1、 FOR RELEASE JANUARY 9,2025 Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World Most say rich peoples political influence is a big contributing factor BY Richard Wike,Moira Fagan,Christine Huang,Laura Clancy and Jordan Lippert FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES:Richard Wike,Director,Global Attitu

2、des Research Gar Meng Leong,Communications Manager 202.419.4372 www.pewresearch.org RECOMMENDED CITATION Pew Research Center,January,2025,“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Globally”1 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan,non

3、advocacy fact tank that informs the public about the issues,attitudes and trends shaping the world.It does not take policy positions.The Center conducts public opinion polling,demographic research,computational social science research and other data-driven research.It studies politics and policy;new

4、s habits and media;the internet and technology;religion;race and ethnicity;international affairs;social,demographic and economic trends;science;research methodology and data science;and immigration and migration.Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts,its primary funder.Pew

5、Research Center 2025 2 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org How we did this This Pew Research Center analysis focuses on public opinion of inequality and its contributing factors in 36 countries across the Asia-Pacific region,Europe,Latin America,the Middle East-North Africa region,North America

6、and sub-Saharan Africa.The report also explores views of childrens financial futures and the economic system reform in each country.For non-U.S.data,this report draws on nationally representative surveys of 41,503 adults conducted from Jan.5 to May 22,2024.All surveys were conducted over the phone w

7、ith adults in Canada,France,Germany,Greece,Italy,Japan,Malaysia,the Netherlands,Singapore,South Korea,Spain,Sweden and the United Kingdom.Surveys were conducted face-to-face in Argentina,Bangladesh,Brazil,Chile,Colombia,Ghana,Hungary,India,Indonesia,Israel,Kenya,Mexico,Nigeria,Peru,the Philippines,P

8、oland,South Africa,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Tunisia and Turkey.In Australia,we used a mixed-mode probability-based online panel.Countries included in this report Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 3 PEW RESEARCH CENT

9、ER www.pewresearch.org In the United States,we surveyed 3,600 adults from April 1 to April 7,2024.Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Centers American Trends Panel(ATP),an online survey panel that is recruited through national,random sampling of residential addresses.This way ne

10、arly all U.S.adults have a chance of selection.The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S.adult population by gender,race,ethnicity,partisan affiliation,education and other categories.Read more about the ATPs methodology.Throughout the report,we analyze respondents attitudes based on whe

11、re they place themselves on an ideological scale.We asked about political ideology using several slightly different scales and categorized people as being on the ideological left,center or right.In most countries,we asked people to place themselves on a scale ranging from“Extreme left”to“Extreme rig

12、ht.”The question was asked this way in Argentina,Bangladesh,Brazil,Canada,Chile,Colombia,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Israel,Italy,Mexico,the Netherlands,Nigeria,Peru,the Philippines,Poland,South Africa,Spain,Sweden,Turkey and the United Kingdom.In Australia,the scale ranged from“Left”to“Right.”In

13、Japan,Singapore,South Korea and Thailand,ideology was measured on a scale from“Extremely progressive”to“Extremely conservative.”In the U.S.,ideology is defined as conservative(right),moderate(center)and liberal(left).Ideology was not asked about in Ghana,India,Indonesia,Kenya,Malaysia,Sri Lanka or T

14、unisia.To compare educational groups across countries,we standardize education levels based on the UNs International Standard Classification of Education(ISCED).Prior to 2024,combined totals were based on rounded topline figures.For all reports beginning in 2024,totals are based on unrounded topline

15、 figures,so combined totals might be different than in previous years.Refer to the 2024 topline to see our new rounding procedures applied to past years data.Here are the questions used for the report,along with responses,and the survey methodology.4 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Table of

16、Contents Overview:Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World 5 Perceived causes of economic inequality 8 Views of other forms of inequality 9 Ideological differences in views of economic inequality 10 Views of inequality in middle-and high-income nations 11 1.Global perceptions of

17、inequality and discrimination 12 The gap between the rich and the poor 15 Racial or ethnic discrimination 18 Gender inequality 20 Religious discrimination 22 2.Factors seen as contributing to economic inequality 24 Rich peoples political influence 27 Problems with the education system 29 Some people

18、 working harder than others 31 Some people being born with more opportunities than others 33 Robots and computers doing the work previously done by humans 34 Discrimination against racial or ethnic minorities 36 3.Views of childrens financial future 38 4.Support for changing the current economic sys

19、tem 42 Appendix A:Economic categorization of high-and middle-income countries 45 Appendix B:Political categorization 46 Acknowledgments 49 Methodology 51 About Pew Research Centers Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey 51 The American Trends Panel survey methodology 51 Topline questionnaire 58 5 PEW R

20、ESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World Most say rich peoples political influence is a big contributing factor A new Pew Research Center survey of 36 nations finds widespread public concern about economic inequality.And when asked what leads to

21、 this inequality,most people across the countries surveyed point to the intersection of wealth and politics.The key findings of the survey include:A median of 54%of adults across the nations surveyed say the gap between the rich and the poor is a very big problem in their country.Another 30%say it i

22、s a moderately big problem.A median of 60%believe that rich people having too much political influence contributes a great deal toward economic inequality.These views are especially common among people on the ideological left,though many on the right agree.Ideological divisions are particularly larg

23、e in the United States.The survey,conducted in spring 2024,also finds deep global anxieties about the economic future and a strong desire for economic reform.Concerns about economic inequality are widespread around the world Median%who say the gap between the rich and the poor is a _ in their countr

24、y and most say political influence of the rich is a major cause Median%who say rich people having too much political influence leads to economic inequality _ in their country Note:Percentages are medians based on 36 countries.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Ma

25、jor Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER What is a median?Throughout this report,median scores are used to help readers see overall patterns in the data.The median percentage is the middle number in a list of all percentages sorted from highest to lowest.54%30%Very big problemModerately bi

26、g problem60%26%A great dealA fair amount6 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org A median of 57%of adults across the nations polled expect children in their country to be worse off financially than their parents when they grow up.This view is particularly widespread in several high-income nations,i

27、ncluding Australia,Canada,France,Italy,Japan,Spain,the United Kingdom and the U.S.For the most part,this pessimistic view about the economic future is shared by younger and older adults alike,as well as by people with higher and lower incomes.However,in several countries,the public is more optimisti

28、c than pessimistic about the financial prospects of the next generation.These include a few South Asian and Southeast Asian nations:Bangladesh,India,Indonesia,the Philippines,Singapore and Thailand.And there is modest optimism in some Latin American nations,too.About half of those surveyed in Argent

29、ina,Brazil,Chile and Mexico think todays children will be better off than their parents,while around four-in-ten or more say they will be worse off.In many countries,there is more economic pessimism today than before the COVID-19 pandemic which hurt many people economically.In 15 of 31 countries whe

30、re trends are available,the share of the public who thinks children will be worse off financially than their parents is higher today than in pre-pandemic surveys.Globally,most think children will be worse off financially than their parents%who say that when children in their country grow up,they wil

31、l be _ financially than their parents Note:Those who did not answer,or who volunteered“Same,”are not shown.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 74%78316158436972757979811920222643435856667977265166384665664441434

32、149605726%164135323027252019191475737170555442332720164834194543342752505049393834U.S.CanadaPolandGermanySwedenHungaryNetherlandsGreeceSpainItalyUKFranceIndiaBangladeshIndonesiaPhilippinesSingaporeThailandMalaysiaSri LankaSouth KoreaAustraliaJapanIsraelTunisiaTurkeyGhanaNigeriaKenyaSouth AfricaMexic

33、oArgentinaBrazilChilePeruColombiaMEDIANBetter offWorse off36-country median7 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Read more:The next generations financial future Majorities in 33 of 36 nations also think their countrys economic system needs major changes or complete reform.People in middle-income

34、 nations in the Asia-Pacific region,Latin America,sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East-North Africa region are especially likely to want this degree of change.Still,people in many wealthier countries want change,too.At least six-in-ten adults in most of the European nations surveyed want major eco

35、nomic changes or complete reform;66%share this view in the U.S.In almost every country polled,people who see economic inequality as a very big problem are significantly more likely than others to want major changes or complete economic reform.Read more:Changing the current economic system In most co

36、untries surveyed,majorities say economic system needs major changes or complete reform%who say the economic system in their country needs Note:Those who did not answer are not shown.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH

37、CENTER 33%4125231834132232315957221411162916123431387171434681514127101617282020%102622201918151097739383128281814141377604119615342322928272620182046%474853614769625856343334485152436574515453223344423338425458656257605252U.S.CanadaHungarySpainItalyUKGreeceFranceGermanyPolandNetherlandsSwedenIndiaM

38、alaysiaBangladeshSri LankaThailandIndonesiaPhilippinesAustraliaSouth KoreaJapanSingaporeTunisiaTurkeyIsraelNigeriaGhanaSouth AfricaKenyaArgentinaColombiaBrazilPeruChileMexicoMajorchangesComplete reformMinor changes/No changes36-countrymedian8 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Perceived causes

39、of economic inequality What causes economic inequality?In our list of six potential factors,the strong connection between money and politics resonates most with respondents,topping the list in 31 of 36 countries.Overall,more than eight-in-ten adults say that rich people having too much influence ove

40、r politics contributes to economic inequality either a great deal(60%at the median)or a fair amount(26%).But respondents see other factors as important,too.Majorities across the countries surveyed believe problems with the education system add to inequality in their nation.Many also attribute inequa

41、lity to some people working harder than others or some being born with more opportunities.Smaller but still notable shares cite other factors,including robots and computers doing work previously done by humans,and discrimination against racial or ethnic minorities.Read more:Factors seen as contribut

42、ing to economic inequality Political influence of the rich seen as top contributor to economic inequality Median%who say each of the following leads to economic inequality _ in their country Note:Percentages are medians based on 36 countries.Those who did not answer are not shown.Refer to topline fo

43、r country-specific wording used on the race and ethnicity item.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER Economic anxiety during a global election year Voters in more than 60 countries went to the polls in 2024.In man

