LIU Liye-Evolution and Revision of Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection_公開版.pdf

1、Evolution and Revision of Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection LIU Liye General Secretary,China Society of Radiation Protection(CSRP)President,China Institute for Radiation Protection(CIRP)Shanghai/2025.03.18 Some considerations on revision of Chinas BSS(CBSS)ICRP-CSRP Workshop on Basic S

2、afety Standards for Radiation Protection CONTENTS 目錄目錄 Introduction 引言引言 01 01 Evolution of BSS BSS演變簡介 02 02 Considerations about CBSS GB 18871修訂的一些思考 03 03 Conclusion 結論 04 04 01 Introduction 3 Radiation applications,radiation detriment and radiation protection have always been driven by each othe

3、r.In recent decades,nuclear technology has advanced rapidly,shifting radiation protection focus from nuclear energy to other fields(medicine)From the perspective of development,this report aims to discuss the evolution of Basic Safety Standards(BSS),and give some suggestions for the next revision of

4、 CBSS.Radiation Detriment 輻射危害輻射危害 Radiation Protection 輻射防護輻射防護 Radiation Application 輻射應用輻射應用 Five“driving forces”for Radiation Protection(RP)輻射防護五大輻射防護五大“驅動力驅動力”01 Introduction 4 1 Understanding of Radiation Effects 2 Expansion of Nuclear-Related Facilities&Activities 3 Development of Related Tec

5、hnologies 4 Advancement of Social Factors 5 Globalization/Standardization Radiation Protection Deterministic Effects Stochastic Effects Nuclear Energy Utilization Medical Applications Space Exploration Common:PC/Internet,Chip/Sensors,AI Intersection:detectors,radiochemistry,medical imaging Values/Et

6、hics Environmental Protection Stakeholders.Alignment with international standards Development of domestic standards.輻射效應的認識輻射效應的認識 涉核活動的拓展涉核活動的拓展 相關技術的發展相關技術的發展 社會因素的進步社會因素的進步 全球化全球化/標準化標準化 01 Introduction 5 Based on UNSCEAR scientific reports and ICRP recommendations,International BSS(IBSS)is joint

7、ly sponsored by IAEA and 7 other organizations.Vision of IAEA is to set a harmonized high level of protection worldwide based on the IAEA safety standards as the global reference.Safety Standards(IAEA)輻射防護標準 Recommendations for protection(ICRP)輻射防護原則 Effects of radiation(UNSCEAR)輻射效應科學依據 National Sa

8、fety Standards(e.g.CBSS)01 Introduction 6 Corresponding to the IAEAs standard system,China has also established a regulatory framework for nuclear and radiation safety.The current IBSS is GSR Part 3 published in 2014.However,the current CBSS is mandatory National Standard GB 18871-2002,which equival

9、ently adoped the old IBSS 115 (30 years ago).So,it is an issue to consider updating the CBSS.Mandatory Guiding doc.Ref.doc.Structure of Chinas regulatory framework Laws Technical Documents（HAJ）China BSS(GB 18871)Administrative Regulations Department Rules(HAF)National Standards(GB)Recommended Standa

10、rds(GB/T)Safety Guides(HAD)Environmental Standards(HJ)Hierarchy of IAEA Safety Standards Safety Fundamentals IAEA BSS (GSR Part 3)General Safety Requirements（GSR）Specific Safety Requirements（SSR）基本安全原則基本安全原則 安全導則安全導則 安全要求安全要求 General Safety Guides（GSG）Specific Safety Guides（SSG）Introduction 引言 01 01

11、 Evolution of BSS BSS演變簡介演變簡介 02 02 Considerations about BSS in China GB 18871修訂的一些思考 03 03 Conclusion 結論 04 04 History發展歷程發展歷程 International experience國際經驗國際經驗 02 Evolution of BSS 8 History 發展歷程發展歷程 As shown in below,since 1960s,the IBSS has been updated in line with ICRP recommendations and will c

12、ontinue to be updated.Meanwhile,The CBSS has already gone through 4 editions.1958 1960 1962 1966 1967 1974 1977 1982 1984 1988 1990 1996 2002 2007 2014 Provisional Health Protection Regulations 放射性工作衛生防護暫行規定 GBJ 8-74 放射防護規定 GB 4792-84 放射衛生防護基本標準 GB 8703-88 輻射防護規定 GB 18871-2002 基本安全標準 Publ.1 Maximum

