1、CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT 2 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTCover Photo by China Energy Corporation 3 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTCCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT 4 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTReport ConvenersXian ZHANG,The Administrative Center for China

2、s Agenda 21(ACCA 21)Xiaoliang YANG,Global CCS InstituteXi LU,Tsinghua University i CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTAuthors(sorted alphabetically by surname)Jian CHEN Tsinghua UniversityJun CHENG Zhejiang UniversityYujie DIAO Department of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology,China Geological

3、 SurveyJingli FAN China University of Mining and TechnologyLin GAO Huairou LaboratoryLong HAN Zhejiang University of TechnologyDalin JIANG China Energy Investment CorporationChao LI Zhejiang UniversityJia LI Hong Kong University of Science and Technology(Guangzhou)Jiaquan LI Beijing Institute of Tec

4、hnologyKai LI China University of Mining and TechnologyLintao LI CNOOC Research InstitutePengchun LI South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of SciencesQi LI Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of SciencesXiangqian LI Capital University of Economics and BusinessZunya

5、n LI CNOOC Research InstituteXi LIANG University College LondonQianguo LIN Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityLancui LIU Beijing Normal UniversityLianbo LIU China Huaneng GroupLingna LIU Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyQi LIU China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Yu LIU Institutes of Science and

6、Development,Chinese Academy of SciencesJianrong LU CNOOC Research InstituteShijian LU China University of Mining and TechnologyHaodong LV Tsinghua UniversityQiao MA Shandong UniversityYifan MAO China University of Mining and Technology ii CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTAuthors(sorted alphabet

7、ically by surname)Xueting PENG The Administrative Center for Chinas Agenda 21(ACCA 21)Mingwei SHI The Administrative Center for Chinas Agenda 21(ACCA 21)Lili SUN CNOOC Research InstituteNannan SUN Shanghai Advanced Research Institute,Chinese Academy of SciencesGaofeng WANG China National Petroleum C

8、orporation(CNPC)Tao WANG Zhejiang UniversityNing WEI Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of SciencesHui WU Peking UniversityYi WU Global CCS InstituteXiaojun XIANG China University of Mining and TechnologyRuina XU Tsinghua UniversityDong XU China Energy Investment CorporationBo YANG

9、 Tsinghua UniversityLin YANG Inner Mongolia UniversityHang YU CNOOC Research InstituteJianliang YU Dalian University of TechnologyJiutian ZHANG Green Development Institute,Beijing Normal UniversityLu ZHANG CECEP Hundred Technical Service(Beijing)Lei ZHU Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronau

10、tics iii CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTAdvisory PanelJing HUANG Director General,The Administrative Center for Chinas Agenda 21(ACCA 21)Weiyang FEI Academician,Chinese Academy of Sciences/Tsinghua UniversityPeixue JIANG Academician,Chinese Academy of Sciences/Tsinghua University Hongguang JI

11、N Academician,Institute of Engineering Thermophysics,Chinese Academy of SciencesKebin HE Academician,Chinese Academy of Sciences/Tsinghua University Xiang GAO Academician,Chinese Academy of Engineering/Zhejiang UniversityYang LI Academician,Chinese Academy of Engineering/China Petrochemical Corporat

12、ion(Sinopec)He LIU Academician,Chinese Academy of Engineering/China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC)Shiyi YUANG Academician,Chinese Academy of Engineering/China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC)Zheng LI Professor,Tsinghua UniversityYiming WEI Professor,Beijing Institute of TechnologyBo PENG P

13、rofessor,China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Mengxiang FANG Professor,Zhejiang UniversityJinfeng MA Professor,Northwest UniversityWei WEI Professor,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute,Chinese Academy of SciencesXiaochun LI Professor,Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences

14、Yongping ZHAI Senior Consultant of Strategic Development Department,Tencent Shisen XU President,Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute v CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTForewordClimate change is having a sustained and profound impact on the globe.The 27th Conference of the Parties to the UNFC

