趙娜娜-全球塑料污染治理工作現狀和展望.pdf

1、趙娜娜 Zhao Nana Assistant DirectorBasel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the PacificStockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity-building and the Transfer of Technology in Asia and the Pacific1國際治理進程Global management process2目錄Contents2各國管理情況National management policy3科學研究熱點Scientific rese

2、arch hotspots4博弈和展望Debate and outlook1國際公約進展Global management process 聯合國系統UN system塑料污染防治國際進程Global plastic pollution management process Global plastic pollution management process under UN system 巴塞爾公約Basel Convention預防與最小量化Prevention and Minimization塑料廢物收集、回收處理Collection,recycling and disposal塑料廢

3、物越境轉移Transboundary movements宣傳教育與意識提升Information,education and awareness raising2019年，塑料廢物附件修正案2019,Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments2019年，進一步采取行動應對塑料廢物的決定“Further actions to address plastic waste under the Basel Convention”20192022年，進一步審議塑料廢物問題2022年啟動修訂廢舊輪胎環境無害化管理技術導則2022,start revise 2023年

4、，進一步審議塑料廢物問題2023年，通過塑料廢物環境無害化管理技術導則2023,adopt 塑料污染防治國際進程Global plastic pollution management process 2022年5月，線上線下明確了INC的會議時間、議事規則、會議文件準備和利益相關方論壇的組織方式Established the meeting times,Rules of procedure,preparation of meeting documents,and organization of forums for stakeholders for the INC籌備INC的不限成員名額特設工

5、作組會議OEWG meeting of the INC2022年11月28日-12月2日，烏拉圭埃斯特角城范圍、目標、結構、核心義務、管控措施、自愿方式進行了初步討論Preliminary discussions were held on the scope,objectives,structure,core obligations,control measures,and voluntary approaches政府間談判委員第一屆會議 INC1123塑料污染國際文書進展Process of new international instrument2023年5月29日-6月2日，法國巴黎審議

6、并選舉主席團成員、審議議事規則、討論潛在要素文件Reviewed and elected the members of the bureau,reviewed Rules of procedure,and discussed the potential elements document政府間談判委員第二屆會議 INC22023年11月13日-19日，肯尼亞內羅畢針對文書零案文逐條發表意見，形成各方意見的匯編文本和協調員版本Comments were made section by section on the zero draft document,resulting in a compil

7、ation of opinions from all parties and a coordinators version政府間談判委員第三屆會議 INC32024年4月23-29日，加拿大渥太華針對修改的零案文精簡討論修改，部分議題開始文字的磋商Streamline the revised zero draft document,with text negotiations beginning on some issues政府間談判委員第四屆會議 INC42024年11月25-12月1日，韓國釜山政府間談判委員第五屆會議 INC5456塑料污染國際文書進展Process of new int

8、ernational instrument1.逐步淘汰和/或減少初級塑料聚合物的供應、需求和使用phasing out and/or reducing the supply of,demand for and use of primary plastic polymers2.禁止、淘汰和/或減少使用有問題和可避免的塑料制品banning,phasing out and/or reducing the use of problematic and avoidable plastic products3.禁止、淘汰和/或減少有關化學品和聚合物的生產、消費和使用banning,phasing out

9、 and/or reducing the production,consumption and use of chemicals and polymers of concern4.減少微塑料reducing microplastics5.加強廢物管理strengthening waste management6.促進循環性設計fostering design for circularity7.鼓勵減少、再利用和修理塑料制品和包裝encouraging reduce,reuse and repair of plastic products and packaging8.促進使用安全、可持續的替代

10、品和代用品promoting the use of safe,sustainable alternatives and substitutes9.消除塑料向水、土壤和空氣中的釋放和排放eliminating the release and emission of plastics to water,soil and air10.解決現有的塑料污染問題addressing existing plastic pollution11.促進公正的過渡，包括非正規廢物部門的包容性過渡facilitating a just transition,including an inclusive transit