13、permissible dose 最大容許劑量 Publ.26 3 principles 輻射防護三原則 Publ.60 Process-based protection system 實踐-干預 Publ.103 Situation-based approach 三類照射情況 ICRP SS No.9 1962 edition SS No.9 1967 edition SS No.9 1982 edition SS No.115 GSR Part 3 IAEA CHINA Publ.9 Minor change 修訂 New CBSS?02 Evolution of BSS 9 Major

14、changes of GSR Part 3 主要變化主要變化基于干預基于干預/實踐過程到實踐過程到3類照射情況類照射情況 The old IBSS applied process-based approach to classify the exposure,i.e,practice and intervention.Following ICRP 103,the new IBSS evolved to situation-based approach,further refined into a“situation-category structure as shown in below.Ex

15、posure categories Exposure situations Planned 計劃照射 Occupational 職業 Public 公眾 Medical 醫療 Emergency 應急照射 Existing 現存照射 Detailed requirements I.Occupational exposure 職業照射 II.Medical exposure 醫療照射 IV.Potential exposure 潛在照射 VI.Chronic exposure situations 長期照射 III.Public exposure 公眾照射 V.Emergency exposur

16、e situations 應急照射 Requirements for practice 實踐實踐 Requirements for intervention 干預干預 IAEA BSS 115(1996)IAEA GSR Part 3(2014)02 Evolution of BSS 10 Rule of 3：3種照射情況種照射情況/3種照射類型種照射類型/輻射防護輻射防護3原則原則 The rule of 3 in GSR Part 3 are 3 exposure situations,3 exposure categories,3 principles.This structure is

17、 clearer and more applicable at the operational level.Planned exposure situations 計劃照射計劃照射 Occupational 職業 Justification Optimization(Dose Constraints)Dose limits Public 公眾 Justification Optimization(Dose Constraints)Dose limits Medical 醫療 Justification Optimization(DRLs)Emergency exposure situation

18、s 應急照射應急照射 Occupational 職業 Justification Optimization(RLs)Public 公眾 Justification Optimization(RLs)Existing exposure situations 現存照射現存照射 Occupational 職業 Justification Optimization(RLs)Public 公眾 Justification Optimization(RLs)Exposure Situations 照射情況照射情況 Exposure Categories 照射類型照射類型 Principles 防護原則防護

19、原則 https:/elearning.iaea.org/m2/course/view.php?id=1010 Suggestion.1 The new CBSS should adopt the“Situation-based”system.采用基于“照射情況”的防護體系 02 Evolution of BSS 11 Global status of BSS 各國各國BSS的修訂情況的修訂情況 Some countries have already revised their BSS following GSR Part 3,e.g.EU set a deadline of 2018 for

20、 Member States.Canada and Korea also revised BSSs in 2021.Some countries are considering to initiate the revision process,like China and Japan.2000s 2011 2013 2014 2018 2021 GSR Part 3 GSR Part 3(Interim)IAEA US(2001):10 CFR Part 20 China(2002):GB 18871 Russia(2009):NRB-99/2009 EU:Council Directive

21、2013/59/Euratom National BSSs Australia:Radiation Protection Series Canada:SOR/2000-203 Korea:Nuclear Safety Act Fance:Code du travail 02 Evolution of BSS 12 Special concerns when revising BSS 各國特殊考慮各國特殊考慮 Dose limits were based on country-specific conditions,and may not fully meet GSR Part 3.各國根據實際

22、情況制定劑量限值，并不一定完全采用IAEA的IBSS。For example:there are different eye lens dose limit of occupational exposure.GSR part 3(2014)20 mSv per year averaged over five consecutive years(100 mSv in 5 years),50 mSv in any single year France(2018)20 mSv over twelve consecutive months Canada(2021)50 mSv in one-year

23、dosimetry period(For nuclear energy workers)02 Evolution of BSS 13 Special concerns when revising BSS 各國特殊考慮各國特殊考慮 Many countries separate regulatory and technical requirements of IBSS into different documents,according to their own legal or regulatory systems,for example:Australia BSS is defined by

24、 the Radiation Protection Series,which comprises multiple documents:RPS F-1 Fundamentals for Protection Against Ionising Radiation(2014)RPS C-1 Code for Radiation Protection in Planned Exposure Situations(2020)RPS C-5 Code for Radiation Protection in Medical Exposure(2019)RPS G-2 Guide for Radiation

