despite the focus on decarbonisation in this report as well as of global policymakers,the broader importance of sustainability should not be forgotten.There are many more aspects,such as local employment,overtourism and environmental preservation,whic

269、h will become increas-ingly pressing over the coming decades.Accommoda-tions already indicate that sustainability for them goes much further than just decarbonisation and support this by a wide variety of actions.However,in line with decar-bonisation,more can and needs to be done.And a rela-tively l

270、arge share of accommodations is still in reactive mode as far as its behaviour is concerned.It is important that sufficient time and effort is also invested in these top-ics to reinforce the accommodation sector and its stake-holders on the different playing fields of sustainability.On the other han

271、d,this transition will also be pushed by changing consumer behaviour.Consumers play an impor-tant role with respect to pushing sustainability and decar-bonisation in the accommodation sector.Awareness and demand for sustainable travel is anticipated to grow fur-ther.Younger generations in particular

272、 will influence the future mix of travellers,inherently placing more empha-sis on ESG topics.This enhanced demand will ultimately translate into commercial impact.Accommodations will more often be(de-)selected on the basis of their commit-ment to these issues.This will not only apply to accom-modati

273、ons,but it will resonate throughout the travel value chain.Consumers may well shift transport mode and even prefer specific destinations to others.It will fur-ther increase the urgency for accommodations and other travel providers to prioritise sustainability as a matter of policy and principle.The

274、way ahead 4849Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ GlossaryGlobal accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ References _ References 1.Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,20152.IPCC,Climate Change 2021,The Physical Scien

275、ce Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,20213.M.Lenzen,et al.,The Carbon Footprint of Global Tourism,2018 4.UNWTO,Transport-related CO2 emissions of the tourism sector,20195.IBIS World,Global Hotels&Resorts-Market Size

276、20052027,20216.B.Goldstein et al.,The carbon footprint of household energy use in the United States,20207.UNWTO,2020:Worst Year in Tourism History with 1 Billion Fewer International Arrivals,20218.WTTC,Travel&Tourism Economic Impact,20219.E.Ricaurte et al.,Cornell Hotel Sustainability Benchmarking I

277、ndex 2021:Carbon,Energy,and Water,202110.IEA,CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion,2016-201711.Worldbank,Getting Electricity:Price of electricity(US cents per kWh)(DB16-20 methodology),retrieved September 202112.ARUP,IHG,Gleeds and Schneider Electric,Transforming Existing Hotels to Net Zero Carbon,2021

278、13.B,Sustainable Travel Report,202114.H.Palani et al.,Identifying Energy-Use Behaviour and Energy-Use Profiles of Hotel Guests,202115.Worldbank,Global Photovoltaic Power Potential By Country,retrieved October 202116.M.Z.Jacobson et al.,Impacts of Green New Deal Energy Plans on Grid Stability,Costs,J

279、obs,Health,and Climate in 143 Countries,201917.Ember,Daily Carbon Prices(EUR/tonnes),retrieved October 202118.B,Partner survey,202119.OECD,Tourism Trends and Policies,2018_ GlossaryACC:Abatement Cost CurveAccommodation:A room,group of rooms,or building in which guests can stay overnightAPAC:Asia-Pac

280、ificArchetype:Segmentation of accommodations(Small,Limited service and Full service)CO:Carbon DioxideCO-eq:Carbon Dioxide equivalentsESG:Environmental,Social,and Governance GDP:Gross Domestic ProductGHG:Greenhouse GasHVAC:Heating,Ventilation,and Air ConditioningkWh:Kilowatt HourLATAM:Latin AmericaMt

281、:Megaton(1,000,000 tonnes)NGO:Non-Governmental Organisation OTA:Online Travel AgencyTonne:1,000 kgTWh:Terawatt-hour(1,000,000,000 kWh)_ References _ Glossary5051Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emissions /_ Want to know more?Global accommodation sector _The road to net zero emission

282、s /_ Want to know more?Bram KuijpersPartner EY-Parthenon B.V.T+31 6 2123 8008 We are happy to provide more information about our experience in each of these areas and look forward to supporting management teams and investors in addressing the strategic challenges and opportunities within the travel and tourism sector.Maurits KrgerManagerEY-Parthenon B.V.T+31 6 2966 8363Ben SchroeterDirectorB T+31 6 1568 7912 Wouter VinckenAssociate PartnerEY-Parthenon B.V.T+31 6 2123 8014 _ Want to know more?