44、y of these countries including France,Japan,South Africa,the UK and the U.S.incumbents lost or suffered major electoral setbacks.Economic concerns played a key role in these elections.For more,read our data essay:“Global Elections in 2024:What We Learned in a Year of Political Disruption.”12%1923233

45、43360%484039312926%3333363234richeducbornwork harderdiscrimrobotsA fair amountNot too much/Not at all A great dealRich people have too much political influenceProblems with our education systemThat some people work harder than othersThat some people are born with more opportunities than othersRobots

46、 and computers doing work previously done by humansDiscrimination against racial or ethnic minorities9 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views of other forms of inequality Nearly a decade and a half after the Occupy Wall Street protests in the U.S.which coincided with similar movements in othe

47、r countries economic inequality remains the reality in many nations.And as our survey highlights,this is a matter of strong public concern.More than eight-in-ten adults across the surveyed countries see the gap between rich and poor as a very or moderately big problem in their country.But theres con

48、cern about other forms of inequality as well.Roughly two-thirds say discrimination against people based on their race or ethnicity is a very or moderately big problem where they live,while about six-in-ten say this about gender inequality.And more than half describe discrimination against people bas

49、ed on their religion as a big problem.Concerns about these issues are often tied to respondents demographic characteristics,background and experiences.For example,in some nations,people with lower incomes are especially worried about economic inequality;racial and ethnic minorities are more concerne

50、d about racial and ethnic discrimination;women are more concerned about gender inequality;and people who prioritize religion are more likely to see religious discrimination as a very big problem.Read more:Global perceptions of different types of inequality Gap between rich and poor is among several

51、forms of inequality seen as problematic across 36 countries%who say each of the following is(a)_ in their country Note:Percentages are medians based on 36 countries.Those who did not answer are not shown.Refer to topline for country-specific wording used on the race and ethnicity item.Source:Spring

52、2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 16%33374154%34312930%343127rich-poorrace/ethnicitygenderreligionModeratelybig problemVery big problemSmall problem/Not a problem at allThe gap between the rich and the poorUnequal rights fo

53、r men and womenDiscrimination against people based on their race or ethnicityDiscrimination against people based on their religion10 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Ideological differences in views of economic inequality On several questions in this survey,opinions vary significantly by poli

54、tical ideology.For instance,while concerns about inequality are common across the ideological spectrum,in many countries people who place themselves on the left are especially likely to say the gap between rich and poor is a very big problem.Those on the left are also particularly likely to see raci

55、al and ethnic discrimination and gender inequality as very big problems.And the same pattern appears when it comes to the perceived causes of inequality.People on the left are more likely than those on the right to cite the political influence of the rich,racial discrimination,and the fact that some

56、 are born with more opportunities than others.Some of the largest ideological divisions in the survey are in the U.S.For example,76%of U.S.liberals say economic inequality is a very big problem in their country,compared with just 30%of conservatives.This 46 percentage point gap is the largest left-r

57、ight differences across the countries surveyed.(The survey was conducted prior to the November 2024 U.S.presidential election.)People on the ideological left more likely than those on the right to see economic inequality as a problem%who say the gap between the rich and the poor is a very big proble

58、m in their country,by ideology Note:Only statistically significant differences are shown.In the U.S.,ideology is defined as conservative(right),moderate(center)and liberal(left).Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENT

59、ER 76%616680754481726679647767497555%384564512967604973486059527730%21315146155445435946605034630100+46+40+35+29+29+29+27+27+23+20+18+17+17+15+12U.S.AustraliaSouth KoreaFranceGreeceSwedenChileUKSpainTurkeyItalyPeruCanadaBrazilArgentinaLeftCenterRightLeft-right diff11 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresea

60、rch.org Views of inequality in middle-and high-income nations The survey finds important differences between middle-and high-income nations in attitudes about income inequality.(We surveyed 18 middle-income countries and 18 high-income countries.Read Appendix A for a classification of these nations.

61、)While concerns about economic inequality are widespread in all the countries surveyed,people in middle-income nations are especially likely to describe it as a very big problem.They are also more likely to say that the rich having too much political influence is a major cause of inequality.But when

62、 it comes to views about the economic future,people in middle-income nations are somewhat more positive.A median of 44%of adults in middle-income nations believe that when children in their country grow up,they will be financially better off than their parents.A median of just 26%in wealthier nation

63、s express this view.How people in middle-and high-income nations view economic inequality Median%who say _ is a very big problem in their country Median%who say,when children in their country grow up,they will be Note:Percentages are medians based on 18 middle-income countries and 18 high-income cou

64、ntries.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 62%48%6353The gap between the rich and the poorRich people have too much political influenceMedian%who say _ leads to economic inequality a great deal in their countryM

65、iddle-incomeHigh-income442612Better off financially than their parents12 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 1.Global perceptions of inequality and discrimination In our 36-country survey,we asked respondents how large a problem various types of inequality are in their nation,including the gap b

66、etween the rich and the poor,unequal rights for men and women,discrimination based on a persons race or ethnicity,and discrimination based on a persons religion.Here are some key takeaways:A median of 54%across the countries surveyed say the gap between the rich and the poor is a very big problem.Sm

67、aller median shares say the same about the other types of inequality.In general,people in middle-income countries are more likely than those in high-income countries to see each form of inequality as a very big problem where they live.In some countries,people on the ideological left are especially l

68、ikely to see economic inequality,gender inequality,and racial and ethnic discrimination as very big problems when compared with those on the right.13 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Most see economic inequality as a very big problem in their country%who say each of the following is a very bi

69、g problem in their country Note:Refer to topline for country-specific wording used on the race and ethnicity item.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 14 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Most see economic

70、inequality as a very big problem in their country,continued%who say each of the following is a very big problem in their country Note:Refer to topline for country-specific wording used on the race and ethnicity item.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challe

71、nge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 15 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org The gap between the rich and the poor A majority in every country surveyed says the gap between rich and poor is at least a moderately big problem.However,the median share who see economic inequality as a very big pr

72、oblem is higher in middle-income countries than in high-income ones(62%vs.48%).(Read Appendix A for a classification of middle-and high-income nations.)Argentina,Kenya and South Africa are among the countries where people are most likely to say economic inequality is a very big problem:Seven-in-ten

73、or more hold this view in each.By contrast,three-in-ten or fewer say the same in Poland,Singapore and Sweden.Few people in each survey country say the gap between rich and poor is not a problem at all where they live.Concerns about economic inequality are widespread around the world%who say the gap

74、between the rich and the poor is a _ problem in their country Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 57%51646159555150423727246664615352474235353229686532747264617064646148425430%32223126363830394243462317273024354

75、046353935242643121415232123211935403086%8386928591898081787070898188837682828070716392907686867984918686808382CanadaU.S.FranceGermanyUKGreeceItalySpainHungaryNetherlandsSwedenPolandSri LankaIndiaThailandBangladeshPhilippinesSouth KoreaAustraliaJapanMalaysiaIndonesiaSingaporeTurkeyTunisiaIsraelKenyaS

76、outh AfricaGhanaNigeriaArgentinaPeruChileColombiaMexicoBrazilMEDIANModerately bigVery bigTotal36-country median16 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by ideology In about half of the countries surveyed,people on the ideological left are more likely than those on the right to say the gap be

77、tween the rich and the poor is a very big problem.The largest ideological gap is in the U.S.,where 76%of liberals hold this view,compared with 30%on the right a 46-point difference.There are also large left-right gaps on this question in Australia(40 points)and South Korea(35 points).People on the i

78、deological left more likely than those on the right to see economic inequality as a problem%who say the gap between the rich and the poor is a very big problem in their country,by ideology Note:Only statistically significant differences are shown.In the U.S.,ideology is defined as conservative(right

79、),moderate(center)and liberal(left).Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 76%616680754481726679647767497555%384564512967604973486059527730%21315146155445435946605034630100+46+40+35+29+29+29+27+27+23+20+18+17+17+15

80、+12U.S.AustraliaSouth KoreaFranceGreeceSwedenChileUKSpainTurkeyItalyPeruCanadaBrazilArgentinaLeftCenterRightLeft-right diff17 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by income In 12 countries,people with lower annual incomes express greater concern about economic inequality than those with hig

81、her incomes.For example,47%of Israelis who earn the national median annual income or less say economic inequality is a very big problem in their country,compared with 28%of those who earn more than the national median income.In many nations,people with lower incomes are more concerned about economic

82、 inequality%who say the gap between the rich and the poor is a very big problem in their country,among those whose annual income is Note:Only positive statistically significant differences are shown.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the Wo

83、rld”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 47%593543336763496655476928%43213020565339574638620100Higher thannational medianIsraelSpainSwedenNetherlandsPolandGermanyCanadaHungary NigeriaU.S.AustraliaIndiaDiff+19+16+14+13+13+11+10+10+9+9+9+7National median or lower18 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Racial or eth

84、nic discrimination Across the countries surveyed,a median of 34%of adults say racial or ethnic discrimination is a very big problem where they live.Another 34%consider it a moderately big problem.Concerns are especially high in the sub-Saharan African and Latin American countries surveyed,as well as

85、 in Turkey and in the Asia-Pacific nations of Bangladesh,India and Sri Lanka.Roughly four-in-ten or more in France,Germany,Italy and Spain also say this is a very big problem.But fewer than two-in-ten in Australia,Singapore,South Korea and Sweden and only around one-in-ten in Poland feel the same.(F

86、or this question,respondents in most countries were asked about discrimination based on“race or ethnicity.”In Hungary,Indonesia,Sweden,Tunisia and Turkey,the question used“ethnicity.”In India,the question used“caste or ethnicity.”In Kenya,the question used“ethnicity or tribe.”)How people around the

87、world view racial,ethnic discrimination in their country%who say discrimination against people based on their race or ethnicity is a _ problem in their country Note:Refer to topline for country-specific question wording.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Ch