11、ion of the informal waste sector12.保護人類健康，免受塑料污染的不利影響protecting human health from the adverse effects of plastic pollution潛在要素文件Potential elements（INC2）1.初級塑料聚合物Primary plastic polymers2.受關注的化學品和聚合物Chemicals and polymers of concern3.有問題和可避免的塑料制品，包括短壽命和一次性塑料制品和有意添加的微塑料Problematic and avoidable plasti

12、c products,including short-lived and single-use plastic products and intentionally added microplastics4.締約方申請豁免Exemptions available to a Party upon request5.產品設計、組成和性能Product design,composition and performance6.非塑料替代品Non-plastic substitutes7.生產者責任延伸制EPR8.全生命周期塑料排放和釋放Emissions and releases of plastic

13、 throughout its life cycle9.廢物管理Waste management10.受控化學品、聚合物、制品和塑料廢物的貿易Trade in listed chemicals,polymers and products,and in plastic waste11.現有塑料污染，包括海洋環境Existing plastic pollution,including in the marine environment12.公正轉型Just transition13.透明、追蹤、監測、標簽Transparency,tracking,monitoring and labelling1

14、.初級塑料聚合物 Primary plastic polymers#2.受關注的化學品和聚合物 Chemicals and polymers of concern#3.有問題和可避免的塑料制品，包括短壽命和一次性塑料制品和有意添加的微塑料 Problematic and avoidable plastic products,including short-lived and single-use plastic products and intentionally added microplastics#3bis.微塑料和納米塑料 Micro-and nanoplastics#4.締約方申請豁

15、免Exemptions available to a Party upon request4bis.專門工作計劃 Dedicated programmes of work#5.產品設計、組成和性能 Product design,composition and performance#6.非塑料替代品Non-plastic substitutes7.生產者責任延伸制 EPR#8.全生命周期塑料排放和釋放 Emissions and releases of plastic throughout its life cycle#9.廢物管理waste management10.受控化學品、聚合物、制品

16、和塑料廢物的貿易Trade in listed chemicals,polymers and products,and in plastic wasterelated measures11.現有塑料污染，包括海洋環境Existing plastic pollution,including in the marine environment12.公正轉型 Just transition#13.透明、追蹤、監測、標簽Transparency,tracking,monitoring and labelling13bis.整體替代條款Overarching provision related to P

17、art II零案文Zero draft（INC3前）零案文修改稿Revised zero draftINC3、INC4序言、目標、定義、原則、范圍、實施措施Preamble、Objective、Definitions、Principles、Scope、Means of Implementation塑料污染國際文書進展Process of new international instrument生產環節Production各方爭議最大，基本立場存在重大分歧The biggest disputes among parties,with fundamental positions significa

18、ntly differing是否應包括初級塑料聚合物生產，強制要求還是自愿義務？是否應管控化學品？其他現有化學品相關公約是否夠用？如何確定有問題和可避免的塑料制品？是否需要列標準和清單？是否需要制定全球統一產品設計標準？產品設計包括哪些內容？Should the production of primary plastic polymers be included,and should it be mandatory or voluntary?Should chemicals be regulated?Are other existing chemical-related conventions

19、 sufficient?How to identify problematic and avoidable plastic products?Is there a need to establish standards and lists?Is there a need to develop global unified product design standards?What should be included in product design?初級塑料聚合物生產受關注的化學品和聚合物的生產有問題和可避免的塑料制品的生產產品設計、組成和性能生產環節Production塑料污染國際文書進

20、展Process of new international instrument是否對公約受管制的化學品、聚合物和制品實施進出口管制措施？進出口管制措施的范圍？Should measures to control the import and export of chemicals,polymers,and products regulated by the convention be implemented?What is the scope of these import and export control measures?流通環節*有問題和可避免的塑料制品的使用替代品Use of p

