路透社新聞研究所：2020年數字新聞報告（英文版）（112頁）.pdf

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1、Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge And, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Supported by Surveyed by Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Contents Foreword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5 Methodology 6 Au

2、thorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 SECTION 1 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9 SECTION 2 Further Analysis and International Comparison 33 2.1 How and Why People are Paying for Online News 34 2.2 The Resurgence and Importance of Email Newsletters 38 2.3 How Do People Want the M

3、edia to Cover Politics? 42 2.4 Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: Problems Mount for Regional and Local News 47 2.5 How People Access News about Climate Change 52 SECTION 3 Country and Market Data 59 EUROPE 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.02 Austria 63 3.03 Belgium 64 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.05 Croatia 66 3.0

4、6 Czech Republic 67 3.07 Denmark 68 3.08 Finland 69 3.09 France 70 3.10 Germany 71 3.11 Greece 72 3.12 Hungary 73 3.13 Ireland 74 3.14 Italy 75 3.15 Netherlands 76 3.16 Norway 77 3.17 Poland 78 3.18 Portugal 79 3.19 Romania 80 3.20 Slovakia 81 3.21 Spain 82 3.22 Sweden 83 3.23 Switzerland 84 3.24 Tu

5、rkey 85 AMERICAS 3.25 United States 88 3.26 Argentina 89 3.27 Brazil 90 3.28 Canada 91 3.29 Chile 92 3.30 Mexico 93 ASIA PACIFIC 3.31 Australia 96 3.32 Hong Kong 97 3.33 Japan 98 3.34 Malaysia 99 3.35 Philippines 100 3.36 Singapore 101 3.37 South Korea 102 3.38 Taiwan 103 AFRICA 3.39 Kenya 106 3.40

6、South Africa 107 SECTION 4 References and Selected Publications 109 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 4 Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) The coronavirus crisis is having a profound impact not

7、 just on our health and our communities, but also on the news media. Most of the research presented in this years Digital News Report was collected before the virus hit in many countries, but findings from the work we have carried out in the months since underline that the crisis is very likely to a

8、ccelerate long-term structural changes towards a more digital, more mobile, and more platform-dominated media environment. The bulk of this report is based on data collected by a survey of more than 80,000 people in 40 markets and reflects media usage in January/February just before the coronavirus

9、hit many of these countries. But the key trends that we document here, including changes in how people access news, low trust, and rising concern about misinformation have been a backdrop against which journalists, editors, politicians, and public health officials have been battling to reach ordinar

10、y people with key messages over the last few months. We know that this crisis has substantially increased the amount and frequency of news consumption as well as influenced attitudes to the news media, at least temporarily. Weve captured this in a second set of polling data collected in April when t

11、he crisis was at its peak in some countries. This has helped us to see the impact of the crisis in terms of sources of news and also reminded us of the critical role that the news media play at times of national crisis, including documenting that people who rely on news media are better informed abo

12、ut the virus than those who do not. While many media companies have been enjoying record audience figures, news fatigue is also setting in, and the short-term and long-term economic impact of the crisis is likely to be profound advertising budgets are slashed and a recession looms, threatening news

13、media, some of whom are struggling with adapting to a changing world. Against this background, this years report also focuses on the shift towards paying for online news in many countries across the world, with detailed analysis of progress in three countries (the UK, USA, and Norway). What lessons

14、can we learn about what could persuade more people to pay directly for news? This year, our report carries important data about the extent to which people value and trust local news, perhaps the sector most vulnerable to the economic shocks that will inevitably follow the health crisis itself. And w

15、e also explore the way people access news about climate change as well as attitudes to media coverage for the first time. Given that the coronavirus is continuing to impact the media landscape at great pace, we have significantly reduced the commentary on this years market- and country-based pages,

16、though we publish the key data that we collected in January/February in full. Our main survey this year covered respondents in 40 markets, including 24 in Europe, and four in Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Mexico) as well as the United States and Canada. In Asia we have added the Phili

17、ppines this year to our existing seven markets (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Australia) and we are delighted to include Kenya for the first time, following the inclusion of South Africa in 2019. In the years to come we plan to continue to make this report even more

18、 comprehensive and more international by covering more countries in the Global South. Having said that, as we use online polling and need to make meaningful comparisons, we continue to focus on countries with high internet penetration and which are either broadly democratic or generally compare them

19、selves to countries with a democratic tradition. A report of this scale and scope is only possible due to collaboration from our partners and sponsors around the world. We are proud to have the opportunity to work with a number of leading academics and top universities in the report, as well as medi

20、a experts from the news industry itself. Our partners have helped in a variety of different ways, from checking questionnaires to helping to analyse and interpret the results. Many are also organising events or publishing country reports looking in more detail at specific issues facing their nationa

21、l media adding wider value to this international project. Given the richness of the research, this report can only convey a small part of the data collected and work done. More detail is available on our website, www.digitalnewsreport.org, which contains slidepacks and charts, along with a licence t

22、hat encourages reuse, subject to attribution to the Reuters Institute. Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: Google News Initiative, BBC News, Ofcom, the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, the Dutch Media Authority (CvdM), the Media Industry Research Foundation of Finland

23、, the Fritt Ord Foundation in Norway, the Korea Press Foundation, and Edelman UK, as well as our academic sponsors at the Hans Bredow Institute, the University of Navarra, the University of Canberra, the Centre dtudes sur les mdias, Quebec, Canada, and Roskilde University in Denmark. We are particul

24、arly grateful to the Open Society Foundations, our newest sponsor, which has helped us to expand the report to cover more countries in the Global South this year. We are also grateful to YouGov, our polling company, who did everything possible to accommodate our increasingly complex requirements and