88、allenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 31%27594340393228242218116055463127262323181716462524605650376560544342403434%38242538373437394345332314252838374038273636313428201928191623272344343466%6684687776666563656445836971596563636146535377595180757756818381668674U.S.CanadaFranceSpainGermanyItal

89、yUKGreeceNetherlandsHungarySwedenPolandSri LankaIndiaBangladeshPhilippinesJapanMalaysiaIndonesiaThailandSingaporeSouth KoreaAustraliaTurkeyIsraelTunisiaKenyaSouth AfricaNigeriaGhanaColombiaPeruChileArgentinaBrazilMexicoModerately bigVery bigTotal36-country median19 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearc

90、h.org Views by ideology In about half the countries surveyed,people on the ideological left are more likely than those on the right to say racial or ethnic discrimination is a very big problem in their country.The largest ideological gap is in the U.S.,where 51%of liberals say this type of discrimin

91、ation is a very big problem,compared with 33%of moderates and 15%of conservatives.However,there are also left-right differences exceeding 20 points in France,Germany and Israel.Views by ethnicity In Israel,Arab adults are about four times as likely as Jewish adults to say that racial or ethnic discr

92、imination is a very big problem in their country(63%vs.15%).And in Brazil,Black and mixed-race adults(49%and 45%)are more likely than White adults(36%)to hold this view.In the U.S.,roughly two-thirds of Black Americans(64%)say racial or ethnic discrimination is a very big problem,a much higher share

93、 than Hispanic Americans(36%),Asian Americans(35%),and White Americans(23%).People on the ideological left are more likely to see racial or ethnic discrimination as a major problem%who say discrimination against people based on their race or ethnicity is a very big problem in their country,by ideolo

94、gy Note:Only statistically significant differences are shown.Refer to topline for country-specific question wording.In the U.S.,ideology is defined as conservative(right),moderate(center)and liberal(left).Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around

95、the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 51%764152564558535040275233252149312133%61223750274031502620432513738271315%4718313625393633251339201293822140100+36+29+23+21+20+20+19+17+17+15+14+13+13+13+12+11+9+7U.S.FranceIsraelGermanyTurkeyUKSpainItalyBrazilGreeceSwedenArgentinaNetherlandsAustraliaPolandMexicoCanad

96、aSouth KoreaLeftCenterRightLeft-right diff20 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Gender inequality Across the 36 countries,a median of 31%of adults say unequal rights for men and women is a very big problem in their country.Another 31%say it is a moderately big problem.People in some middle-inco

97、me countries are particularly likely to view gender inequality as a very big problem.In Latin America,for example,six-in-ten Colombians consider it a very big problem,as do roughly half of Peruvians.In sub-Saharan Africa,about half of Kenyans and South Africans hold this view,too.Of the high-income

98、nations surveyed,people in France,Spain and Italy express the highest levels of concern about gender inequality.On the other hand,only about one-in-ten adults in the high-income nations of Singapore and Sweden see unequal rights for men and women as a very big problem where they live.How people arou

99、nd the world view gender inequality in their country%who say unequal rights for men and women is a _ problem in their country Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 18%1856373526201815141412444037342524242317141144

100、3218515033326049483735303128%32273037303534383524341835253337355035313520332330232130222027243631433146%5084677256555253493845627562666259735948483177554774716354807672736673CanadaU.S.FranceSpainItalyGreeceGermanyHungaryPolandUKNetherlandsSwedenIndiaSri LankaBangladeshPhilippinesIndonesiaSouth Korea

101、JapanThailandMalaysiaAustraliaSingaporeTurkeyTunisiaIsraelKenyaSouth AfricaNigeriaGhanaColombiaPeruChileMexicoArgentinaBrazilMEDIANModerately bigVery bigTotal36-country median21 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by gender In half the countries surveyed,women are more likely than men to s

102、ay gender inequality is a very big problem.For example,34%of women in Greece hold this opinion,compared with 17%of men.There are also large gender gaps on this question in Italy,Peru and Colombia.Views by ideology In about a third of the countries surveyed,people on the ideological left are more lik

103、ely than those on the right to see unequal rights for men and women as a very big problem.For instance,38%of Israelis on the left say this,compared with 23%in the center and 8%on the right.Ideological gaps also exceed 20 points in Brazil,Poland,Spain,Turkey and the U.S.Women are more likely than men

104、 to say gender discrimination is a major problem%who say unequal rights for men and women is a very big problem in their country,by gender Note:Only statistically significant differences are shown.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the Worl

105、d”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 17%27415327181912840271333201411371234%43566639303023184936224128221843180100WomenGreeceItalyPeruColombiaNigeriaIndonesiaSouth KoreaU.S.AustraliaTurkeyTunisiaIsraelSpainJapanCanadaUKSri LankaPolandDiff+17+16+15+13+12+12+11+11+10+9+9+9+8+8+8+7+6+6Men22 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pe

106、wresearch.org Religious discrimination Overall,there is somewhat less concern about religious discrimination than the other issues we asked about in this survey.Still,a median of 29%of adults say discrimination against people based on their religion is a very big problem,and 27%say it is a moderatel

107、y big one.In five nations Bangladesh,France,India,Nigeria and Sri Lanka half or more believe religious discrimination is a very big problem.On the other hand,only about one-in-ten say so in Poland and Australia.How people around the world view religious discrimination in their country%who say discri

108、mination against people based on their religion is a _ problem in their country Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 21%2054352732202616132096053572931282118151711482536544445283448392632312935%352735352635273234

109、25302222143725293538252026273423242320194323303525262756%5581696258555348474639817570675757575641373675595877676547767169615757CanadaU.S.FranceGermanyUKSpainNetherlandsItalyHungarySwedenGreecePolandSri LankaBangladeshIndiaIndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesThailandJapanSouth KoreaSingaporeAustraliaTurkeyIs

110、raelTunisiaNigeriaKenyaSouth AfricaGhanaBrazilColombiaPeruMexicoChileArgentinaModerately bigVery bigTotal36-country median23 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by importance of religion In over a third of the countries surveyed,people who say religion is very important in their life are m

111、ore likely than other adults to say that religious discrimination is a very big problem.For example,about half of Britons who say religion is very important to them believe religious discrimination is a very big problem,compared with 22%among those who consider religion only somewhat,not too or not

112、at all important.In a few countries,views differ by religious identity,too.For instance,64%of Israeli Muslims say religious discrimination is a very big problem,compared with 15%of Israeli Jews.Among Nigerians,Muslims are much more likely than Christians to say it is a very big problem(68%vs.45%).Pe

113、ople who say religion is important to them are often more concerned about religious discrimination%who say discrimination against people based on their religion is a very big problem in their country,among those who say _ in their life Notes:Only statistically significant differences are shown.Sourc

114、e:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 47%5838424533232864252337312022%36182428179155215132822140100Religion is lessimportantUKNigeriaIsraelArgentinaPeruNetherlandsAustraliaU.S.FranceThailandSouth KoreaChile MexicoSinga

115、poreDiff+25+22+20+18+17+16+14+13+12+10+10+9+9+6Religion is veryimportant24 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 2.Factors seen as contributing to economic inequality People around the world see various factors as contributing to economic inequality in their country:Majorities in almost every coun

116、try surveyed believe all six factors we asked about lead to economic inequality at least a fair amount.However,there are differences over whether each contributes a great deal.In 31 of 36 countries,more say that rich people having too much political influence leads to economic inequality than say th

117、is about any other factor.A median of 48%of adults say problems with their countrys education system contribute a great deal to economic inequality.Around four-in-ten say some people being born with more opportunities than others(40%)and some people working harder than others(39%)are factors that co

118、ntribute a great deal.Fewer point to the impact of robots and computers doing the work previously done by humans(31%)or to discrimination against racial or ethnic minorities(29%).25 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Political influence of rich seen as top contributor to economic inequality%who

119、 say each of the following leads to economic inequality a great deal in their country Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 26 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Political influence of rich seen as top contri

120、butor to economic inequality,continued%who say each of the following leads to economic inequality a great deal in their country Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 27 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Rich

121、 peoples political influence A median of 60%across 36 countries say that rich people having too much political influence leads to economic inequality a great deal in their country.Majorities hold this opinion in 31 nations and in at least one country every region surveyed.The view that the political

122、 influence of the wealthy contributes to economic inequality,while common across most survey countries,is particularly widespread in Latin America.About seven-in-ten or more say this factor contributes a great deal in five of the six Latin American countries polled.Similarly large shares hold this v

123、iew in Ghana,Greece,Nigeria,the Philippines and Tunisia.By comparison,only about a third of adults or fewer in Poland,Singapore,South Korea and Sweden say rich peoples political influence contributes a great deal to economic inequality in their country.Most say political influence of the rich is a m

124、ajor cause of inequality%who say that rich people having too much political influence leads to economic inequality _ in their country Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 61%59746464645753534131256762626158585342

125、423331685050706763587774737069596028%26212524213136323650392229242226213545444137203432202412171617112219292689%8695898885888984778164899086838479898786746887848191917575929285928888U.S.CanadaGreeceItalyUKFranceGermanyHungarySpainNetherlandsPolandSwedenPhilippinesThailandMalaysiaSri LankaBangladeshI

126、ndiaAustraliaIndonesiaJapanSouth KoreaSingaporeTunisiaTurkeyIsraelGhanaNigeriaKenyaSouth AfricaChileColombiaBrazilPeruMexicoArgentinaMEDIANA fair amountA great dealTotal36-country median28 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by ideology In 10 countries,people who place themselves on the id

127、eological left are more likely than those on the right to believe that rich peoples political influence is a major contributor to economic inequality.The ideological divide is particularly stark in Australia,where 75%of people on the left say this factor leads to economic inequality,compared with a

128、third of those on the right.And in the U.S.,80%of liberals hold this view,compared with 48%of conservatives.People on ideological left more likely than those on right to say influence of the wealthy adds to inequality%who say that rich people having too much political influence leads to economic ine

129、quality a great deal in their country,by ideology Note:Only statistically significant differences are shown.In the U.S.,ideology is defined as conservative(right),moderate(center)and liberal(left).Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the Worl

130、d”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 75%80806880738834574249%63615361607625573033%4854425551691842270100AustraliaU.S.UKSpainFranceCanadaChileSwedenTurkeySouth Korea+42+32+26+26+25+22+19+16+15+15Left-rightdiffLeftCenterRight29 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Problems with the education system A median of 48

131、%of adults across the countries surveyed think problems with their nations education system lead to economic inequality a great deal.Another 33%say this factor contributes a fair amount.About half or more of the public in the U.S.and several European countries(France,Germany,Greece,Italy and the UK)

132、see this as a major contributor to economic inequality.Fewer Swedish and Polish adults say the same.Of the Asia-Pacific nations polled,concerns about the education system are strongest in Sri Lanka one of just two countries where this is seen as the top contributing factor of the six we asked about.

