消防員可以從煙霧研究中學到什么來促進健康管理？.pdf

1、Australias National Science AgencySmoke on the fire lineWhat can firefighters learn from smoke research for health management?Fabienne Reisen|2024 Fire Summit,Melbourne 26-27 June 2024Bushfire smoke is a complex and dynamic mixture of particles and gases.H2OCOCO2CH4PAHsDioxinsNOxNH3VOCs(benzene)Alde

2、hydesHgParticlesBC,OCHow can bushfire smoke impact health?Acute brief exposure(from seconds to hours)to high/very high concentrations of a toxic chemical Sub-acute-accumulation of chemicals or their metabolites in the body Chronic prolonged or repeated exposure over many days,months or years Cumulat

3、ive-exposure to multiple toxins present in bushfire smoke resulting in additive and/or synergistic health effectsHealth impactHazardExposureWhat factors drive smoke emissions?HazardSpecies Savanna and grassland Tropical forest Temperate forest Boreal forest Peat fires Agricultural residues average S

4、D N average SD N average SD N average SD N average SD N average SD N CO2 1660 90 31 1620 70 9 1570 130 39 1530 140 14 1590 150 6 1430 230 29 CO 69 20 50 104 39 16 113 50 47 121 47 22 260 23 6 76 55 39 CH4 2.7 2.2 49 6.5 1.6 13 5.2 2.8 37 5.5 2.5 20 9.1 1.5 6 5.7 6.0 20 VOC 5.1 5.9 14 5.6 1.5 4 13.4

5、11.8 13 6.0 2.9 8 21-0 7.6 8.0 12 Benzene 0.33 0.22 19 0.38 0.05 4 0.42 0.17 17 0.57 0.21 7 0.87-2 0.27 0.19 17 Toluene 0.19 0.14 17 0.23 0.04 4 0.27 0.15 16 0.35 0.11 6 0.45-2 0.17 0.10 17 Formaldehyde 1.23 0.65 16 2.40 0.63 3 2.04 0.70 16 1.75 0.40 4 1.07 0.44 3 1.8 0.6 8 PM2.5 6.7 3.3 20 8.3 3.3

6、9 18.5 14.4 29 18.7 15.9 5 18.9 2.3 3 8.2 4.4 18 OC 3.0 1.5 15 4.4 1.9 5 10.9 7.2 13 5.9 2.5 3 14.2-2 4.9 3.6 20 BC or EC 0.53 0.35 18 0.51 0.34 8 0.55 0.36 14 0.43 0.21 4 0.10-3 0.42 0.28 24 Andreae(2019)Atmos.Chem.Phys.,19,85238546,https:/doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019 EFs for pyrogenic species

7、emitted from various types of biomass burning.Combustion conditionsFire characteristicsFuel characteristicsWeather conditionsCombustion conditionsPyrolysis:Biomass(solid)+Heat Pyrolysate(gas)+Char(solid)+Ash(solid)Flaming combustion:Heat+CO2+H2O+other gasesGlowing combustion char oxidation Heat+CO2+

8、H2O+other gases+ash(solid)OxygenHazardEmissions as a function of combustion processPM2.5TSPParticle emissions and composition driven by combustion efficiency and temperatureIncreasing PMIncreasing CO Work activities Proximity to fire/smoke Ignition pattern-Edge ignition-Central ignition-Hand vs aeri

9、al Topography/Terrain Fuel characteristics-Fuel type-Fuel moisture Meteorology-Wind speed/direction-InversionsExposureWhat factors drive exposure?Work activity 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00050100150200250300IgnitionCO ave=6.2 ppm 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00Carbon monoxide concentration ppm05

10、0100150200250300Patrol/SuppressionCO ave=22.2 ppmBurn conditionsTWA=30ppmSTEL=200ppmExposure Risk Assessment MethodologyHazardous substance?NoYesLOW Exposure exceeds OES?MODERATEHIGH NoLOW YesExposure RiskLOW VERY HIGH How often?1%of the time?1%-5%of the time?5%-20%of the time?20%of the time?Adapted

11、 from American Industrial Hygiene Association rating scheme(Hawkins et al.1991)https:/volunteerfirefighters.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/AFAC-managing-bushfire-smoke-exposure.pdfhttps:/ factors to considerLonger work shifts Heavy or strenuous work Length of time to achieve 5%COHb at various CO

12、exposures and work activity levelsOther factors to considerLonger work shifts Heavy or strenuous work Additive/synergistic health effectsMacSween et al(2019)Cumulative Firefighter Exposure to Multiple Toxins Emitted During Prescribed Burns in Australia.Exposure and Health;https:/doi.org/10.1007/s124

13、03-019-00332-wEyesRespiratory tractDisruption of O2 transportSkinCancerMajor contributors are respirable particles,CO,formaldehyde and acroleinOther factors to considerLonger work shifts Heavy or strenuous work Additive/synergistic health effectsPre-existing health conditionsMacSween et al(2019)Cumu

14、lative Firefighter Exposure to Multiple Toxins Emitted During Prescribed Burns in Australia.Exposure and Health;https:/doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00332-wEyesRespiratory tractDisruption of O2 transportSkinCancerMonitor exposure timeMinimise time in dense smokeAllow for sufficient recovery time 14:00

15、15:00 16:00 17:00Carboxyhemoglobin%051015202530Carbon monoxide ppm02004006008001000Time at low CO levels not long enough to reduce COHb levels to below 5%Monitor COHb levelsInsights and strategies Understanding the harmful components in bushfire smoke Recognizing specific health risks/symptoms from

16、various smoke components Understanding the conditions/factors that have the potential to contribute to high levels of bushfire smoke exposure Minimising and monitoring exposure Planning Regular rotation of crews Reducing time spent in heavy smoke Recovery time Health and environmental monitoring Effective use of PPEAustralias National Science AgencyEnvironmentFabienne ReisenPrincipal Research Scientist+61 3 9239 4435fabienne.reisencsiro.auThank you