25、 Protection in Existing Exposure Situations(2017)RPS G-3 Guide for Radiation Protection in Emergency Exposure Situations(2019)Notice that the content structure of CBSS(GB 18871)is almostly equivalent to the IAEA BSS 115,It mixed requirements of regulatory and technical aspects in one document,which

26、was in line with Chinas past legal system,and has benefit as well as drawback.Suggestion 2.The revision of CBSS should consider whether to separate regulatory and technical content or not.需要考慮是否分離是否分離監管和技術內容 Introduction 引言 01 01 Evolution of BSS BSS演變簡介 02 02 Considerations about BSS in China GB 18

27、871修訂的一些思考修訂的一些思考 03 03 Conclusion 結論 04 04 IBSS evolution IBSS更新更新 RP advancement 輻射防護技術進步輻射防護技術進步 New demands 新發展需求新發展需求 03 Considerations about CBSS 一些思考 15 Since last release of CBSS in 2002,China has accumulated substantial practical experience in radiation protection for more than 20 years.國內實

28、踐經驗積累 From the perspective of development,a timely revision of CBSS is necessary.To align with Chinas needs and international experience,the revision should consider 3.1 Advancements of new IBSS(GSR part 3)國際IBSS的改進 3.2 Advancements of radiation protection technologies 輻射防護技術進步 3.3 New demands arisi

29、ng from industry development 行業發展新需求 16 The concept of the“graded approach”has become an essential part of the radiation protection,and has been introduced and increasingly used in recent ICRP publications and IAEA Safety Standards.ICRP/IAEA近期報告中都越來越重視分級方法的應用。ICRP 122 on Geological Disposal of Long-

30、lived Solid Radioactive Waste;ICRP 126 on Radon Exposure;ICRP 132 on Cosmic Radiation in Aviation.The Requirement 6 of GSR Part 3 refers“graded approach”specifically;IAEA TECDOC NO.1974(2021)provides practical information on the application of a graded approach in regulating the safety of radiation

31、sources.Current CBSS implicitly referred to“graded approach”but didnt explicitly introduce the concept.GB 188871隱含了“分級方法”的內容，但并未明確引入該概念。3.1 new IBSS:graded approach 分級方法 17 China has already established classification and graded approach through many documents for radiation sources,accidents,waste,d

32、evices,and nuclear facilities.3.1 new IBSS:graded approach 分級方法 Year Number Regulation/Announcement Title Issuing Authority 2005 Decree No.449 Regulation on Safety and Protection of Radioisotopes and Radiation-emitting Devices State Council 2005 Announcement No.62 Classification Method for Radioacti

33、ve Sources Ministry of Ecology and Environment 2006 Document No.145 Classification System for Handling and Reporting Radiation Accidents Involving Radioisotopes and Radiation-Emitting Devices Ministry of Ecology and Environment 2017 Announcement No.65 Classification of Radioactive Waste Ministry of

34、Ecology and Environment 2017 Announcement No.66 Classification of Radiation-Emitting Devices Ministry of Ecology and Environment 2018 HAD 501/02-2018 Physical Protection of Nuclear Facilities(Part 4 Grading and zoning)Ministry of Ecology and Environment Suggestion 3.The concept and requirement of“gr

35、aded approach”should be introduced clearly and applied through the whole new CBSS.應當明確引入并全方位應用“分級方法”18 Although situation-based approaches are more applicable,the 3 exposure situations are categorized from 2 different perspectives/dimensions,bringing some unclarified issues.三種照射情況的分類，本質上是采用了“狀態”和“時間

36、”兩個維度，不可避免地會帶來一定交叉。The classification of emergency exposure depends on whether the situation is unexpected or normal.The distinction between existing and planned exposure is based on time.“Existing”for“past”,“planned”for“future”.For instance,the transition from emergency to existing situation may oc

37、cur progressively over time.3.1 new IBSS:exposure situations 照射情況界定 Planned Existing Past Future Emergency Unexpected Normal Overlap Suggestion 4.The new CBSS should try to clearly clarify the classification criteria.應當盡可能明確三類照射情況的界定準則。19 After the decrease of eye-lens dose limit of IBSS,CIRP has do

38、ne a series of work on 3.1 new IBSS:eye-lens dose limit 眼晶體劑量限值 Suggestion 5.After technical preparations in past years,now it is time to update eye-lens dose limit of CBSS,especially considering radiological interventionalists.經過多年的技術準備，應在新標準中采用新的眼晶體劑量限值。經過多年的技術準備，應在新標準中采用新的眼晶體劑量限值。Detailed eye mod