133、Across the rest of the Asia-Pacific survey countries,concerns about education are less common.In the Middle East-North Africa region,a majority of Tunisians and about half of Turks see problems with education as a major contributor to inequality.Turkey is the other survey country in which education

134、is seen as the top factor.Across the sub-Saharan African countries polled,about half or more in Ghana,Kenya and Nigeria say education problems contribute a great deal,compared with fewer than half in South Africa.And as with other possible causes of inequality included in the survey,concerns about e

135、ducation are especially strong in Latin People generally say problems with their countrys education system lead to economic inequality%who say problems with the education system lead to economic inequality _ in their country Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Maj

136、or Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 48%40535352514841323121146251424039383837343029575136635249457064646058514838%37322634323636464642492733303946403348474534223235202919231719142328233386%7885808683857778776363898472798578708580756379847183806868878278828575U.S.CanadaGreeceFranceGerma

137、nyUKItalySpainHungaryNetherlandsSwedenPolandSri LankaPhilippinesIndiaSouth KoreaIndonesiaMalaysiaBangladeshJapanAustraliaThailandSingaporeTunisiaTurkeyIsraelGhanaNigeriaKenyaSouth AfricaChileColombiaBrazilPeruArgentinaMexicoMEDIANA fair amountA great dealTotal36-country median30 PEW RESEARCH CENTER

138、www.pewresearch.org America.The share of adults who say these problems contribute a great deal to economic inequality ranges from 70%in Chile to 51%in Mexico.Views by education In 12 nations most of which fall in the middle-income category adults with more education are more likely than those with l

139、ess education to say that problems with the education system contribute a great deal to economic inequality.For example,about two-thirds of Peruvians with more education(64%)express this view,compared with 47%of Peruvians with less education.There are sizable gaps by education in three other Latin A

140、merican countries surveyed:Brazil,Colombia and Mexico(though Brazilian adults with less education are also less likely to provide a response).Views by ideology In nine countries,adults on the ideological left are more likely than those on the right to say education problems contribute a great deal t

141、o inequality in their country.Adults with more education tend to be more likely to see problems with their education system as tied to inequality%who say problems with the education system lead to economic inequality a great deal in their country,by education level Note:Only positive statistically s

142、ignificant differences are shown.In Brazil and India,people with less education were less likely to respond.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 47%555542452943403855363964%70695658415451496546470100PeruColombiaB

143、razilPhilippinesMexicoHungaryNigeriaSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaIndonesiaIndia+17+15+14+14+13+12+11+11+11+10+10+8DiffMore educationLess education31 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Some people working harder than others A median of 40%across 36 countries believe that some people working harder

144、than others leads to economic inequality a great deal.A median of 33%say this contributes a fair amount.In the U.S.and Canada,only a third say differences in work ethic contribute a great deal.Opinions vary significantly in Europe.A 56%majority of Italians say this is a major contributor to economic

145、 inequality,but just 15%of Swedes share this opinion.In the Asia-Pacific region,about half of adults in India and Sri Lanka see a strong connection between inequality and some people working harder than others.Across the other survey countries in the region,the share of adults who hold this view ran

146、ges from 44%in Bangladesh to 23%in Australia.In the Middle East-North Africa region,Tunisians are the most likely to say work ethic is strongly connected economic inequality:58%hold this opinion,compared with 37%of Turks and 34%of Israelis.Ghanaians stand out among the sub-Saharan Africans surveyed.

147、A 59%majority of adults in Ghana say some people working harder than others contributes a great deal to inequality,while fewer in Kenya,Nigeria and South Africa agree.How much does some people working harder than others lead to economic inequality?%who say that some people working harder than others

148、 leads to economic inequality _ in their country Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 33%33564644404039292725153249443937343232322423583734594645416058504948484031%342827313933334252493828323738424152414151392443

149、35232031301720232724233364%6784737579737270797454798081777975847472746281806982667671787874767271CanadaU.S.ItalyFranceUKGermanySpainGreeceNetherlandsPolandHungarySwedenIndiaSri LankaBangladeshMalaysiaPhilippinesThailandIndonesiaSouth KoreaSingaporeJapanAustraliaTunisiaTurkeyIsraelGhanaKenyaNigeriaSo

150、uth AfricaBrazilColombiaChileArgentinaPeruMexicoMEDIANA fair amountA great dealTotal36-country median32 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by education In 12 countries,people with less education are especially likely to say that some people working harder than others contributes a great d

151、eal to economic inequality.This pattern is particularly stark in Italy,where 59%of those with less education believe this,compared with 42%of Italians with more education.Views by social class In 11 countries,people who place themselves in the working or lower social class are more likely than those

152、 in the upper or upper middle class to believe that some people working harder than others leads to economic inequality(we measure class by asking respondents which social class they identify with this may or may not correspond to measures of income,occupation or education).For example,54%of Argenti

153、ne adults who identify with lower social classes believe this,compared with 33%of Argentine adults who identify with upper social classes.33 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Some people being born with more opportunities than others A median of 39%of adults across the countries surveyed say t

154、hat some people being born with more opportunities than others leads to economic inequality a great deal.A median of 36%say it contributes a fair amount.Like views of people working harder than others,this sentiment is again generally strongest in Latin America,where roughly half or more in four of

155、the six countries polled(Argentina,Brazil,Chile and Colombia)see a strong connection between economic inequality and opportunities at birth.Majorities in Ghana,Italy and Tunisia also say this contributes a great deal to economic inequality.Elsewhere such as in Indonesia,Japan,Poland,Sri Lanka,Sweden

156、 and Thailand only about a quarter of adults or fewer say this contributes to inequality in their country.Views by ideology In 14 countries,people on the ideological left are more likely than people on the right to say different opportunities at birth lead to inequality.In the U.S.,for example,58%of

157、 adults on the left say this factor contributes a great deal,compared with 21%of those on the right.How much do different opportunities at birth lead to economic inequality?%who say that some people being born with more opportunities than others leads to economic inequality _ in their country Source

158、:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 39%36554945444139373326164335333133303028282624563839614643395756564746413935%38323437354529434446603845443943354152475441243643203428182019172622233674%7488848279866880777276808077

159、707365728075806680738281807057767574746864CanadaU.S.ItalyUKGreeceSpainHungaryFranceGermanyNetherlandsSwedenPolandSouth KoreaAustraliaPhilippinesSingaporeMalaysiaIndiaBangladeshIndonesiaThailandJapanSri LankaTunisiaIsraelTurkeyGhanaNigeriaSouth AfricaKenyaChileColombiaBrazilArgentinaMexicoPeruMEDIANA

160、 fair amountA great dealTotal36-country median34 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Robots and computers doing the work previously done by humans Compared with the other factors we asked about,somewhat fewer people say that robots and computers doing work previously done by humans leads to econ

161、omic inequality a great deal or a fair amount in their country.A median of 31%say this contributes a great deal to inequality,while a median of 32%say it contributes a fair amount.About half of adults in Brazil and Colombia say robots and computers doing the work of humans strongly contributes to ec

162、onomic inequality the highest shares measured on this question.Across most of the other countries surveyed,about four-in-ten or fewer see automation as strongly linked to economic inequality.In fact,people across many countries give this factor the lowest rating of the six included in the survey.How

163、 much does automation lead to economic inequality?%who say robots and computers doing the work previously done by humans leads to economic inequality _ in their country Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 24%223

164、83736313027211717114645353433303323221816242220444136325148454240323131%37303335443631385440373328353448462745403936282528231922321619202125203255%5968707075665859715847797370688176516862565352474866605864676765636452CanadaU.S.FranceGreeceItalyHungaryUKSpainNetherlandsPolandGermanySwedenSri LankaInd

165、iaPhilippinesMalaysiaJapanIndonesiaBangladeshSouth KoreaSingaporeThailandAustraliaTurkeyIsraelTunisiaSouth AfricaKenyaGhanaNigeriaBrazilColombiaChileMexicoArgentinaPeruMEDIANA fair amountA great dealTotal36-country median35 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by social class People who des

166、cribe themselves as belonging to the working or lower social class are more likely than those in the upper or upper middle class to say technology replacing people contributes a great deal to economic inequality.The gap is widest in France,where 47%of those who identify with lower classes say automa

167、tion adds to inequality,compared with 24%of those who identify with upper classes.Double-digit differences also appear in Argentina,Germany,Greece,Israel,Netherlands,South Africa,South Korea,Spain,Sweden and the UK.In the U.S.where we had slightly different answer categories for social class 26%of a

168、dults who describe themselves as belonging to the lower middle or lower class say automation contributes a great deal to inequality,compared with 15%of those who describe themselves as upper or upper middle class.Views by education In 10 countries,people with less education are more likely than thos

169、e with more education to say automation contributes a great deal to economic inequality.Views of automations role in inequality vary by social class%who say robots and computers doing work previously done by humans leads to economic inequality a great deal in their country,by self-identified social

170、class Note:Only statistically significant differences are shown.In the U.S.,slightly different answer categories were used.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 2423276201814253717132018131538363871821242246251623

171、2115264744452134322736472723292620260100FranceArgentinaGreeceSwedenIsraelSpainNetherlandsUKSouth AfricaSouth KoreaGermanyCanadaSingaporeAustraliaU.S.+23+21+18+15+14+14+13+11+10+10+10+9+8+7+11DiffUpper/Upper middle classLower middle classWorking/Lower classUpper/Upper middle classMiddle classLower mi

