世界經濟論壇：2020年COVID-19疫情過后將歐盟將邁向更公平、更持續的健康經濟 （英文版）（25頁）.pdf

1、TOWARDS AN EU WELLBEING ECONOMY A FAIRER, MORE SUSTAINABLE EUROPE AFTER COVID-19 TOWARDS AN EU WELLBEING ECONOMY: A FAIRER, MORE SUSTAINABLE EUROPE AFTER COVID-193 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 PART I : SHIFTING TO AN EU WELLBEING ECONOMY BEYOND GDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 The limitations of GDP as the sole political prioritisation indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Five main limitations of the GDP

4、 indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Alternative measures and models of progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Why green or sustainable growth is not the solution . . . . . . . . .15 A Wellbeing Economy as an alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5、 . . . . . .17 PART II: ACHIEVING AN EU WELLBEING ECONOMY THROUGH THE SDGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Setting out a forward-looking, ambitious vision for an EU wellbeing economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Developing wellbeing indicators to inform EU decision-making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Improving governance and accountability to foster the sustainable transition tow

7、ards a Wellbeing Economy . . . . . . . . . . .31 Clear accountability for SDG coordination within the Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Integrating sustainable development in Parliament decision ma

8、king processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Member states: active EU coordination and more coherent national contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9、. . .32 Ensuring EU programming works towards a Wellbeing Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Overhauling Better Regulation tools in line with sustainability requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Think sustainability first as an overarching principle for all initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Ensuring all impact assessments take i

11、nto account Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 What is policy coherence for Sustainable Development? . . . . . . .36 Case study: integrating independent scientific scrutiny into climate policy-making . . . . . . . . .

12、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Improve stakeholder consultations and civil society participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Shielding environmental

13、 and social policy from deregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 The way forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

14、 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 WWF is one of the worlds largest and most experienced independent conservation organisations, with over five million supporters and a global network a

15、ctive in more than 100 countries. WWFs mission is to stop the degradation of the planets natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the worlds biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable and promo

16、ting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. The European Policy Office contributes to the achievement of WWFs global mission by leading the WWF network to shape EU policies impacting on the European and global environment. Lead authors: Rebecca Humphries, Agnieszka Zimoch, and Tycho Va

17、ndermaesen at WWF European Policy Office. Layout: Imre Sebestyn / Unit Graphics Cover photography Lambertt / Shutterstock Published in September 2020 by WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund), Brussels, Belgium. Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and cr

18、edit the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. Text 2020 WWF. All rights reserved. The WWF European Policy Office has received funding from the LIFE Programme of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of WWF and can in no way be taken to reflect

19、the views of the European Union. Ignacio Brosa / Unsplash CONTACT Rebecca Humphries Public Affairs Officer rhumphrieswwf.eu +32 2 740 09 39 TOWARDS AN EU WELLBEING ECONOMY: A FAIRER, MORE SUSTAINABLE EUROPE AFTER COVID-195 FOREWORD BY ESTER ASIN, DIRECTOR OF WWF EUROPEAN POLICY OFFICE A wellbeing ec

20、onomy starts from the idea that public interests should determine economics, and not the other way around. Rather than pursuing economic growth through narrowly defined indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a wellbeing economy monitors and values what truly matters: our health, nature, ed

21、ucation and communities. It means combining the idea of prosperity with the possibility of social progress within planetary boundaries with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals as the foundation. In the European Union (EU), the economy of wellbeing has been endorsed by the Council of the EU in Oct

22、ober 2019 and by the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) in January 2020. Once embedded in the EUs actions, it has the potential to put Europe on a sustainable path to 2030. 2020 may be the year in which everything changed. It has been marred by an unprecedented crisis caused by the spread

23、 of the COVID-19 pandemic across the world, showing how fragile countries and global systems are to major shocks. This took place at a time when the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation are increasingly felt with ravaging wildfires and record droughts recorded across Europe and th

24、e globe. Natural disasters are increasing. We are losing nature, our survival system, and are heading at an unprecedented rate towards a sixth mass extinction. Throughout our societies, we have seen that these major events entrench and worsen existing levels of social inequality, exclusion, poverty

25、and gender inequality. The health crisis has placed a magnifying glass on the inescapable interconnection between human health and the health of our planet. There is increasing evidence of the links between environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, illegal wildlife trade, and the emergence of ne

26、w diseases and environmental disasters. Biodiversity loss and climate change are a threat to all, and especially vulnerable populations. We must act now as a society, and governments have an opportunity to rebuild a shared future for all life on earth. In Europe, decision-makers are putting all thei

27、r efforts into policy responses to exit the economic crisis caused by the pandemic. While EU leaders were quick to subscribe to the numerous calls for a “green recovery”, the proof of their commitment will be seen in actions taken in the months and years ahead. Will we return to the previous polluti

28、ng and destructive economic model, ignoring the imperative of urgent action on climate change and nature degradation; or “build back better”, to a climate-neutral, sustainable, equitable and resilient economy? WWF believes it is crucial that the recovery is carried out in a way that not only helps t