39、el and dose coefficients Dosimeter C-lens for eye lens Optimization,dosimetric performance meets the standard GBZ 128-2019 Include 8 tissues,photon energy from 0.0110 MeV in 3 exposure scenarios Eye-lens dose survey in NPPs:from 2014,in Tianwan NPP,Qinshan NPP phase/20 Dose coefficients are embedded

40、 in Schedule III of GSR Part 3,as well as in CBSS,taking up over 100 pages.內照射劑量系數占BSS很大篇幅。ICRP updated dose coefficients of Occupational Intake of Radionuclides(OIR)from 2015 to 2022.ICRP近期更新了職業人員內照射劑量系數，正在更新公眾內照射劑量系數。More than 1,200 radionuclides Various chemical forms,intake pathways,particle siz

41、es 3.2 RP Advancements:internal dose coefficients 內照劑量系數 Franois Paquet,et al,ICRP dose coefficients for workers and members of the public The new coefficients are mostly close to or lower than the old ones;in very few cases higher than the old ones.ICRP plans to update the Environmental Intake of R

42、adionuclides(EIR)dose coefficients before 2028.21 Technical Preparations for new dose coeffcients at CIRP:In-vivo monitoring and dose assessment software,including data acquisition,gamma spectra analysis,detection efficiency calculation,bio-kinetics model&internal dose estimation software.3.2 RP Adv

43、ancements:internal dose coefficients 內照劑量系數 Stand-type Whole-Body Counter Intercomparison of WBC and dose assessment in China (2012-2014,2017-2023)Route of activity Mobile Whole-body-Counter Spectrum analysis software Internal dose assessment software Seat-type Whole-Body Counter 22 After ICRP updat

44、ed internal dose coefficients,EU advised member states to adopt the latest OIR dose coefficients in 2024.歐盟建議各成員國采用新的職業人員內照劑量系數。3.2 RP Advancements:internal dose coefficients 內照劑量系數 Suggestion 6.Should we separate the dose coefficients as one document alone from the new CBSS?.是否應將劑量系數附件從CBSS分離出來，單獨出

45、版(以方便未來更新）Considering the dose coefficients embeded in IBSS,there was a discussion on this topic during IAEA 56th RASSC meeting in 2024.And it reached consensus on no need for immediate changes of GSR Part 3,due to the long and complex updating process.IAEA專門討論并達成共識：無需立刻更改GSR Part 3（考慮到更新流程長）23 In o

46、ld IBSS 115 and current CBSS,there is a mistake about verifying compliance with effective dose limit:GB18871關于有效劑量評價的計算公式有誤 In the formula below,protective quantity and the external operational quantity are wrongly equated.Notice that,GSR Part 3 has deleted the equation and changed its description t

47、o:“Hp(10)may be used as an approximation of the effective dose from external exposure”.GSR Part 3 修正了相關描述。3.2 RP Advancements:external operational quantities 實用量 This“small”mistake caused a BIG practical issue in 2022 in China.2022年遇到了實際問題年遇到了實際問題 Unexpected exposure at NPP in China.Should the Hp(10

48、)dosimeter reading be used as external effective dose under non-uniformly exposure?在接近限值的不均勻照射特殊情況下，在接近限值的不均勻照射特殊情況下，Hp(10)劑量計的讀數能否代表外照射有效劑量計的讀數能否代表外照射有效劑量？劑量？24 Phantoms of the CIRP&Tsinghua University Series of computational phantom First Chinese voxel phantom for radiation protection purpose(CNMA

49、N)Chinese male reference voxel phantom(CRAM)Series of physical phantom Torso phantom for calibration External irradiation phantom for external dose measurement and validation 3.2 RP Advancements:external operational quantities 實用量 LIU Liye,et al,Physics in Medicine and Biology,2009 LIU Liye,et al,Ph

50、ysics in Medicine and Biology,2009 Junli LI,Rui QIU,Liye LIU,et al.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,2009 Rui QIU,Junli LI,Liye LIU,et al.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,2009 Binquan ZHANG,Jizeng MA,Liye LIU,et al.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,2007 CIRP-torso(2012)CIRP-external irradiation phantom CNWM