15、CC(COP27)in 2022 adopted the“Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan,”reaffirming the Paris Agreements long-term goal of limiting the increase in global average temperature to less than 2C compared to pre-industrial levels.“The Plan also urged countries to work toward phasing out coal power that is not

16、equiped with CO2 capture and storage.The IPCCs Sixth Climate Change Assessment Report indicates that only about 1,150 billion tons of CO2 emissions remain in the current global budget under the 2C target;CO2 emissions between 2010 and 2019 already account for about one-third of this budget.Given tha

17、t it is impossible to completely abandon fossil energy,carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)will be an indispensable solution to achieve carbon neutrality.In recent years,China has made a sigificant progress on CCUS development.In 2022,the first integrated 1 Mtpa CCUS project,Qilu Petrochemic

18、al-Shengli Oilfield CCUS Project,officially came into operation in August;Baogang Steel Group plans to build an integrated 2 Mtpa scale CCUS demonstration project for the steel industry,and the first phase of the 500,000-ton demonstration project has already started construction;CNOOC,Guangdong Deve

19、lopment and Reform Commission,Shell China,and ExxonMobil China signed an MoU to jointly study a lage-scale CCUS hub in Daya Bay.Although most of CCUS techologies have been demonstrated,Chinas CCUS development is still lagging behind its carbon neutrality commitment as well as some western countries.

20、Looking forward,the development of CCUS in China still faces challenges such as the lack of market mechanism and insufficient policy incentives.In the future,it is necessary for China to strengthen CCUS R&D,reduce costs,stimulate market demand,and promote the integration of technology,market and pol

21、icy.In response to the new situation,issues&challenges,this Annual Status Report repositioned CCUS under the Chinas carbon peaking and carbon neutrality committment,and reviewed the progress of CCUS technology R&DD.This report also summarized policy development and the challenges facing CCUS further

22、 deployment in China and finally,made relevant policy recommendations.This report can provide reference for policy makers to formulate CCUS-related policies,and support companies to integrate this solution into their decarbonization strategy.vi CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT 1 CCUS PROGRESS

23、IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTTable of ContentsFOREWORD VINTRODUCTION 31.CCUS,A PILLAR OF CHINAS CARBON NEUTRALITY GOAL 41.1 CCUS under the Carbon Neutrality Goal 51.2 The Demand for CCUS and its Source-Sink Matching Potential 71.2.1 CCUS Demand by Industry 71.2.2 Source-Sink Matching Potential 82.CCUS DE

24、VELOPMENT IN CHINA 92.1 CCUS Technologies 102.2 Demonstration Projects 122.3 CCUS Policies 183.CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19REFERENCES 21 2 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT 3 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTIntroductionCarbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)refers to a suite of

25、technologies that can play a diverse role in decarbonizing our energy and industry system.Together with renewable energies,CCUS will be essential to Chinas carbon neutrality target.In recent years,with the continuous advancement of international climate governance and the rapid development of techno

26、logy systems,both the external conditions and inherent needs of CCUS have changed significantly in China.First,with the increasing international and domestic climate pressure,the need for CCUS development has become more urgent.Second,CCUS application scenarios are changing.To achieve carbon neutral

27、ity,near-zero emissions of the fossil energy system and deep decarbonization from industrial processes are not enough;zero-or negative-emissions solutions are also required to reduce existing greenhouse gases(GHGs).Third,low-cost and next-generation CCUS technologies are developing rapidly(1).In suc

28、h a context,based on the close tracking of CCUS progress at home in 2022,this report analyzes the demand for CCUS in China under the carbon neutrality goal,summarizes the main trends and challenges faced by CCUS technologies,projects,and policy development,and puts forward corresponding recommendati

29、ons.The technology and project data of the report is is collected by the Administration Center of Chinas Agenda 21(ACCA 21).1.CCUS,A PILLAR OF CHINAS CARBON NEUTRALITY GOAL 5 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT1.1 CCUS under the Carbon Neutrality GoalThe definition of CCUS has been constantly enr