172、ddle/Lower class36 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Discrimination against racial or ethnic minorities In general,fewer people around the world say racial or ethnic discrimination leads to economic inequality than say the same of the other issues we asked about.A median of 29%of adults across

173、 the countries surveyed say that discrimination against racial or ethnic minorities contributes a great deal to economic inequality in their country.A median of 34%say it contributes a fair amount.Brazilian adults are particularly likely to say racial discrimination is a major contributor to economi

174、c inequality:64%hold this opinion,the highest share in any country.In Latin America more broadly,this sentiment tends to be strong,with 46%to 52%of adults expressing this view in Chile,Colombia,Mexico and Peru.Elsewhere,no more than about four-in-ten generally say discrimination contributes a great

175、deal to economic inequality.In a few countries Australia,Hungary,Poland,South Korea,Sweden and Thailand fewer than two-in-ten say this.(For this question,respondents in most countries were asked about discrimination against“racial or ethnic”minorities.In Hungary,Indonesia,Sweden,Tunisia and Turkey,t

176、he question used“ethnic.”In India,the question used“caste or ethnic.”In Kenya,the question used“ethnic or tribal.”)How much does racial or ethnic discrimination lead to inequality?%who say discrimination against racial or ethnic minorities leads to economic inequality _ in their country Source:Sprin

177、g 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 28%25433535312826221815104228282726222121181612322921444240386452474746312935%37313832314049394947453428454127344746433940303229192637251319242223283462%6274736763687561676256766372675356

178、696761555262615064677763777271696959U.S.CanadaFranceItalyUKSpainGreeceNetherlandsGermanyHungarySwedenPolandSri LankaIndiaMalaysiaPhilippinesBangladeshSingaporeJapanIndonesiaThailandAustraliaSouth KoreaIsraelTurkeyTunisiaKenyaSouth AfricaNigeriaGhanaBrazilColombiaPeruChileMexicoArgentinaMEDIANA fair

179、amountA great dealTotal36-country median37 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by ideology People who place themselves on the ideological left are more likely than those on the right to say racial or ethnic discrimination against minorities contributes a great deal to economic inequality.T

180、his pattern in present in roughly half of the 36 countries surveyed,particularly in high-income countries.The divide is widest in the U.S.,where 45%of liberals say discrimination contributes a great deal to inequality,compared with 13%of conservatives.Left-right differences of 20 percentage points o

181、r more are also present in Brazil,France,Greece and Italy.Views by race and ethnicity Views differ by race and ethnicity in several countries.Black Brazilians are 16 points more likely than White Brazilians to say discrimination contributes to economic inequality.And Arab Israelis are more than twic

182、e as likely as Jewish Israelis to say this(56%vs.26%).In the U.S.,Black Americans(57%)are much more likely than Hispanic(37%)or White(20%)Americans to say discrimination adds to inequality.Ideological divides over the impact of racial or ethnic discrimination on inequality%who say discrimination aga

183、inst racial or ethnic minorities leads to economic inequality a great deal in their country,by ideology Note:Only statistically significant differences of 10 percentage points or more are shown.In the U.S.,ideology is defined as conservative(right),moderate(center)and liberal(left).Source:Spring 202

184、4 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 45%625176394526374844345638292230%403074272817272927255030211413%3229551926820322818412315110100U.S.FranceItalyBrazilGreeceSpainSwedenNetherlandsUKIsraelCanadaChileTurkeyGermanyAustraila+32+30

185、+22+21+20+19+18+17+16+16+16+15+15+14+11Left-rightdiffLeftCenterRight38 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 3.Views of childrens financial future Across the nations we surveyed,people are generally pessimistic about the financial future of the next generation in their country.A median of 57%say c

186、hildren will grow up to be financially worse off than their parents,compared with a median of 34%who say they will be better off.In the high-income nations of Canada and the U.S.,about three-quarters of adults believe children will be worse off.Similarly high shares are pessimistic in most of the Eu

187、ropean countries surveyed,all of which are high-income countries.About three-quarters or more in France,Greece,Italy,Spain and the UK say children will grow up to be worse off financially than their parents.Poland is the only European country where people more likely to offer an optimistic view of t

188、he next generations financial future:41%of Poles say children will be better off,while 31%say they will be worse off.Another 18%of Poles volunteer that their future financial situation will be about the same.In the Asia-Pacific region,views are most negative in Australia,Japan and South Korea,where

189、about two-thirds or more say children will be worse off than their parents.People in Malaysia and Sri Lanka are also pessimistic on this question.Globally,most think children will be worse off financially than their parents%who say that when children in their country grow up,they will be _ financial

190、ly than their parents Note:Those who did not answer are not shown.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 78%7481797975726961584331797766585643432622201966512666654638604944434141578251857111218698516%26141919202527

191、3532304120162742335455707173751934482734434538395250495034CanadaU.S.FranceItalyUKSpainGreeceNetherlandsGermanySwedenHungaryPolandAustraliaJapanSouth KoreaMalaysiaSri LankaThailandSingaporePhilippinesIndonesiaBangladeshIndiaTurkeyTunisiaIsraelSouth AfricaKenyaNigeriaGhanaColombiaPeruMexicoBrazilChile

192、Argentina36-countrymedianBetter offWorse offSame(VOL)39 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org In the six other Asia-Pacific countries surveyed,people are more likely to say that children will be financially better off than their parents.At least seven-in-ten hold this view in Bangladesh,India,Indo

193、nesia and the Philippines.Singapore is the only high-income Asia-Pacific nation where people say children will be better off.Of the Middle East-North African countries surveyed,people in Turkey have an especially dim view of childrens financial future.About two-thirds of Turks say children in their

194、country will be worse off than their parents.In sub-Saharan Africa,around two-thirds of adults in Kenya and South Africa also say children will be worse off than their parents.Views are divided in the Latin American countries surveyed.In Colombia and Peru,more people say children will be worse off t

195、han better off,but the reverse is true in Argentina.40 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by perception of economic inequality Theres a clear relationship between peoples perceptions of economic inequality in their country and how they see the next generations financial future.In most cou

196、ntries,people who consider the gap between the rich and the poor to be a very big problem are especially pessimistic about how children will fare financially when they grow up.Likewise,dissatisfaction with the current economic situation and with the functioning of democracy are linked to the sense t

197、hat children will be worse off financially than their parents in the future.Views by opinion of the governing party The belief that children will grow up to be financially worse off than their parents is also more common among people who do not support the governing party in their country.For exampl

198、e,in Hungary,57%of people who do not support the governing Concern about economic inequality is tied to a bleaker outlook on the next generations financial future%who say that when children in their country grow up,they will be worse off financially than their parents,among those who say Note:Only s

199、tatistically significant differences are shown.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 88%728050756967878643277766343283645044806750684948825981762166%52633359545273722913645422207253393370584160414075527571160100Di

200、ff+22+20+17+17+16+15+15+14+14+14+14+13+12+12+12+11+11+11+11+10+9+9+8+8+8+7+7+6+5+5UKTurkeyGreeceThailandSouth KoreaSwedenMalaysiaAustraliaFranceGhanaBangladeshNetherlandsGermanyIsraelPhilippinesCanadaColombiaMexicoArgentinaSpainKenyaSingaporeSouth AfricaNigeriaHungaryItalySri LankaJapanU.S.IndiaThe

201、gap between the rich and the poor is a very big problemThe gap between the rich and the poor is not a very big problem41 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org party say children will grow up to be worse off financially than their parents.This view is shared by just 20%of Hungarians who support the

202、 governing party.(Read Appendix B for a classification of governing parties as of spring 2024.)Views by age and income In most countries,older and younger adults generally have the same outlook on childrens financial future.There are also few major differences by income level.How views of the next g

203、enerations financial future have changed over time In 15 surveyed countries,the publics economic outlook is worse today than before the coronavirus pandemic.For example,the share of Germans who think children will grow up to be worse off financially than their parents has increased by 19 percentage

204、points since 2019 from 42%then to 61%today.In many countries,economic pessimism is more common than before pandemic%who think children in their country will be worse off financially than their parents Note:Only changes of 10 percentage points or more are shown.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Sur

205、vey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 61%66615979%787269ItalyCanadaGreeceNetherlands2019202451%54564266%666661South Africa South KoreaTurkeyGermany31%222549%4138PeruChileGhana2017202442 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 4.Support for changing the

206、 current economic system In most of the countries we surveyed,there is widespread support for changing the economic system.In fact,in all but three nations,majorities say the economic system in their country needs major changes or complete reform.Across all 36 countries,a median of 20%of adults say

207、their economic system needs to be completely reformed,while a median of 52%call for major changes.Much smaller median shares say their economic system needs minor changes(16%)or no changes at all(3%).Significant shares in some middle-income countries support complete economic reform.Majorities in Ni

208、geria and Tunisia say this is necessary,and roughly four-in-ten or more agree in Ghana,India,Malaysia,South Africa and Turkey.Only in the Netherlands,Singapore and Sweden all high-income countries do fewer than half of adults want significant economic changes.Majorities in most North American and Eu

209、ropean countries surveyed say their system needs at least major changes,including three-quarters or more in France,Greece,Hungary,Italy and Spain.And across both regions,no more than about a quarter of adults think their economic system needs complete reform in any survey country.Most people globall

210、y favor significant changes to their economic system%who say the economic system in their country needs Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 20%10182015262210199771438183128392813147760411961533242282729262018204

211、6%47696162485358475634337448655152344354515322334442333854426562585760525266%588781777575686665404088868382807370666560299384619491868492898784817079U.S.CanadaGreeceItalyFranceHungarySpainGermanyUKPolandNetherlandsSwedenPhilippinesMalaysiaIndonesiaBangladeshSri LankaIndiaThailandSouth KoreaAustralia