51、(2009,Tsinghua)CNMAN(2005,CIRP)CRAM-S(BREP,deformable)(2014,Tsinghua&CIRP)CRAM&CRAF Bio-CRAM (2010,CIRP&Tsinghua)Practical issue in 2022 Unexpected exposure at NPP.4D dose method based on time-series mesh phantom Real-time posture data from motion capture Posture deformation of mesh phantom High-spe

52、ed Monte Carlo for dose calculation Result:Using computational phantom and MC calculation,the effective dose was assessed and got recognized by regulatory body.利用面元模型和蒙卡計算，準確評估了有效利用面元模型和蒙卡計算，準確評估了有效劑量，劑量，為事件定性提供關鍵數據支撐。為事件定性提供關鍵數據支撐。25 3.2 RP Advancements:external operational quantities 實用量 Motion ca

53、pture system and posture information conversion Reenactment,4D modeling and MC calculation Sug.7:to delete the above wrong equation in CBSS and clearly statement of the difference between Hp(d)and E.26 ICRU has changed the definition of external operational quantities,making it closer to effective d

54、ose E.3.2 RP Advancements:external operational quantities 實用量 R.Cruz Suarez,et al,Implications of the ICRU Report 95 on Operational Quantities for External Radiation Exposure-IAEA actions.27 ICRU estimates a 20-year period for incorporating new quantities into safety standards.In response to this tr

55、ansition,we are working on dosimeter and calibration:3.2 RP Advancements:external operational quantities 實用量 Sug.8:The 20-year transition period for new operational quantities must be considered when revising CBSS.應當在CBSS修訂中考慮如何處理新實用量的過渡問題。dosimetry(2012-2022)Chinese National metrological system for

56、 dosimetry Portable-dual-functional spectrometer Series of dosimeters Neutron dosimetry(on-going)Neutron reference field Neutron dosimeters and spectrometers National reference standard for beta absorbed dose Portable-dual-functional spectrometer Neutron facility based on accelerators 28 Nuclear med

57、icine in China is experiencing rapid growth.八部委聯合發布中長期規劃，核醫學科快速發展 The Long-term Development Plan aims to establish“a nuclear medicine department in each county”by 2035,covering over 2,800 counties nationwide.3.3 New demands:Nuclear medicine for example In current CBSS,requirements for wastewater sto

58、rage and discharge,the classification of unsealed sources workplace(Appendix C)didnt take good considerations of nuclear medicine demands:Short half-life and high activity of radiopharmaceutical.Nuclear medicine departments typically located in urban centers in China.Due to these limitations,nuclear

59、 medicine doctors and technologists have raised complaints to the radiation protection community.Sug.9:In new CBSS,there should be more appropriate requirements for wastewater and unsealed source management for nuclear medicine.應當針對核醫學優化放射性廢水和非密封源工作場所的防護要求。29 Optimization for radiopharmaceutical the

60、rapy(RPT)is mentioned in GSR Part 3,but not in current CBSS.放射性核素治療的患者劑量最優化開始得到重視 GSR part 3:3.165.For therapeutic radiological procedures for each patient the appropriate radiopharmaceutical with the appropriate activity is selected and administered ICRU report 96 introduced Dosimetry-Guided RPT,an

61、d the main concept is Treatment planning system(TPS)for RPT.ICRU提出了基于劑量引導的核素治療概念。3.3 New demands:Nuclear medicine for example CIRPs TPS for-emitting radiopharmaceutical Sug.10:Optimization for RPT should be mentioned in the new CBSS.應當考慮放射性核素治療中患者防護最優化的要求。For this purpose,CIRP are:Developing the TPS

62、 for-emitting radiopharmaceutical Research on micro-dosimetry to calculate RBE for-emitting radiopharmaceutical CONTENTS 目錄目錄 Introduction 引言 01 01 Evolution of BSS BSS演變簡介 02 02 Considerations about BSS in China GB 18871修訂的一些思考 03 03 Conclusion 結論結論 04 04 04 Conclusion 31 1.From the perspective of

63、development,a timely revision of CBSS is necessary.2.Focusing on dosimetry and taking nuclear medicine for example,10 suggestions were raised and may be considered in the revision of CBSS.3.There are also other key issues that require equal attention:Fusion energy,Small Modular Reactors(SMR)聚變堆、小型模塊堆 NORM 天然放射性物質 Exemption and clearance 豁免和解控 Waste minimization 廢物最小化 Emergency 核與輻射應急 DRL of medical exposure 醫學診斷參考水平 Digitalization/AI 數字化/AI Thanks for your attention!