30、iched by new applications;the applications of CCUS have been gradually expanded from traditional energy/industrial facilities to carbon-neutral sources such as BECCS and DAC(2).Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage(BECCS)and Direct Air Capture(DAC)technologies have become necessary means and imp

31、ortant components of CCUS to achieve net-zero goals(Figure 1-1).Meanwhile,the role of CCUS is being further developed.As an important part of Chinas technology system to achieve carbon neutrality,the application of CCUS is greatly expanded.CCUS is not only an option to achieve net-zero emission of f

32、ossil energy,but also a feasible solution for deep decarbonization in hard-to-abate industries such as steel and cement.In addition,negative emission technologies such as BECCS and DAC can also remove GHGs directly from the atmosphere(Figure 1-2)(3,4).With the emergence of new technologies,the CCUS

33、technology system itself is gradually getting enriched,covering CO2 capture,transport,utilization and geological storage technologies(Figure 1-3)(5).CO2 capture technologies are undergoing the transition from the first generation to the second;meanwhile the third-generation is emerging.CO2 transport

34、 technologies,moving from road transport to onshore/offshore pipeline transport,are gradually becoming mature.CO2 utilization technologies are gradually transitioning from geological utilization for enhanced energy resource recovery(such as CO2-enhanced oil recovery,CO2-EOR),to CO2 chemical and biol

35、ogical utilization,which yield value-added chemical and biological products.Traditional CCUSBECCSDACFigure 1-1.Definition of CCUS under the carbon neutrality goalCO2 CaptureCO2 TransportCO2 StorageCO2 UtilizationBiomass UtilizationDirect air captureIndustrial ProcessesFossil PowerPipelineShipTank Tr

36、uckGeological UtilizationOnshore StorageChemical UtilizationBiological UtilizationOffshore Storage 6 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTFigure 1-2.The role of CCUS under the carbon neutrality goalFigure 1-3.CCUS technology systemCO2 SourcesProductsCaptureTransportUtilization&StorageHigh Concentra

37、tionLow ConcentrationGeological UtilizationPetroleumGeothermal EnergyWaterSynthetic FuelsNatural GasMaterialsMinieral ProductsChemicalsChemical and Biological UtilizationCO2 StorageTruck Ship Onshore/Offshore PipelinesPre-CombustionTransportPost-CombustionOxy-Fuel CombustionChemical LoopingDirect Ai

38、r Capture(DAC),Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle(IGCC)TechnologySolvent AbsorptionPhysical AdsorptionMembrane SeparationCryogenic SeparationChemical AbsorptionChemical AdsorptionPhysical AdsorptionMembrane SeparationIn-Situ GasificationOxygen Uncoupling CombustionSaline AquiferDepleted Oil Fiel

39、dsDepleted Gas FieldsOffshore storageEnhanced Oil RecoveryEnhanced Deep Saline Water RecoveryEnhanced Gas RecoveryMineralizationBiotransformation and UtilizationChemical Conversion and UtilizationAtmospheric CombustionPressurizedCoal-to-ChemicalsNatural Gas ProcessingHydrogen ProductionPower Generat

40、ionBio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage(BECCS)SteelmakingCementCarbon NeutralBuilding a Zero Carbon Energy SystemLarge-Scale Low Carbon Use of Fossil EnergyFacilitating Low Carbon IndustryDeep Decarbonization for Hard-to-Abate SectorsDACBECCSChemicalsCementGas-Fired Power PlantsCoal-Fired Powe

41、r PlantsBlue Hydrogen SteelCCUSProvide Negative Carbon SolutionsCO2 Removal Technology to Offset Emissions 7 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT1.2 The Demand for CCUS and its Source-Sink Matching Potential1.2.1 CCUS Demand by IndustryA comprehensive analysis of the future demand for CCUS is cond

42、ucted in major industries;it shows that the annual CO2 reductions demand for CCUS in China under the 30/60 goals is about 24 Mt(1431 Mt)in 2025,and will grow to nearly 100 Mt(58147 Mt)in 2030,about 1,000 Mt(8851,196 Mt)in 2040,over 2,000 Mt(1,8702,245 Mt)in 2050,and about 2,350 Mt(2,1102,530 Mt)in 2

