Internet Society：2019年互聯網經濟的整合（英文版）（79頁）.pdf

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1、Internet SocIety Global Internet report Consolidation in the Internet Economy table of contents Foreword by Andrew Sullivan, President and CEO, Internet Society 35 Impact Analysis 5861 Executive Summary 69 Conclusions and Questions for the Future 6264 Introduction 1011 Methodology 6569 How We See th

2、e Internet 1216 Acknowledgements 7071 What Is Consolidation? 1732 Community Survey: Questions and Results 7274 Takeaways Access Services; and Service Infrastructure. In this report, we have outlined what we think the benefits and the threats are, and what features from the current trends of consolid

3、ation we believe are important as we look towards the future. As such, this report is not intended to provide an in- depth economic analysis, but rather a collection of observations that has been gathered through research and with the help of our global community. While most questions remain unanswe

4、red, we believe that many of them are too important to ignore. Instead, this project has prompted even more questions that have made it clear that consolidation is a topic that will require further work. The work must be done not only by us, but hopefully in collaboration with the broader Internet c

5、ommunity. Introduction Introduction How We See the Internet internetsociety.org 13 Defining how we at the Internet Society see the Internet is an important first step. When we think about the Internet, what comes to mind for many of us is something beyond the technology of the Internet itself. By de

6、finition, the Internet is a technical system: a communications infrastructure that enables networks around the globe to interconnect. Its a network of networks. That said, over the past two decades, the Internet has come to mean far more than just the technology. With more than 4 billion people onli

7、ne today, the Internet is now an integral part of the social and economic fabric of many communities around the world. In the text below, we identify the important properties that make the Internet such a powerful platform and describe what this means for the users of the Internet. This framework wi

8、ll help to guide us in considering the questions of consolidation in the Internet economy. The Internet Society capitalises the term “Internet” to differentiate the global Internet from generic “internets,” which can refer to any interconnected group of computer networks.1 Fundamental properties of

9、the Internet In the history of humankind, few technologies have resulted in such widespread social and economic change in a relatively short period of time. Growing nearly 900% from 400 million in 2000 to more than 4 billion users today,2 the Internet has had an unprecedented impact on economies and

10、 societies around the globe. Conversely, the impact of the Internet on society has also transformed how we use the Internet. It is no longer just the home of email, static webpages, and discussion boards. Todays Internet is so much more. Its a dynamic space for collaboration, commerce, and expressio

11、n. Video currently accounts for more than two-thirds of all Internet traffic, and people accessing the Internet via smartphones now dominate. In spite of all this dynamism, certain properties of the Internet persist. These properties, which we call “invariants,” have been the foundation for the Inte

12、rnet since its earliest days. At the same time, its because of these invariants that the Internet has become such a dynamic resource. These characteristics are at the heart of the Internets success they have enabled the Internet to serve as a platform for seemingly limitless innovation, economic gro

13、wth and opportunities for people everywhere. Internet Invariants what really matters about the Internet 3 Before detailing what we mean by Internet invariants, it is important to clarify that these fundamental, unchanging properties of the Internet are aspirational or ideal conditions. As the Intern

14、et moves away from these ideal conditions, we believe the dynamism and innovation that the Internet supports will necessarily diminish. You can think of the Internet as an idea of how networks of computers communicate, and the invariants describe the most important features of that idea. This concep

15、t of the Internet as an idea is operationalised through some familiar protocols (e.g., Internet Protocol, Border Gateway Protocol) and functions (e.g., the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). How We See the Internet How We See the Internet 1 https:/www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/hi

16、story-inter- net/brief-history-internet 2 3 The Internet Invariants concept was developed by Leslie Daigle, former chair of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the Internet Societys first Chief Internet Technology Officer (CITO). The Internet Invariants stem from an Internet Society panel disc

17、ussion that took place in 2011. More details of that discussion are available here: https:/www.inter- netsociety.org/internet-society-panel-internet-evolution-ietf-81 internetsociety.org 14internetsociety.org 14 A network that does not have these fundamental properties is not the Internet. The Inter

18、net has global reach and integrity, and is not constrained in terms of supported services and applications: Global reach, integrity Any endpoint of the Internet can address any other endpoint, and the information received at one endpoint is as intended by the sender, wherever the receiver connects t

19、o the Internet. Implicit in this is the requirement for globally-unique addressing and naming services. General purpose The Internet is capable of supporting a wide range of demands for its use. While some networks within it may be optimised for certain traffic patterns or expected uses, the technol

20、ogy does not place inherent limitations on the applications or services that make use of it. The Internet supports more than the World Wide Web and email. The Internet is for everyone there is no central authority that designates or permits different classes of Internet activities: Supports innovati

21、on without requiring permission Anyone can create a new service, that abides by the existing standards and best practices, and make it available to the rest of the Internet, without requiring special permission. This “permissionless innovation” is crucial to the Internets success it removes the barr

22、iers to entry. From the World Wide Web to social networking, from BitTorrent to Bitcoins, many of the applications that billions of Internet users enjoy every day, and the many that will be developed in the future, are a product of this fundamental characteristic. Accessible There are no inherent li

23、mitations on who can access, build, and study the Internet. Anyone can connect to the Internet, not just to consume content from others, but also to contribute content on existing services, create new services, and attach entirely new networks. The Internet requires some basic agreements and social

24、behaviour between technologies and between humans: Based on interoperability and mutual agreement The Internet is a network of autonomous networks. It works because those networks can communicate with each other, based on voluntary adoption of the open standards for the technologies that support it,

25、 and through the mutual agreements made between network operators. Collaboration Overall, a spirit of collaboration is required. Beyond the initial basis for interoperability (open standards and mutual agreements), the best solutions to new issues that arise stem from willing collaboration between s