21、roblematic and avoidable plastic productsAlternatives受控化學品、聚合物、制品的貿易Trade of Controlled Chemicals,Polymers,Products行業管理計劃跟蹤、追溯、標簽Programme of workTracking,traceability,labeling是否應分行業制定管理計劃？都包括哪些行業？Should programmes of work be developed by industry?Which industries should be included?替代品是否應包括在公約范圍內？塑

22、料替代品是否真的替代？Should alternatives be included within the scope of the convention?Are plastic alternatives truly substitutable?跟蹤、監測、追溯的具體形式及可行性？What are the specific forms and feasibility of tracking,monitoring,and traceability?流通使用環節Distribution and usage塑料污染國際文書進展Process of new international instrume

23、nt生產者責任延伸制（EPR）塑料生命周期中的排放和釋放塑料廢物管理和貿易環境中現存塑料污染EPR是自愿的還是強制的？排放和釋放聚焦哪個環節？全過程全來源還是聚焦廢棄端？塑料廢物管理和貿易基本都認可與巴塞爾公約保持協同環境中現存塑料污染清理的責任方？所有國家還是發達國家還是生產國家？Is EPR voluntary or mandatory?Which stage does the emission and release focus on?Is it the entire process and all sources,or just the waste end?Generally reco

24、gnized to align with the Basel Convention.Who is responsible for cleaning up existing environmental plastic pollution?All countries,developed countries,or producing countries?各方均認為廢棄環節非常重要，觀點分歧不大All parties generally agree that the waste stage is very important,with little disagreement.廢棄環節Waste塑料污染

25、國際文書進展Process of new international instrument2各國管理政策National management policy各國管控措施National management policy通過制品生產限制和設定再生塑料比例減少對原生塑料的消耗量Reduce the consumption of virgin plastics by restricting product production and setting the proportion of recycled plastics法國、荷蘭、英國等國均禁止在化妝品生產中添加塑料微珠；肯尼亞禁止制造用于商業和

26、家庭包裝的所有塑料袋；英國于2022年4月開始實施對制造可再生材料含量低于30%的塑料包裝者按每噸300英鎊的稅率征收塑料包裝稅；歐盟計劃2025年及2030年塑料瓶中再生塑料的含量將分別達到25%與30%。France,the Netherlands,the United Kingdom,and other countries all prohibit the addition of plastic microbeads in cosmetics production;Kenya prohibits the manufacture of all plastic bags used for c

27、ommercial and household packaging;UK implement a plastic packaging tax of 300 per ton on manufacturers of plastic packaging with a renewable material content of less than 30%starting from April 2022;EU plans to achieve a recycled plastic content of 25%and 30%in plastic bottles by 2025 and 2030,respe

28、ctively.生產環節Production1通過設定回收目標、稅收等手段加大再生率Increasing the recycling rate through setting recycling targets,taxation,and other means多個國家和地區實行生產者責任延伸制度，如歐盟、德國、意大利、加拿大、澳大利亞；德國和英國對塑料瓶實施押金-退還計劃；歐盟對未回收的塑料包裝廢棄物征收0.8歐元/公斤的稅收。Multiple countries and regions have implemented extended producer responsibility sys

29、tems,such as the European Union,Germany,Italy,Canada,and Australia;Germany and the UK implement deposit refund programs for plastic bottles;EU imposes a tax of 0.8 euros per kilogram on unrecycled plastic packaging waste.廢棄環節Waste3通過禁止限制使用和收費措施減少使用量Reduce usage through prohibition,restriction,and ch

30、arging measures歐盟禁止一次性塑料餐具、塑料棉簽棒等10種塑料制品的流通；英國禁止使用一次性塑料吸管、攪拌器和棉簽；英國、愛爾蘭等數十個國家均對一次性塑料袋收費；意大利禁止使用不可生物降解或不可堆肥的輕質塑料袋；肯尼亞禁止銷售和使用塑料袋。EU prohibits the circulation of 10 types of plastic products,including disposable plastic tableware and plastic cotton swabs;UK prohibits the use of disposable plastic straw