43、060(Figure 1-4)(6,7).Considering Chinas current installed coal power generation capacity and the hard constraint of energy security,the thermal power industry will be a major focus of CCUS applications.1Gt CO2 abatement per year through CCUS can be expected by 2060 in this industry.It is expected th

44、at the annual contribution of CCUS to decarbonization in steel,cement,and chemical industries by 2060 will reach 500 Mt.Before carbon neutrality is achieved,BECCS and DAC technologies are expected to remove 500800 Mt CO2 per year(7).Figure 1-4.CCUS emissions reduction demand in China(source:authors)

45、CCUS emissions reduction demand in China(100Mt/year)2510520302035204020502060202520150Total emission reductionsTotal emission reductions：0.140.140.310.31Total emission reductionsTotal emission reductions：0.580.581.471.47Total emission reductionsTotal emission reductions：4.254.257.267.26Total emissio

46、n reductionsTotal emission reductions：8.858.8511.9611.96Total emission reductionsTotal emission reductions：18.718.722.4522.45Total emission reductionsTotal emission reductions：21.121.125.325.3Thermal power+0.1Thermal power+3.8 Thermal power+2 Thermal power+4 Thermal power+0 Steel+0.03 Steel+0.15 Ste

47、el+0.3 Steel+0.5 Steel+0 Cement+0.08 Cement+0.4 Cement+0.5 Cement+1.5 Cement+0 Chemical+0.4 Chemical+0.2 Chemical+0.3 Chemical+1 Chemical+0 BECCS+0.05BECCS+0.05 BECCS+0.9 BECCS+3.5 BECCS+2.7 DACCS+0.01 DACCS+0.01 DACCS+0.08 DACCS+0.4 DACCS+0.3 SteelThermal powerTotal emission reductionsCementChemica

48、lBECCSDACCS 8 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT1.2.2 Source-Sink Matching PotentialThe theoretical geological storage capacity in China is about 1.214.13 trillion tonnes(Tt)(6,7),mainly including saline aquifers,oil and gas fields and other geological formations(Figure 1-5).Oil fields are mainl

49、y located in Songliao Basin,Bohai Bay Basin,Ordos Basin and Junggar Basin.The storage capacity of onshore oil fields suitable for CO2 storage is over 20,000 Mt,and CO2-EOR can store about 5,000 MtCO2(Figure 1-5).Gas reservoirs are mainly located in the Ordos Basin,Sichuan Basin,Bohai Bay Basin and T

50、arim Basin,and the proven storage capacity of gas reservoirs suitable for CO2 storage is about 15,000 Mt.The storage capacity of deep saline aquifers is 0.162.42 Tt.Large and medium-sized sedimentary basins such as Tarim Basin,Ordos Basin,Songliao Basin,Bohai Basin and Pearl River Basin have large s

51、torage capacity and more suitable for CO2 storage.In terms of source-sink distribution,Xinjiang,Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia are rich in fossil energy resources,which are well matched with onshore storage sites such as the Tarim Basin and Ordos Basin in northwest China.Large and medium sedimentary bas

52、ins in the east,north and southwest China,including the Bohai Bay Basin,Songliao Basin,Sichuan Basin and Subei Basin,are well matched with nearby carbon sources.The eastern and southeastern coastal areas are energy-intensive regions with large CO2 emissions,but nearby basins are limited in storage c

53、apacity or not ideal for CO2 storage.In addition,the dense population makes the storage site selection even more difficult.Offshore basins,on the other hand,have the advantages of wide distribution,large storage potential,high safety and stability;therefore,the possibility of offshore storage in adj

54、acent seas needs to be considered.Figure 1-5.Theoretical geological storage capacity in China(8)0250 5001,000 kmStorage capacity(Mt)DSA sitesEOR sites6514.7612.3459.24886.0306.13257.4153.11628.80.00.0 9 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT2.CCUS DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA 10 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STA