26、takeholders. These are sometimes competitive business interests and sometimes different stakeholders altogether. Addressing new issues in a collaborative fashion ensures a diversity of views and reduces the risk of unilateral actions having unintended negative consequences for the Internet and its u

27、sers. Although no specific technology defines the Internet, there are some basic characteristics that describe what works: Technology, reusable building blocks The Internet is comprised of numerous technologies that together create the Internet as we know it today; however, each individual technolog

28、y, or building block, may be used for unintended purposes. For example, the Domain Name System (DNS) was developed to provide a distributed name-to-address mapping service, but is now also used to share keying material for securing online transactions. Operational restrictions on the generalised fun

29、ctionality of technologies as originally designed have a negative impact on their viability as building blocks for future solutions. How We See the Internet internetsociety.org 15 And, finally, the more the Internet stays the same, the more it changes: No permanent favourites The Internet has no per

30、manent favourites. In the 1990s, Netscape and Mosaic were among the most popular web browsers on the Internet. And before the Web itself there was Gopher. Before Facebook and Twitter, MySpace was the dominant social network. Today, more people access the Internet with a mobile device than from a des

31、ktop computer. Continued success depends on continued relevance and utility, not strictly some favoured status. Good ideas are overtaken by better ideas and this is part of the natural evolution of the Internet. Abilities arising from the Internet The invariants described above are what we believe t

32、o be the fundamental characteristics that make the Internet such a powerful and special medium for communication, sharing and innovation. The Internet Society believes that the Internet based on these invariants empowers users with certain abilities. These abilities stem from the invariants and unde

33、rpin the social and economic value that the Internet provides to people. As we look to the future, these abilities must remain at the heart of the Internet experience for everyone, everywhere. The ability to connect The Internet was designed to ensure anywhere-to- anywhere connectivity. All Internet

34、 users, regardless of where they live, should have the ability to connect to any other point on the Internet, without technical or other impediments. This ability to connect people is essential to the Internets value as a platform for innovation, creativity, and economic opportunity. The ability to

35、speak The Internet empowers users with the ability to speak globally and in many new forms. Its value as a medium for self-expression is dependent on the ability of its users to speak freely. Private, secure and, when appropriate, anonymous communications ensure that Internet users can express thems

36、elves in a safe and secure manner. All Internet users should have the means to communicate and collaborate without restriction. The ability to innovate The Internet provides the open connectivity fabric that underpins huge swathes of innovation in terms of both economic activity and social interacti

37、on. Combined with open data, widely-adopted mobile computing platforms, and widely-deployed wireless broadband networks, the Internet is fundamental to the ability of individuals and societies to devise new ways of working, playing, organising, and growing. The ability to share The Internet enables

38、sharing, learning, and collaboration. The ability to share and openly discuss code online has given rise to the open development of key applications of the Internet, such as the DNS and the World Wide Web. Fundamental to this ability is the concept of fair use, and the freedom to develop and use ope

39、n source software. The ability to choose The Internet empowers users with the ability to make choices from a global marketplace of ideas, goods and services. Although the Internet does not require such a marketplace, its existence, characterised by choice and transparency, allows users to remain in

40、control of their Internet experience. The ability to trust Users must be able to trust the Internet and the communications, services, and applications it carries. As originally deployed, the Internet did not provide any intrinsic mechanisms to build or support trust in the network. Consequently, we

41、have seen and will continue to see a huge amount of development effort directed toward retrofitting trust to the Internet at all layers. internetsociety.org 15 How We See the Internet internetsociety.org 16 The Internet in society The Internet Invariants provide a guide to what really matters about

42、the Internet in terms of its architecture and technological properties. The abilities highlight the different ways in which the Internet affects human societies and supports us in understanding why people care so much about this technological artefact that is much more than the sum of its parts. Bot

43、h notions will help guide us as we consider the issues of consolidation in the Internet economy. internetsociety.org 16 How We See the Internet What Is Consolidation? The Internet economy, as understood in this report, is broadly defined as the economic activities that either support the Internet or

44、 are fundamentally dependent on the Internets existence. Thissection presents an overview of current trends of consolidation in its affiliated markets, including growing forces of concentration, vertical and horizontal integration, and fewer opportunities for market entry and competition. The purpos

45、e is to give an overview of different markets, and to provide the analytical basis for the following sections that look closer at how these trends may influence the Internets evolution. Organised around three separate but closely linked economic domains (Internet Applications; Access Provision; and

46、Service Infrastructure) this section is intended to provide a snapshot of various markets, and to describe how they relate to the Internet as a whole. As such, it is not intended to provide an in-depth economic analysis, nor is it exhaustive in terms of encompassing all relevant markets and services

47、. Rather, it provides a starting point for further discussion. Internet Economy The Internet economy, as understood in this report, is broadly defined as the economic activities that either support the Internet or are fundamentally dependent on the Internets existence. “ The technology sector is dif

48、ferent than other sectors as there are numerous relevant markets having multiple sides, each with specific competition dynamics. This makes the delineation of relevant market difficult. Further, markets are such that given market at one point in time mutates into another through the exploitation of

49、complementarities. Payal Malik, Economics Adviser and Chief Economist, Competition Commission of India, Future Thinking, November 2018 Consolidation in the Internet Economy internetsociety.org 18 What Is Consolidation? internetsociety.org 19 Applications and services shape the experience of Internet users and enable them to communicate, share, and innovate. From search to storefronts to messaging to travel and more, actors in this layer of the digital economy vie for the eyes, minds, and wallets of the Internet user. Today, a small number