212、JapanSingaporeTunisiaTurkeyIsraelNigeriaGhanaKenyaSouth AfricaColombiaBrazilArgentinaPeruChileMexicoMEDIANComplete reformMajor changesTotal36-countrymedian43 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by perception of economic inequality In nearly all countries surveyed,adults who see economic in

213、equality as a very big problem are significantly more likely than others to favor significant changes to the economic system.For example,Swedish adults who think inequality is a very big problem are twice as likely as those who think its a moderately big problem,a small problem or not a problem at a

214、ll to say Swedens economic system needs major changes or complete reform.And in 31 of the 36 countries surveyed,people who say the current economic situation in their country is bad are more likely than those who say its good to favor significant changes.Public support for economic reform is tied to

215、 views of economic inequality%who say the economic system in their country needs major changes or complete reform,among those who say Note:Only statistically significant differences are shown.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW

216、 RESEARCH CENTER 87%806281588068777444867691798082938988928975859376969084809691879649%46315130544354532366567261636679757479766273826587817571888480910100The gap between the rich and the poor is nota very big problemAustraliaUKSwedenU.S.NetherlandsSouth KoreaCanadaIsraelJapanSingaporeHungaryGermany

217、TurkeyPolandIndiaFranceGreecePeruItalyIndonesiaBangladeshThailandChileMalaysiaMexicoColombiaArgentinaSri LankaSpainTunisiaPhilippinesKenyaNigeriaDiff+38+34+31+30+28+26+25+23+21+21+20+20+19+18+17+16+14+14+14+13+13+13+12+11+11+9+9+9+9+8+7+7+5The gap between the rich and the poor isa very big problem44

218、 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Views by age In 10 countries,younger adults are more likely than older people to favor significant economic changes.These include the U.S.,where 77%of adults under 35 want major changes or complete reform to the economic system,compared with 58%of people ages

219、 50 and older.Views by gender In seven countries,larger shares of women than men say their economic system needs at least major changes.In France,for example,81%of women support major economic changes or complete reform,compared with 72%of men.How support for economic reform has changed over time Op

220、inions about economic reform have changed since we last asked this question in several places.In 10 countries,significantly greater shares of adults favor major economic change or complete reform this year than in the past.In fact,this share has doubled in Australia since 2021 from 32%then to 64%tod

221、ay.Support for large-scale economic change is also up in several European countries compared with three years ago.Smaller shares say their economic system needs major changes or complete reform now than in the past in Argentina(-5 points since 2023),South Korea(-6 since 2021),Spain(-8 since 2021)and

222、 Singapore(-13 since 2021).Trend data on this question is not available in Bangladesh,Chile,Colombia,Ghana,Malaysia,Peru,the Philippines,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Tunisia or Turkey.In some countries,support for big economic changes has grown over time%who say their countrys economic system needs major chan

223、ges or complete reform Note:Only statistically significant changes are shown.Trends from 2023 are available for 11 of 36 countries surveyed.Trends from 2021 are available for 14 of 36 countries surveyed.Source:Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey.“Economic Inequality Seen as Major Challenge Around th

224、e World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 32%4451466629337283427069849265%6668587740406675298375898701002024AustraliaUKGermanyCanadaFranceSwedenNetherlandsSouth KoreaSpainSingaporeIndonesiaHungaryBrazilArgentinaChange332217121111768131365520212023202445 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Appendix A:Economic

225、categorization of high-and middle-income countries For this report,we grouped countries into high-income and middle-income categories based on definitions from the World Bank.Countries included in this report,by income level Source:Pew Research Center analysis of World Bank data.“Economic Inequality

226、 Seen as Major Challenge Around the World”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 46 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Appendix B:Political categorization For this analysis,we grouped people into two political categories:those who support the governing political party(or parties)in their country,and those who do

227、not.These categories were coded based on the party or parties in power at the time the survey was fielded and on respondents answers to a question asking which political party,if any,they identify with in their country.1 In countries where multiple political parties govern in coalition(as is the cas

228、e in many European countries),survey respondents who indicate support for any party in the coalition were grouped together.In Germany,for example,where the Social Democratic Party governed with Alliance 90/The Greens and the Free Democratic Party at the time of the spring 2024 survey,supporters of a

229、ny of the three parties were grouped together.In countries where different political parties control the executive and legislative branches of government,the party holding the executive branch was considered the governing party.Survey respondents who did not indicate support for any political party,

230、or who refused to identify with one,were categorized as not supporting the government in power.Party identification was not asked about in the Philippines or Tunisia.The table below outlines the governing political parties in each survey country.1 Governing parties were not updated to account for el

231、ections that occurred after the survey was fielded and resulted in a new party(or parties)serving in government.Language used to measure party identification varied from country to country.47 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Political categorization Country Governing political party(or partie

232、s)Argentina La Libertad Avanza/Libertarian Party Australia Australian Labor Party(ALP)Bangladesh Bangladesh Awami League Brazil Brazilian Socialist Party(PSB),Communist Party of Brazil(PCdoB),Democratic Labour Party(PDT),Green Party(PV),Labour Party of Brazil(Avante),Socialism and Liberty Party(PSOL

233、),Solidarity(SD),Sustainability Network(REDE),Workers Party(PT)Canada Liberal Party Chile Common Party,Communist Party,Democratic Revolution,Liberal Party,Party for Democracy(PPD),Radical Party,Social Convergence(CS),Social Green Regionalist Federation,Socialist Party(PS)Colombia Alianza Democrtica

234、Amplia(ADA),Alternative Democratic Pole,Autoridades Indgenas de Colombia(AICO),Colombia Humana,Colombia Renaciente,Communes(formerly FARC),Comunista Colombiano,Demcrata Colombiano,Ecologista Colombiano,Esperanza,Green Alliance,La Fuerza de la Paz,Movimiento Alternativo Indgena y Social(MAIS),Movimie

235、nto Independientes,Paz y Libertad(EPL),Unin Patritica France Renaissance(formerly En Marche)Germany Alliance 90/The Greens,Free Democratic Party(FDP),Social Democratic Party(SDP)Ghana New Patriotic Party(NPP)Greece New Democracy(ND)Hungary Christian Democratic Peoples Party(KDNP),Fidesz India Bharat

236、iya Janata Party(BJP),Janata Dal(Secular)(JD(S),Janata Dal United(JDU),Nationalist Congress Party,Shiv Sena,Telegu Desham Party(TDP)Indonesia Democratic Party,Great Indonesia Movement Party(Gerindra),Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle(PDI-P),National Awakening Party(PKB),National Democratic Par

237、ty(Nasdem),National Mandate Party(PAN),Party of the Functional Groups(Golkar),United Development Party(PPP)Israel Likud,Noam,Otzma Yehudit,Religious Zionist Party,Shas,National Unity,United Torah Judaism(Yahadut Hatora)Italy Brothers of Italy,Forward Italy,Lega,Us Moderates(NM)Japan Komeito,Liberal

238、Democratic Party(LDP)Kenya Amani National Congress,Forum for the Restoration of Democracy Kenya(FORD-Kenya),United Democratic Alliance Malaysia Coalition of Hope(PH),Democratic Action Party(DAP),Homeland Solidarity Party(STAR),Malaysian Chinese Association(MCA),Malaysian Indian Congress(MIC),Nationa

239、l Front(BN),National Trust Party(AMANAH),Peoples Justice Party(PKR),Progressive Democratic Party(PDP),Sabah Heritage Party(WARISAN),Sarawak Peoples Party(PRS),United Malays National Organization(UMNO),United Progressive People of Kinabalu Organisation,United Sabah Peoples Party(PBRS),United Traditio

240、nal Bumiputera Party(PBB),Unity Government(Pakatan Harapan and Barisan Nasional)Mexico Ecologist Green Party of Mexico(PVEM),Labor Party(PT),Morena Netherlands Christian Democratic Appeal(CDA),ChristianUnion(CU),Democrats 66(D66),Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy(VVD)Nigeria All Progressives C

241、ongress(APC)Peru Advance Country Social Integration Party,Alliance for Progress,Popular Force,Popular Renovacin,We Are Peru Poland Civic Platform(PO),The Greens(PZ),The Left,Modern(Nowoczesna),Poland 2050,Polish Initiative(iPL),Polish Peoples Party(PSL)Singapore Peoples Action Party(PAP)South Africa

242、 African National Congress(ANC)South Korea People Power Party(PPP)Spain Catalunya en Com,Commitment Coalition(Comproms),Movimiento Sumar(SMR),Spanish Socialist Workers Party(PSOE),United Left(IU)48 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Sri Lanka Eelam Peoples Democratic Party(EPDP),Peoples United

243、Front,Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna(SLPP),United National Party(UNP)Sweden Christian Democrats,Liberals,Moderate Party Thailand Bhumjaithai Party,Chartthaipattana Party,Palang Pracharath Party,Pheu Thai Party,Thai Liberal Party,United Thai Nation Party(Ruam Thai Sang Chart Party)Turkey Justice and Dev

244、elopment Party UK Conservative Party U.S.Democratic Party Note:Only parties represented in the federal government are shown.Party identification not asked in the Philippines or Tunisia.Parties categorized as governing during the spring 2024 fieldwork period(Jan.5-May 22,2024).PEW RESEARCH CENTER 49

245、PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Acknowledgments This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals.Richard Wike,Director,Global Attitudes Research Moira Fagan,Research Associate Christine Huang,Research Associate Laura Clancy,Research Analyst J

246、ordan Lippert,Research Analyst Dorene Asare-Marfo,Senior Panel Manager Peter Bell,Associate Director,Design and Production Janakee Chavda,Associate Digital Producer Manolo Corichi,Research Analyst Jonathan Evans,Senior Researcher Janell Fetterolf,Senior Researcher Shannon Greenwood,Digital Productio

247、n Manager Sneha Gubbala,Research Analyst Sofia Hernandez Ramones,Research Assistant Anna Jackson,Editorial Assistant Gar Meng Leong,Communications Manager Kirsten Lesage,Research Associate Carolyn Lau,International Research Methodologist John Carlo Mandapat,Information Graphics Designer William Mine