55、TUS REPORT2.1 CCUS Technologies China has made significant progress in CCUS technology development in recent years,and acquired the capability to design and demonstrate the large-scale capture,pipeline,utilization and storage systems(Figure 2-1).Overall,the development status of CO2 capture technolo

56、gies is relatively more advanced,but the development of different paths within CO2 capture technologies is uneven(9).Among the first-generation capture technologies,the pre-combustion physical absorption technology is relatively mature and is already in the commercial application stage;the post-comb

57、ustion chemical absorption method is in the industrial demonstration stage.The second and third generation of capture technologies are lagging behind,and the pressurized oxy-fuel combustion(POFC)and chemical looping combustion(CLC)are in the lab stage.In addition,China has started to explore the Car

58、bon Dioxide Removal technologies(CDR)such as BECCS and DAC.Zhejiang University and Shanghai Jiaotong University have made certain achievements in the research and development of key technologies such as high-performance adsorbent and absorption material preparation in the field of DAC.For CO2 transp

59、ort,both road transport and inland ship transport have been commercially applied,which are mainly used for transport of less than 100 Kt CO2 per year.Most of the existing CCUS pilot projects in China are relatively small in scale and most of them use trucks for transport.CO2 ship transport is mainly

60、 for liquefied gases;China already has the capability to build such ships.Pipelines are the cheapest way of transporting CO2 in large quantities.The total length of the existing CO2 pipelines is about 150 km in China.In August 2022,the 100-km CO2 pipeline project at Qilu Petrochemical-Shengli Oilfie

61、ld started construction and is expected to be completed in 2023.It will be the first long-distance CO2 pipeline in China.Offshore pipelines for CO2 transport are still at basic research stage in China.Biological and chemical utilization technologies for CO2 are on the whole at the industrial pilot s

62、tage,and CO2-to-synthetic-chemical-material technologies has already reached industrial demonstration.CO2 mineralization using steel slag and phosphogypsum is close to commercial applications.The phase-I pilot project of Baogang Steel Groups 100,000-ton steel slag comprehensive utilization started c

63、onstruction in July 2022 and is expected to be officially put into operation in early 2023.In terms of geological utilization,Chinas CO2-EOR are relatively mature and are at the stage of industrial demonstration and commercial application.Enhanced water recovery has completed pilot test.In terms of

64、geological storage,following the Ordos CCS demonstration project of National Energy Investment Group,CNOOC announced in June 2022 that the construction of equipment for Chinas first CO2 offshore storage project is fully completed,and the annual CO2 storage is expected to reach 300 kt after it is put

65、 into operation.As for CCUS system integration,there is still a gap between China and major CCUS countries.CCUS integration in many countries have entered the commercial stage.Yet in China large-scale full-chain demonstration experience is still insufficient,especially in pipeline and hub developmen

66、t,which has only reached the pilot stage.11 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTFigure 2-1.Development of CCUS technologies at home and abroad(10)CCUS TechnologiesTechnology Concept StageFundamental ResearchPrototype Demonstration StageIndustrial DemonstrationCommercial DeploymentCapturePre-Combus

67、tion Physical AbsorptionPre-Combustion Chemical AdsorptionPre-Combustion Pressure Swing AdsorptionPre-Combustion Cryogenic SeparationPost-Combustion Chemical AbsorptionPost-Combustion Chemical AdsorptionPost-Combustion Physical Adsorption Post-Combustion Membrane SeparationOxy-Fuel CombustionAtmosph

68、eric CombustionOxy-Fuel CombustionPressurizedChemical Looping CombustionDAC(Direct Air Capture)TransportTruckShipPipelineChemical and Biological UtilizationReforming-Based Syngas ProductionLiquid Fuels ProductionMethanol SynthesisOlefin ProductionPhotocatalytic ConversionSynthesis of Carbonate Ester

69、Synthesis of Degradable PolymersSynthesis of Cyanate Ester/PolyurethaneProduction of Polycarbonate/Polyester Materials CO2 Mineralization via Steel SlagCO2 Mineralization via PhosphogypsumCO2 Mineralization Using Potassium FeldsparConcrete Maintenance and UtilizationBio-Utilization of MicroalgaeMali