31、s,mixers,and cotton swabs;Dozens of countries,including the UK and Ireland,charge for disposable plastic bags;Italy prohibits the use of non biodegradable or non compostable lightweight plastic bags;Kenya prohibits the sale and use of plastic bags.流通使用環節Distribution and Usage2 plastic productscountr

32、yPlas-tic bagDrink-ing cupsSingle-use tableware(including knives,forks,bowls,plates,etc.)Single-use plastic strawsStirrers,balloon sticksswabsCigar-ette filterExpanded polystyrene food and beverage containersMicro-plasticfishing gearcourier packa-geAgricultural mulching Film/Pesticide Packagi-ngHote

33、l single-use plastic suppliesChinaEuropean UnionCanadaAustraliaUSARwandaBritainGermanyBrazil各國管控的塑料制品類型Types of plastic products controlled by countries3科學研究熱點Scientific research hotspots科學研究增長迅速Scientific research growing rapidlySource:Minghui Li,Yinping Pan,Zongkun Hou,Zhenyi Wu,Zhijun Zeng,Bochu

34、Wang,Plastic or plastic-free life:From formation to removal,Science of The Total Environment,Volume 890,2023,164359,ISSN 0048-9697,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164359.Source:Giulia Leone,Ine Moulaert,Lisa I.Devriese,Matthias Sandra,Ine Pauwels,Peter L.M.Goethals,Gert Everaert,Ana I.Catari

35、no,A comprehensive assessment of plastic remediation technologies,Environment International,Volume 173,2023,107854,ISSN 0160-4120,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107854.Source:Richard C.Thompson et al.,Twenty years of microplastics pollution researchwhat have we learned?.Science0,eadl2746DOI:10

36、.1126/science.adl2746來源：李卓然,季民,趙迎新,周旭,楊知凡.全球微塑料研究現狀及熱點可視化剖析J.環境化學,2022,41(4):1124-1136.doi:10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020121501科學研究涵蓋面廣Scientific research covers a wide rangeSource:Giulia Leone,Ine Moulaert,Lisa I.Devriese,Matthias Sandra,Ine Pauwels,Peter L.M.Goethals,Gert Everaert,Ana I.Catarino,A

37、comprehensive assessment of plastic remediation technologies,Environment International,Volume 173,2023,107854,ISSN 0160-4120,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107854.廢塑料回收利用recycling of plastic waste塑料降解機理和技術Degradation mechanism and technology of plastics微納塑料健康、污染水平Micro and nano plastic塑料與碳排放CO

38、2 emissions塑料中的化學品Chemicals in Plastic4博弈和展望Debate and outlook塑料有罪論iniquity科學研究熱度Heat of scientific research政策理想化Policy idealization生物降解塑料biodegradationvs塑料無罪論Innocence科學研究差距Gap of scientific research政策可執行性Policy feasibility不可降解塑料non-degradation觀點博弈Debate化學回收Chemical recycling能量回收Energy recovery展望Ou

39、tlook新公約有望近期達成，但細節完善需要較長時間The new convention is expected to be reached soon,but it will take a long time to refine the detailsABCDEF全球最受關注環境問題之一，政策、科研、產業全方位加強One of the most pressing environmental issues in the world,with comprehensive strengthening of policies,scientific research,and industries科學看待

40、塑料的重要作用及其污染情況，找到切實可行的管控措施Scientifically view the important role of plastics and their pollution situation,and find practical and feasible control measures影響塑料上下游地位和關系，帶動社會生產生活全面變革Impact the status and relationship of plastics upstream and downstream,and drive comprehensive changes in social production and life聯系我們ContactWeb:Email:Tel:010-62794351，13811834634