248、r,Research Analyst Patrick Moynihan,Associate Director,International Research Methods Georgina Pizzolitto,Research Methodologist Jacob Poushter,Associate Director,Global Attitudes Research Andrew Prozorovsky,Research Assistant Dana Popky,Associate Panel Manager Mithila Samak,Communications Associate

249、 Laura Silver,Associate Director,Global Attitudes Research Sofi Sinozich,International Research Methodologist Maria Smerkovich,Research Associate Kelsey Jo Starr,Research Analyst Brianna Vetter,Administrative Associate We appreciate the following individuals for advising us on strategic outreach:Eug

250、enia Mitchelstein,Associate Professor of Communication at Universidad de San Andrs(Argentina);Naziru Mikail Abubakar,Executive Director and Editor-in-Chief at the Daily Trust(Nigeria);50 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Sebastin Lacunza,Columnist at elDiarioAR.com(Argentina);Anton Harber,Exec

251、utive Director at the Campaign for Free Expression and Founder of the Mail&Guardian(South Africa);and Admire Mare,Associate Professor and Head of Department of Communication and Media Studies,University of Johannesburg(South Africa);and Monicah Waceke Ndungu,Chief Operating Officer,Nation Media Grou

252、p(Kenya).51 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Methodology About Pew Research Centers Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey Results for the survey are based on telephone,face-to-face and online interviews conducted under the direction of Gallup,Langer Research Associates,Social Research Centre an

253、d Verian.The results are based on national samples,unless otherwise noted.More details about our international survey methodology and country-specific sample designs are available here.The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview The American Trends Panel(ATP),created by Pew Research Center

254、,is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S.adults.Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys.Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection.Interviews are conducted in both English and Spanish.The panel i

255、s being managed by Ipsos.Data in this report is drawn from ATP Wave 145,conducted from April 1-7,2024,among a sample of ATP members who had previously completed both of ATP Waves 132 and 143.It includes an oversample of non-Hispanic Asian adults,non-Hispanic Black men and Hispanic men in order to pr

256、ovide more precise estimates of the opinions and experiences of these smaller demographic subgroups.These oversampled groups are weighted back to reflect their correct proportions in the population.A total of 3,600 panelists responded out of 3,776 who were sampled,for a response rate of 95%.The cumu

257、lative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 3%.The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is 1%.The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 3,600 respondents is plus or minus 2.1 percentage po

258、ints.Panel recruitment The ATP was created in 2014,with the first cohort of panelists invited to join the panel at the end of a large,national,landline and cellphone random-digit dial survey that was conducted in both English and Spanish.Two additional recruitments were conducted using the same meth

259、od in 2015 and 2017,respectively.Across these three surveys,a total of 19,718 adults were invited to join the ATP,of whom 9,942(50%)agreed to participate.In August 2018,the ATP switched from telephone to address-based sampling(ABS)recruitment.A study cover letter and a pre-incentive are mailed to a

260、stratified,random sample of households 52 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org selected from the U.S.Postal Services Delivery Sequence File.This Postal Service file has been estimated to cover as much as 98%of the population,although some studies suggest that the coverage could be in the low 90%r

261、ange.2 Within each sampled household,the adult with the next birthday is asked to participate.Other details of the ABS recruitment protocol have changed over time but are available upon request.3 We have recruited a national sample of U.S.adults to the ATP approximately once per year since 2014.In s

262、ome years,the recruitment has included additional efforts(known as an“oversample”)to boost sample size with underrepresented groups.For example,Hispanic adults,Black adults and Asian adults were oversampled in 2019,2022 and 2023,respectively.Across the six address-based recruitments,a total of 23,86

263、2 adults were invited to join the ATP,of whom 20,917 agreed to join the panel and completed an initial profile survey.Of the 30,859 individuals who have ever joined the ATP,11,906 remained active panelists and continued to receive survey invitations at the time this survey was conducted.The American

264、 Trends Panel never uses breakout routers or chains that direct respondents to additional surveys.Sample design 2 AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling.2016.“AAPOR Report:Address-based Sampling.”3 Email pewsurveyspewresearch.org.American Trends Panel recruitment surveys Recruitment dates Mode I

265、nvited Joined Active panelists remaining Jan.23 to March 16,2014 Landline/cell RDD 9,809 5,338 1,390 Aug.27 to Oct.4,2015 Landline/cell RDD 6,004 2,976 831 April 25 to June 4,2017 Landline/cell RDD 3,905 1,628 404 Aug.8 to Oct.31,2018 ABS 9,396 8,778 3,844 Aug.19 to Nov.30,2019 ABS 5,900 4,720 1,386

266、 June 1 to July 19,2020;Feb.10 to March 31,2021 ABS 3,197 2,812 1,438 May 29 to July 7,2021;Sept.16 to Nov.1,2021 ABS 1,329 1,162 731 May 24 to Sept.29,2022 ABS 3,354 2,869 1,449 April 17 to May 30,2023 ABS 686 576 433 Total 43,580 30,859 11,906 Note:RDD is random-digit dial;ABS is address-based sam

267、pling.Approximately once per year,panelists who have not participated in multiple consecutive waves or who did not complete an annual profiling survey are removed from the panel.Panelists also become inactive if they ask to be removed from the panel.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 53 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pew

268、research.org The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 and older living in the U.S.,including Alaska and Hawaii.It featured a stratified random sample of active ATP members who completed both ATP Wave 132 and Wave 143.Among the panelists who met these cri

269、teria,Hispanic men,non-Hispanic Black men and non-Hispanic Asian adults were selected with certainty.The remaining panelists were sampled at rates designed to ensure that the share of respondents in each stratum is proportional to its share of the U.S.adult population to the greatest extent possible

270、.Respondent weights are adjusted to account for differential probabilities of selection as described in the Weighting section below.Questionnaire development and testing The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with Ipsos.The web program was rigorously tested on both PC

271、 and mobile devices by the Ipsos project management team and Pew Research Center researchers.The Ipsos project management team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.Incentives All respondents wer

272、e offered a post-paid incentive for their participation.Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or a gift code to A or could choose to decline the incentive.Incentive amounts ranged from$5 to$20 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the p

273、opulation that is harder or easier to reach.Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.Data collection protocol The data collection field period for this survey was April 1-7,2024.Postcard

274、notifications were mailed to a subset of ATP panelists with a known residential address on April 1.4 Invitations were sent out in two separate launches:soft launch and full launch.Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch,which began with an initial invitation sent on April 1.The ATP panelist

275、s chosen for the initial soft launch were known responders who had completed previous ATP surveys within one day of receiving their invitation.All remaining English-and Spanish-speaking sampled panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on April 2.4 Postcard notifications

276、 are sent to 1)panelists who have been provided with a tablet to take ATP surveys,2)panelists who were recruited within the last two years,and 3)panelists recruited prior to the last two years who opt to continue receiving postcard notifications.54 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org All panelis

277、ts with an email address received an email invitation and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey.All ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages received an SMS invitation and up to two SMS reminders.Invitation and reminder dates,ATP Wave 145 Soft launch Full launch Initial

278、invitation April 1,2024 April 2,2024 First reminder April 4,2024 April 4,2024 Final reminder April 6,2024 April 6,2024 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Data quality checks To ensure high-quality data,the Centers researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing clear patterns of satis

279、ficing.This includes checking for whether respondents left questions blank at very high rates or always selected the first or last answer presented.As a result of this checking,one ATP respondent was removed from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.55 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresear

280、ch.org Weighting The ATP data is weighted in a multistep process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the survey process.First,each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of selection for their initial recruitment

281、 survey.These weights are then rescaled and adjusted to account for changes in the design of ATP recruitment surveys from year to year.Finally,the weights are calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel attr

282、ition.If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave,this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.Among the panelists who completed the survey,this weight is then calibrated again to align with the population benchmarks identified in the

283、 accompanying table and trimmed at the 2nd and 98th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights.This trimming is performed separately among non-Hispanic Black,non-Hispanic Asian,Hispanic and all other respondents.Sampling errors and tests of statistical signific

284、ance take into account the effect of weighting.American Trends Panel weighting dimensions Variable Benchmark sourceAge(detailed)Age x Gender Education x Gender Education x Age Race/Ethnicity x Education Black(alone or in combination)x Hispanic Born inside vs.outside the U.S.among Hispanics and Asian

285、 Americans Years lived in the U.S.Census region x Metropolitan status 2022 American Community Survey(ACS)Volunteerism2021 CPS Volunteering&Civic Life Supplement Party affiliation x Voter registration2022 CPS Voting and Registration Supplement Party affiliation x Race/Ethnicity Frequency of internet

286、use Religious affiliation 2023 National Public Opinion Reference Survey(NPORS)Note:Estimates from the ACS are based on noninstitutionalized adults.Voter registration is calculated using procedures from Hur,Achen(2013)and rescaled to include the total U.S.adult population.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 56 PEW R

287、ESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95%level of confidence for different groups in the survey.Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request.In a

288、ddition to sampling error,one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.Sample sizes and margins of error,ATP Wave 145 Group Unweighted sample size Plus or minus Total sample 3,600 2.1 per

289、centage points Rep/Lean Rep 1,487 1.7 percentage points Dem/Lean Dem 1,952 1.7 percentage points Note:This survey includes oversamples of Hispanic men,non-Hispanic Black men and non-Hispanic Asian adults respondents.Unweighted sample sizes do not account for the sample design or weighting and do not

290、 describe a groups contribution to weighted estimates.See the Sample design and Weighting sections above for details.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 57 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Dispositions and response rates Final dispositions,ATP Wave 145 AAPOR code Total Completed interview 1.1 3,600 Logged on

291、 to survey;broke off 2.12 29 Logged on to survey;did not complete any items 2.1121 9 Never logged on(implicit refusal)2.11 135 Survey completed after close of the field period 2.27 2 Completed interview but was removed for data quality 1 Screened out 0 Total panelists sampled for the survey 3,776 Co