70、c Acid Synthesis via Microbial FixationGas Fertilizers UtilizationGeological Utilization and StorageEnhanced Oil Recovery(EOR)Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery(ECBM)Enhanced Gas RecoveryEnhanced Shale Gas RecoveryIn-Situ Leach Uranium MiningHeat Extraction and UtilizationEnhanced Extraction and Sto

71、rage in Deep Saline Aquifers Integration and OptimizationHubs and ClustersPipeline OptimizationSafety Monitoringdomestic 2011domestic 2019domestic 2022foreign 2022 12 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT2.2 Demonstration ProjectsCCUS demonstrations in China are under rapid development.Compared wit

72、h 2021,there is a significant increase in both the number and the scale;more industries have started deploying CCUS technologies.The number and scale of demonstration projects have significantly enhanced in 2022.As of November 2022,there are around 100 CCUS demonstration projects with various scales

73、 in operation or in planning in China(Figure 2-2).Among them,nearly half of the projects have been put into operation,with CO2 capture capacity of more than 4 Mt per year and CO2 injection capacity of more than 2 Mt per year,an increase of about 33%and 65%,respectively,compared with 2021.Compared wi

74、th 2021,the scale of CCUS demonstration projects in operation and under construction in China has increased significantly.The number of the projects with capacity of 100kt CO2 has reached more than 40;among them,10+projects have a capture capacity of 500kt CO2.In 1 Based on the data collected by ACC

75、A 21.Figure 2-2.CCUS Demonstration Projects in China1 Project typesECBNEORFull-chain CCUSChemical utilizationCarbon capture demonstrationBio-utilizationMineralizationDSA 13 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTAugust 2022,Chinas first Mtpa-scale CCUS project,Qilu Petrochemical-Shengli Oilfield,was

76、officially put into operation.The construction of Huaneng 1.5 Mt coal power CCUS project is expected to be completed in 2023 in Zhengning,Gansu.CNPC is building several large-scale CCUS demonstration projects,including a 1.4 Mtpa project project at Daqing Oilfield and a 1 Mtpa scale project at Jilin

77、 Oilfield;its CCUS cluster in Xinjiang is expected to reach an annual capacity of 10 Mt CO2 by 2030.Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum plans to build a 5-Mt-scale CCUS project and will complete a 1 Mt-scale CCUS industrial demonstration by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan.Guangdong Development and Reform

78、Commission,CNOOC,Shell and ExxonMobil signed an MoU to jointly study a 10-Mt-scale CCUS cluster in the Daya Bay area in June 2022.In November,Sinopec,Shell,Baowu Steel and BASF announced that they will conduct a collaborative study to launch an open-source 10-Mt-scale CCUS project in East China.CCUS

79、 has been demonstrated in Chinas major industrial sectors.China has demonstrated or planned to demonstrate in the sector of power(over 20 projects),oil&gas,chemical,cement,steel,etc.(Figure 2-3,2-4).The 150 Ktpa-scale post-combustion CO2 capture demonstration project at the National Energy Groups Ji

80、njie Coal power plant,which was commissioned in June 2021,has achieved a comprehensive capture Figure 2-3.CCUS demonstration projects by industry in China(partial)Completed/Suspended/Intermittent OperationIn OperationIn DevelopmentProject Scale105001001000 10,000 tonsSource:authors200520302010202020

81、152025350300200150500-50100250 14 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTenergy consumption of 2.35 GJ/ton;both the cost and energy consumption are expected to decline in its upcoming 500 Ktpa coal power project at the Taizhou Power Plant.The number of CCUS demonstration projects in hard-to-abate ind

82、ustries such as cement and steel significantly increased in the past year.In June 2022,the first phase of the 2-Mtpa-scale CCUS(500,000 tons in Phase I)demonstration project of Baogang Steel Group started construction.In October 2022,China National Building Material Group(CNBM)has completed the worl