29、ackle climate and environmental breakdown, but also social inequalities, and the need to improve long-term resilience. The EU and its Member States need to ensure that all COVID-19 policy responses and medium and long-term economic stimulus packages are aligned with the SDGs and purposefully geared

30、towards activities that prepare Member States for long term shared prosperity and sustainability. For this, new means of decision-making will be needed taking into full consideration the impacts on people and the environment. The evolution of our quality of life, wellbeing and sustainability should

31、be used to determine whether the EU is successfully recovering from Covid-19, and whether we are truly effective in tackling the twin crises of climate change and nature loss. To achieve a fair, sustainable, and resilient recovery, the EU must fully embrace and implement the vision of a wellbeing ec

32、onomy, building on the European Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 2030 Agenda and its 17 SDGs provide a comprehensive, integrated and universal framework that aims to leave no one behind and achieve prosperity for people and planet. Adopted in September 2015, the 2030 Agen

33、da is based on the understanding that the challenges we face, from poverty and environmental destruction to inequality and conflict are all inter-connected. It places equal importance on the three pillars of sustainable development: economic, environmental, and social. It provides a framework to ach

34、ieve a Wellbeing Economy and a just, socially inclusive recovery, while respecting planetary boundaries. TOWARDS AN EU WELLBEING ECONOMY: A FAIRER, MORE SUSTAINABLE EUROPE AFTER COVID-197 Concretely, the EU should take a series of actions through which it can formulate an effective response to sever

35、al challenges at once. This can help: Balance the social, environmental and economic dimensions of the recovery from the current health and economic crises; Respond to the calls from the EU Council for a common EU approach to the economy of wellbeing; Provide an EU strategy for implementing the 2030

36、 Sustainable Development Goals, five years after their international adoption. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a universal, indivisible agenda relevant to and adopted by all countries and governments, including the EU and its member states. Its achievement requires changes to our econ

37、omic system, and measures of progress that place equal importance to the three pillars of sustainable development. It provides the ideal framework to achieve a wellbeing economy and a just, socially inclusive recovery, while respecting planetary boundaries. In its 2020 Work Programme, the European C

38、ommission has committed to “put the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals at the heart of our policymaking”. The two avenues the Commission has committed to take forward are to (a) refocus part of its economic governance framework by integrating the SDGs in the EU Semester and (b) to present

39、an approach to the overall governance and implementation of the goals. Taken together, these offer a chance to shift the EU onto a more sustainable path. In order to “build back better” following the COVID-19 pandemic, WWF is now calling for the EU to adopt a Wellbeing Economy strategy, to bring tog

40、ether these two commitments in a comprehensive way, and detail further the EUs approach to implementing the SDGs. Such a strategy could be made up of several individual policy actions, fulfilling the following requirements: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY “HUMANITYS 21ST CENTURY CHALLENGE IS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF

41、ALL WITHIN THE MEANS OF THE PLANET.” Kate Raworth, economist and author of Doughnut economics The world continues to suffer from the effects of the COVID-19 crisis, in addition to the ongoing climate and biodiversity emergency. Lessons from previous crises must be learned to ensure that we do not re

42、turn to the worst aspects of business-as-usual. The too-narrow focus on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth as an indicator to determine recovery must be abandoned in favour of a more inclusive measurement of our societies prosperity and wellbeing. Alternative measures are needed to make up for the

43、failings of GDP, and for the EU to recover with the interest of people at heart. Taken as a whole and integrated into decision-making, adopting alternative measures can give a clearer indication of progress, and whether the recovery following COVID-19 is truly just and sustainable. The UN Sustainabl

44、e Development Goals a holistic set of international goals adopted in 2015 - should be taken into account and can provide a roadmap to both overcome the health and economic crises and effectively tackle climate change and nature loss. Without the right policies, achievement of the SDGs will be severe

45、ly undermined by the crisis. Discussions of a paradigm shift towards what is called a Wellbeing Economy have started across the world, including in Europe. Countries like New Zealand, Iceland and Finland have started to introduce this approach into their decision-making and budgets. A Wellbeing Econ

46、omy starts from the idea that public interests should determine economics, and not the other way around. Rather than pursuing economic growth through narrowly defined indicators such as GDP, a wellbeing economy monitors and values what truly matters: our health, nature, education and communities. It

47、 means combining the idea of prosperity with the possibility of social progress within planetary boundaries with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals as the foundation. Different indicators already exist which can be used and adapted to better take into consideration issues like inequality (the GI

48、NI index), human development (the UNs Human Development Index) or respecting planetary boundaries and social foundations (Doughnut Economics). These measures are further explored in Part I of this report. In the European Union (EU), the economy of wellbeing has already been endorsed by the Council o

49、f the EU in October 2019 and by the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) in January 2020, adding to the growing chorus of voices calling for a different way of evaluating the wellbeing of European citizens and the health of European economies. This is why WWF is calling for the EU to adopt a Wellbeing Economy strategy, with the SDGs acting as a guiding tool. 1. Setting out a forward-looking, ambitious vision for an EU wellbeing economy that is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals; 2. Developing wellbeing indicators to guide EU decision making