292、mpleted interviews I 3,600 Partial interviews P 0 Refusals R 173 Non-contact NC 2 Other O 1 Unknown household UH 0 Unknown other UO 0 Not eligible NE 0 Total 3,776 AAPOR RR1=I/(I+P+R+NC+O+UH+UO)95%PEW RESEARCH CENTER Cumulative response rate as of ATP Wave 145 Total Weighted response rate to recruit

293、ment surveys 11%of recruitment survey respondents who agreed to join the panel,among those invited 71%of those agreeing to join who were active panelists at start of Wave 145 45%Response rate to Wave 145 survey 95%Cumulative response rate 3%PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center 2025 58 PEW RESEARC

294、H CENTER www.pewresearch.org Topline questionnaire Pew Research Center Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey January 9,2025 Release Methodological notes:Survey results are based on national samples.For further details on sample designs,referto the Methodology section and our international survey metho

295、ds database.Due to rounding,percentages may not total 100%.The topline“total”columns show 100%,because they are based on unrounded numbers.Prior to 2024,combined totals were based on rounded topline figures.Going forward,totals will be based on unrounded topline figures,so combined totals might be d

296、ifferentthan in previous years.Surveys in the U.S.and Australia were conducted online.The U.S.survey was conducted onPew Research Centers American Trends Panel.The Australia survey was conducted on theSocial Research Centres Life in Australia Panel.In both countries,many questions havebeen asked in

297、previous surveys on the phone.Phone trends for comparison are provided inseparate tables throughout the topline.The extent of the mode differences varies acrossquestions;while there are negligible differences on some questions,others have morepronounced differences.Caution should be taken when evalu

298、ating online and phoneestimates.Since 2020,the Italy survey has been conducted by telephone;surveys were conductedface-to-face in 2002 and 2007-2019.Since 2021,the Greece survey has been conducted by telephone;all prior surveys in Greecewere conducted face-to-face.For some countries,trends for certa

299、in years are omitted due to differences in sampledesign or population coverage.Omitted trends often reflect less representative samplesthan more recent surveys in the same countries.Trends that are omitted include:-Bangladesh prior to 2014-Malaysia prior to 202259 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch

300、.org Not all questions included in the Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey are presented in thistopline.Omitted questions have either been previously released or will be released infuture reports.Q2.When children today in(survey country)grow up,do you think they will be better off or worse off finan

301、cially than their parents?Better offWorse offSame(DO NOT READ)DK/RefusedTotalU.S.Spring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021March,2020CanadaSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2013FranceSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,201

302、5Spring,2014Spring,2013GermanySpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013GreeceSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2014Spring,2013HungarySpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017ItalySpring,202

303、4Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013NetherlandsSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,201726740110027720110032680110042570110016782410020752410027683210030662210025674510024693510027642710027643610014812210017782310016774310

304、016793210015803210097118210014851010013861010099010100356131100425313100405073100484273100375274100365266100345834100385624100286435100257221100267022100316612100266185100186984100207243100256583100216785100304325210029511551003740149100354120410041463101001979111002376111002572211002361115100196112

305、810023655710015661351001567107100147367100276931100276653100405433100355932100355456100355475100PEW RESEARCH CENTERwww.pewresearch.org60Q2.When children today in(survey country)grow up,do you think they will be better off or worse off financially than their parents?Better offWorse offSame(DO NOT REA

306、D)DK/RefusedTotalPolandSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013SpainSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013SwedenSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017UKSpring,2024

307、Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013AustraliaSpring,2024Spring,2022BangladeshSpring,2024Spring,2014IndiaSpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2016Spring,2015Spring,2014Winter,2013-2014IndonesiaSpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,20

308、17Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013JapanSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013MalaysiaSpring,2024Spring,202241311891003942136100572313610059257910048394810034537710028586810026615810020751410022722310024714110025721210024721310024692510031

309、614410030625310028653410032588210047466210050436110040526210035501231004446731001979021002572121003264221002274311002370251002468351002568341002372231001774271002079011002772011007320151007119641007519231007121441006619312100761257100722054100741844100672444100642358100712270100742114100751771100582

310、6152100511822910062191531005825135100167725100128224100167716100137935100157626100197236100187246100147943100157645100425800100455312100PEW RESEARCH CENTERwww.pewresearch.org61Q2.When children today in(survey country)grow up,do you think they will be better off or worse off financially than their pa

311、rents?Better offWorse offSame(DO NOT READ)DK/RefusedTotalPhilippinesSpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013SingaporeSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021South KoreaSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013Sri

312、 LankaSpring,2024ThailandSpring,2024Spring,2014IsraelSpring,2024Spring,2022Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013TunisiaSpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2014Spring,2013TurkeySpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013GhanaSpring,20

313、24Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013KenyaSpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013NigeriaSpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,20137026121007022351006921821006124971005126167100523212410063293410055431010056421110061353

314、110027665210036601210034602310039543310041534210034556510043523210052434210056375210033564610054433010044483510048261881004227247100483118310040361951005030155100512713910043301891004127221110034511241003160451003364121004250351004844441004939471001966114100335647100562979100405218100354117710039438

315、91004538981006325310100563554100632755100652294100346511100336512100366013100346025100434774100365554100553285100434666100533719100653213100722323100841123100632188100651889100PEW RESEARCH CENTERwww.pewresearch.org62Q2.When children today in(survey country)grow up,do you think they will be better of

316、f or worse off financially than their parents?Better offWorse offSame(DO NOT READ)DK/RefusedTotalSouth AfricaSpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013ArgentinaSpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013BrazilSpring,2024Spring,2019

317、Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013ChileSpring,2024Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013ColombiaSpring,2024Spring,2017Spring,2014MexicoSpring,2024Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013PeruSpring,2024Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,20142766431004451

318、141004054331004449331004733145100502519710039401561005041271004247210100374941110045404101005534561004237813100443810810050432510052421510042532310056383410061352210072251110079182110049415510069227210067161341007789610076136510038601210033594510050377510052441210044483510036572510029624610041431251

319、004639105100443989100394984100573157100652168100612586100AUSTRALIA AND U.S.PHONE TRENDS FOR COMPARISONQ2.When children today in(survey country)grow up,do you think they will be better off or worse off financially than their parents?Better offWorse offSame(DO NOT READ)DK/RefusedTotalU.S.Spring,2020Sp

320、ring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013AustraliaSpring,2021Spring,2019Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2013415136100316027100335737100375823100326043100306523100336214100356023100296514100296443100246935100266446100395344100PEW RESEARCH CENTERwww.pewresearch.org63Q10a

321、.Now I am going to read you a list of things that may be problems in(survey country).As I read each one,please tell me if you think it is a very big problem,a moderately big problem,a small problem,or not a problem at all.a.The gap between the rich and the poorTOTAL Very/moderately big problemTOTAL

322、Small/not a problemVery big problemModerately big problemSmall problemNot a problem at allDK/RefusedTotalU.S.Spring,2024CanadaSpring,2024Spring,2013FranceSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013GermanySpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013GreeceSpring,2024Spring,2016Spring,2014Spring,2013HungarySpring,2024Italy

323、Spring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013NetherlandsSpring,2024PolandSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013SpainSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013SwedenSpring,2024UKSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013AustraliaSpring,2024BangladeshSpring,2024Spring,2014IndiaSpring,2024Spring,2018Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Wint

324、er,2013-2014IndonesiaSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013JapanSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013MalaysiaSpring,2024PhilippinesSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013SingaporeSpring,2024South KoreaSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013Sri LankaSpring,2024ThailandSpring,2024Spring,2014IsraelSpring,2024Spring,2014Spr

325、ing,2013TunisiaSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013TurkeySpring,2024Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013GhanaSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,201383165132133010086125730931100821745371440100861364229411009196031620100901065256401009286131530100851539451320100891151381010100919553681010097382153001009738413300

326、100973841321010081184239162010089115138830100946732042010095475204011007822374218401007027244623331008613444311211008995435802100802050301361100937741943010093775194201007029274325411008515592611401008218473511611008019503013611008218424016201008314533059310073273439216010081166417883100751851241357

327、100869612573510095474204111009097019722100945821241110071293239151301008415414313211008416463813311008019354616311007622284819321007722344218511007030353517130100762452241014010087135334112010081195328135010063362935251101008217473511621008514553013111008811662392110089106623461100881261274801009094

328、3476311007623324321211009195733721100881151379211009096526630100937771653010090982745110092868245201007814552310581009187417521100889682072310079216415111001009467617421100963811521110086286000PEW RESEARCH CENTERwww.pewresearch.org64Q10a.Now I am going to read you a list of things that may be proble

329、ms in(survey country).As I read each one,please tell me if you think it is a very big problem,a moderately big problem,a small problem,or not a problem at all.a.The gap between the rich and the poorTOTAL Very/moderately big problemTOTAL Small/not a problemVery big problemModerately big problemSmall

330、problemNot a problem at allDK/RefusedTotalKenyaSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013NigeriaSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013South AfricaSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013ArgentinaSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013BrazilSpring,2024Spring,2017Spring,2014Spring,2013ChileSpring,2024Spring,2014Spring,2013Colom

331、biaSpring,2024Spring,2014MexicoSpring,2024Spring,2017Spring,2015Spring,2014Spring,2013PeruSpring,2024Spring,201486147412860100945742051110093773205201008415612397010094574204211009457816411100861272147511009097218820100919702063010091970216311009547222311100917702162110082174240891100861148387421009

332、646828300100946751842010086126421652100955742140110094679155111008018611910921009287418621100831648359711008996029452100752449261770100841260249331008996721722100861264238411008995435812100In Japan in 2014,question asked about the widening gap between the rich and the poor.AUSTRALIA AND U.S.PHONE TR

333、ENDS FOR COMPARISONQ10a.Now I am going to read you a list of things that may be problems in(survey country).As I read each one,please tell me if you think it is a very big problem,a moderately big problem,a small problem,or not a problem at all.a.The gap between the rich and the poorTOTAL Very/moderately big problemTOTAL Small/not a problemVery big problemModerately big problemSmall problemNot a p