25、 helped our research team analyse and contextualise the data. /5 4 Methodology This study has been commissioned by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism to understand how news is being consumed in a range of countries. Research was conducted by YouGov using an online questionnaire at the

26、 end of January/ beginning of February 2020. Samples in each country were assembled using nationally representative quotas for age, gender, region, and education. The data were also weighted to targets based on census/ industry accepted data. As this survey deals with news consumption, we filtered o

27、ut anyone who said that they had not consumed any news in the past month, in order to ensure that irrelevant responses didnt adversely affect data quality. This category averaged around 3%. We should note that online samples will tend to under-represent the consumption habits of people who are not o

28、nline (typically older, less affluent, and with limited formal education). In this sense it is better to think of results as representative of online populations who use news at least once a month. In a country like Norway this is almost everyone (98%) but in Mexico it is only two-thirds (66%) and i

29、n South Africa just over half (55%). Our sample in Kenya only includes those aged 18-54 due to difficulties in reaching older people online. These differences mean we need to be cautious when comparing results between countries. We have marked countries with lower internet penetration or less repres

30、entative online samples with an asterisk (*) in the table at the end of this section and have been careful in the report not to directly compare these countries on issues where we know that the sample difference would make results invalid (eg paying for news). It is important to note that some of ou

31、r survey-based results will not match industry data, which are often based on different methodologies, such as web-tracking. The accuracy of these approaches can be high, but they are subject to different limitations, meaning that data can also be partial or incomplete. It is also important to note

32、that online surveys rely on recall, which is often imperfect or subject to biases. We have tried to mitigate these risks through careful questionnaire design and testing. On the other hand, surveys can be a good way of capturing fragmented media consumption across platforms (eg social media, messagi

33、ng, apps, and websites), and tracking activities and changes over time. We conducted two additional surveys this year. The first was a detailed study of paying for online news where we surveyed around 4,000 respondents in the United States and the United Kingdom and around 2,000 respondents in Norwa

34、y. Polling was conducted by YouGov in February 2020 using a similar methodology as for the main survey. In April we conducted an additional survey with the Misinformation, Science and Media project run by the Reuters Institute in collaboration with the Oxford Internet Institute and support from the

35、Oxford Martin School to understand the impact of the novel coronavirus on media consumption in six countries (UK, USA, Germany, Spain, Argentina, and South Korea). Samples sizes were approximately 2,000 in the UK and Germany, and 1,000 elsewhere. We have indicated occasions where data come from thes

36、e additional surveys next to the appropriate chart. Where we compare the results from this survey to the DNR, we have removed those that use news less than once a month to make the data more directly comparable. For more details on the methodology for this survey, see the standalone report (Nielsen

37、et al. 2020). Open questions were used in our surveys and some user comments have been drawn from these and are used in the text. A fuller description of the methodology, panel partners, and a discussion of non-probability sampling techniques can be found on our website along with the full questionn

38、aire (digitalnewsreport.org). Country/marketSample size Internet penetration Europe UK201195% Austria200588% Belgium201094% Bulgaria*200667% Croatia200992% Czech Republic200688% Denmark206198% Finland205094% France203892% Germany201196% Greece*201573% Hungary201189% Ireland200692% Italy201593% Count

39、ry/marketSample size Internet penetration Netherlands201496% Norway201098% Poland200878% Portugal201278% Romania*201774% Slovakia201885% Spain200693% Sweden209196% Switzerland201294% Turkey*201783% Americas USA205589% Argentina*200793% Brazil*205871% Canada200293% Country/marketSample size Internet

40、penetration Chile*200577% Mexico*202366% Asia Pacific Australia213189% Hong Kong202389% Japan200693% Malaysia*201381% Philippines*201972% Singapore201488% South Korea230496% Taiwan102793% Africa Kenya (18-54)*200387% South Africa*200655% Source: Internet World Stats (). *Data are from more urban are

41、as, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users which should be taken into consideration when interpreting results. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 6 Authorship and research acknowledgemen

42、ts Market-level commentary and additional insight around media developments have been provided by academic partners and by our network of Reuters Journalist Fellows around the world.1 Additional expert analysis and interpretation of the survey data were provided by the team at YouGov, in particular,

43、 Charlotte Clifford, Lucie Larboulette, David Eastbury, Mark Pellatt, and Anna Wilson. 1 Reuters Fellowships offer an opportunity to mid-career journalists to spend time researching an aspect of journalism for one or more terms at the Institute in Oxford. Dr Richard Fletcher is a Senior Research Fel

44、low at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. He is primarily interested in global trends in digital news consumption, the use of social media by journalists and news organisations, and more broadly, the relationship between computer-based technologies and journalism. Dr Anne Schulz is a

45、 postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Her doctoral work focused on populism, media perceptions, and news consumption. She is researching questions surrounding news audiences and digital news. Dr Simge And is a postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Reuters

46、Institute for the Study of Journalism. Her doctoral work explored online misinformation, mainly focusing on the sharing of false information via social media. She uses survey and experimental data to study the consumption and sharing of news. Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen is Director of the Reuters

47、 Institute for the Study of Journalism, Professor of Political Communication at the University of Oxford, and served as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Press/Politics from 2015 to 2018. His work focuses on changes in the news media, political communication, and the role of digital te

48、chnologies in both. Nic Newman is Senior Research Associate at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and is also a consultant on digital media, working actively with news companies on product, audience, and business strategies for digital transition. He also writes an annual report for t

49、he Institute on future media and technology trends. /7 6 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 8 S E C T I O N 1 Executive Summary and Key Findings Nic Newman Senior Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism /9 8 This years report comes in the midst of a global health pandemic that is unprecedented in modern times and whose economic, political, and social consequences are still unfolding. The seriousness of this crisis has reinforced the need for reliable, accurate journal