83、ds first CO2 capture in glass-making process,with an annual capacity of 50,000 tons.In addition,there are more than 40 CCUS demonstration projects planned or in operation in the oil and gas,coal chemical,petrochemical,ethanol,and fertilizer production industries.CO2 geological utilization has been l

84、eading Chinas CO2 utilization R&D;however,chemical and biological utilization projects have been increasing year by year(Figure 2-5).There are more than 30 CO2-EOR projects,a small number of enhanced coal-bed methane projects,and a few saline storage projects in China.In 2022,Tencent announced to ac

85、hieve carbon neutrality by 2030,and it has been working with Carbfix from Iceland to build a CO2 storage project Figure 2-4.CCUS demonstration projects in China by industry subsector20102015202220252030Electricity25202727Steel00388Cement00699Chemical14213034Oil and Gas025910Hydrogen Production00222P

86、roject Numbers100908070504020103060ElectricitySteelCementChemicalOil and GasHydrogen Production 15 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTin basalt formation in China,which is expected to be completed and commissioned in 2023.Among the CO2 chemical utilization projects,a number of them adopt the CO2

87、mineralization approach to prepare construction materials such as concrete blocks,while the rest uses CO2 to prepare high-value chemicals.In November 2022,the CCUS demonstration facility was commissioned by National Energy Groups Datong Power Plant;the project is based on ammonium chloride solution

88、and calcium carbide slag utilization and has successfully produced finished calcium carbonate slurry.The number of CO2 bio-utilization projects in China is increasing year by year,and the projects are mainly for microalgal cultivation and CO2 sequestration and preparation of high value-added product

89、s.In January 2022,Zhejiang University and China Resources Group cooperated to build Chinas first demonstration project of column-type microalgae photosynthesis reactor for CO2 reduction and utilization by using flue gas from coal-fired power plants at CR Power(Haifeng)Co.In December 2022,Zhejiang Un

90、iversity and Guangdong Energy Group cooperated to build the first demonstration project using flue gas for microalgal cultivation and CO2 sequestration at Guangdong Yudean Zhanjiang Biomass Power Generation Co.Figure 2-5.CCUS demonstration projects in ChinaOPERATION YEAR20102015202220252030CO2-EOR14

91、173437Mineralisation0091818Chemicals12101113Biological Process00666ECBM12244Saline Formation01222Project Numbers908070504020103060CO2-EORMineralisationChemicalsBiologicalPressECBMSaline FormationSource:authors 16 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTThe overall cost of Chinas CCUS demonstration pro

92、jects is at a medium to low level compared with the rest of the world.The cost of the CCUS demonstration project is still high(10,11);but compared with other countries,China has certain cost advantages.The cost in Chinas demonstration project has been decreasing year by year through learning by doin

93、g(Figure 2-6).The integrated CCUS projects in Chinas coal and petrochemical sectors have relatively low costs with cost at 105-250 RMB/tCO2.The CO2 capture cost of the power and cement industries is relatively high in China,ranging from 200 to 600 RMB/tCO2 and 305 to 730 RMB/t CO2 respectively.Curre

94、ntly,CCUS does not have an obvious edge over other abatement technologies(Figure 2-7).Figure 2-6.The cost(RMB/tCO2)of CCUS demonstration projects in operation in China(source:authors)Cost(RMB/tCO2)Capture Capacity(MtCO2/year)Oil and gasElectricityCoal-to-ChemicalsPetrochemicalsEthanolHydrogen Produc

95、tionCementSteelSource:authors800700600500200100102030405060708004003000 17 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTFigure 2-7 Marginal abatement cost of CCUS and other low-carbon technologiesCO2 Reduction Potential(100 million tons CO2)Hydroelectric Power GenerationForest ManagementHeating TechnologyS

96、olar Power GenerationChemical Process ReengineeringBreeding TechnologyThermal Power with CCUSIron And Steel Industry with CCUSOffshore Wind PowerBuilding Materials Process ReengineeringBiomass Fuel SubstitutionSoil Management TechnologyOnshore Wind PowerLow Carbon Building Materials SubstitutionMarg

97、inal Abatement Cost(RMB/TCO2E)40003000200010000-100080204060Nuclear Power GenerationEnergy Recovery And UtilizationRecycle And ReuseBlue Hydrogen ProductionChemical Industry with CCUSGreen Hydrogen ProductionOther Industries with CCUSBECCSCement Industry with CCUSRuminant Food Operation and Manageme

98、ntSteel Process ReengineeringIndustrial ElectrificationGreen Hydrogen Feedstock SubstitutionBuilding ElectrificationHydrogen Fuel SubstitutionTransport ElectrificationBiomass Feedstock SubstitutionDACAgricultural ElectrificationZero-Carbon Electricity Zero Carbon Non-Electric EnergyFuel/Feedstock&Pr

99、ocess SubstitutionCCUS/Carbon Sink and Negative EmissionsIntegrated Coupling and OptimizationSource:authors 18 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT2.3 CCUS PoliciesWith the establishment of Chinas“1+N”policy system for emission peaking and carbon neutrality,more CCUS-related policies have been rel

100、eased.As of October 2022,China has issued about 70 CCUS-related policies at the national level,including plans,standards,roadmaps,and technology catalogues accumulatively(Figure 2-8).CCUS has been included for the first time in Chinas national Five-Year Plan(2021-2025).The Working Guidance for Carbo

101、n Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality in Full and Faithful Implementation of the New Development Philosophy,The Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030,and other policy documents issued by the Chinese government at all levels have made proactive plans for future CCUS research and develo

102、pment,investment,and technology cooperation.First,policy instruments have extended to new areas.Most of the policies focus on the R&D and demonstration of CCUS,while policies and provisions related to technical standards,investment and financing are also increasing,such as the Climate Investment and

103、 Financing Pilot Work Plan,the Green Bond Endorsed Projects Catalogue(2021 Edition),Chinas National Standardization Development Outline,and the Implementation Plan for Science and Technology Support for Carbon Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality(2022-2030).Second,CCUS has been mentioned in more se

104、ctoral policies.Previously,CCUS was only mentioned in power and oil&gas industries;now CCUS was added to more hard-to-abate sectoral policy guidelines,including The Guidelines on the Transformation and Upgrading of Energy Intensive Industries and Key Areas for Energy Conservation and Carbon Reductio

105、n(2022 Edition)and the Carbon Peaking Implementation Plan for the Industrial Sector.Third,local governments have increased support for CCUS development.As of October 2022,ten subnational governments have deployed CCUS R&D and promotion programs according to the local conditions.Strategic PositionSta

106、ndards and RegulationsResearch,Development,and DemonstrationPlanningFinancing AccessFigure 2-8 Number of CCUS-related national policies in China2(11)Number of Policies80706050403010202006202214th FYPYear13th FYP12th FYP11th FYP200720102008 2009201120152012201620132017201820202014201920210 2 The figu

107、re is generated by the authors.*FYP:Five-Year Plan 19 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORT3.CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 20 CCUS PROGRESS IN CHINA-A STATUS REPORTDespite a significant progress,China still has an uphill journey for commercial-scale integrated CCUS projects as it is facing many ch

108、allenges at this stage,such as high CO2 abatement costs,lack of effective business models,insufficient incentives®ulatory measures,and difficulties in sources-sinks matching.Considering the key role of CCUS in achieving Chinas 30/60 goals,it should be further integrated to the countrys carbon neu

109、trality innovation system.To conclude,this report puts forward the following five recommendations.Incorporate CCUS as an integral part of Chinas technology portfolio for achieving the 30/60 goals.Build a CCUS technology program oriented to the 30/60 goals,and accelerate the forward-looking deploymen

110、t of technology R&D and large-scale integration demonstration.Develop and improve relevant institutions,regulations,and standards,and promote capacity building.Explore incentive mechanisms and facilitate effective business models for CCUS stakeholders.Deepen international cooperation and exchange.21

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