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1、Connected and Automated Vehicle Technologies Insights for Codes and Standards in Canada June 2020June 2020 STANDARDS RESEARCH 2 csagroup.org CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES INSIGHTS FOR CODES AND STANDARDS IN CANADA Authors Geoff Knapp, P.Eng., WSP Mara Bullock, P.Eng., WSP Chris Stogio

2、s, EIT, WSP Advisory Panel Edward Straub, SAE International Greg Overwater, Global Automakers of Canada Matt Krech, Transport Canada Brent Hartman, CSA Group Hlne Vaillancourt, CSA Group Nikki Kidd, CSA Group Peter Glowacki, CSA Group (Project Manager) Note This report is supported by Canadian Stand

3、ards Association (operating as CSA Group) and is complementary to other initiatives undertaken by Canadian Standards Association with funding received from Transport Canadas Program to Advance Connectivity and Automation in the Transportation System (ACATS). CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOG

4、IES INSIGHTS FOR CODES AND STANDARDS IN CANADA 3 csagroup.org Table of Contents Executive Summary 6 1 Introduction 8 2 Study Methodology 8 3 CAV Technologies 9 3.1 What are CAVs? 9 3.1.1 What is a Connected Vehicle? 9 3.1.2 What is an Automated Vehicle? 9 3.1.3 What is a Connected and Automated Vehi

5、cle? 10 3.2 Preparing for CAVs around the World 10 3.2.1 Canada 10 3.2.2 United States 14 3.2.3 Europe 15 3.2.4 Australia 16 3.2.5 Asia 16 3.2.6 Summary 17 4 Standards Landscape for CAV Technologies 17 4.1 Overview 17 4.2 Harmonization Efforts 18 4.3 Digital Infrastructure 21 4.3.1 Technologies 21 4

6、.3.2 Spectrum Allocation 22 4.3.3 Communications 22 4.3.4 Data Management and Messaging 23 4.3.5 Relevant Standards and Other Documents 23 CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES INSIGHTS FOR CODES AND STANDARDS IN CANADA 4 csagroup.org 4.4 Physical Infrastructure 25 4.4.1 Relevant Standards an

7、d Other Documents 27 4.5 Usage, Human-Machine and Accessibility 27 4.5.1 Usage 27 4.5.2 Human-Machine 27 4.5.3 Accessibility 27 4.5.4 Relevant Standards and Other Documents 28 4.6 Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Data Training 29 4.6.1 Cybersecurity and Privacy 29 4.6.2 Data Training 29 4.6.3 Relevant St

8、andards and Other Documents 30 4.7 Vehicle Aspects 30 4.7.1 Relevant Standards and Other Documents 31 5 Critical Needs and Potential Gaps in Codes and Standards 32 5.1 Identification of Themes 32 5.2 Harmonization and Interoperability 33 5.3 Uncertainty with Communication Technologies 33 5.4 Complia

9、nce Verification 34 5.5 Physical Infrastructure 35 5.6 Operational Design Domain 36 5.7 High Definition Mapping and Localization 37 5.8 Cybersecurity and Protection of Privacy 37 5.9 Technology Maturity 38 6 Analysis and Recommendations 38 7 Conclusion 40 Acknowledgements 42 References 43 CONNECTED

10、AND AUTOMATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES INSIGHTS FOR CODES AND STANDARDS IN CANADA 5 csagroup.org Appendix A Relevant Standards 57 A.1 Digital Infrastructure 58 A.2 Physical Infrastructure 62 A.3 Usage, Human-Machine, Accessibility 62 A.4 Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Data Training 64 A.5 Vehicle Aspects 6

11、6 A.6 Systems Architecture and Guidelines 69 Appendix B Relevant Technical Committees and Working Groups 71 B.1 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 71 B.2 European Committee for Standardization (CEN) 72 B.3 SAE International 72 B.4 National Transportation Communications for Intellig

12、ent Transportation System Protocol (NTCIP) 74 CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES INSIGHTS FOR CODES AND STANDARDS IN CANADA 6 csagroup.org Transportation will rapidly change and evolve with the advancement of connectivity and automation technology. Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) w

13、ill fundamentally change the way people and goods are transported from one place to another. Ensuring the safety of their operation and maintaining a safe transportation network will be paramount for the seamless integration of CAVs on public roads. To support this advancement of technology, it is i

14、mportant to develop an understanding of their impacts on their surrounding environments, as well as an understanding of the existing landscape of relevant codes and standards, which provide guidance for the safety and security of technology and products for use by the public. In this regard, codes a

15、nd standards will play a critical role in the safe, secure, and seamless integration of CAVs onto roads and for public use. Identifying gaps in the existing landscape provides insight on where future work needs to be focused and on the challenges that are being faced by the industry. The advancement

16、 of technology and the impacts of CAVs on the transportation network are international challenges. It is important for there to be consistency and harmonization on how the challenges are addressed around the world. To date, there have been efforts carried out by public agencies and road authorities

17、in Canada, the United States, Australia, Europe, and Asia outlining plans for preparing for connectivity and automation, as well as testing various technologies and strategies. Key standard development organizations (SDOs) have already begun updating and/or developing standards related to various as

18、pects of CAVs. This report reviews these activities to provide an overview of the current landscape of codes and standards for CAV technology, identifying critical needs and potential gaps that should be considered and addressed. Primary and secondary research was used in this study to develop an un

19、derstanding of the existing work and standards landscape, as well as to identify the gaps that require attention. Key stakeholder interviews were conducted with representatives from public sector agencies, academia, private organizations, and members on standards committees to gather their input and

20、 perspectives on the needs and perceived gaps within codes and standards. These results were reconciled with industry research and a literature review to complete a comprehensive analysis of the codes and standards landscape. The existing standards for CAVs are categorized into five main groups: Dig

21、ital Infrastructure relating to how equipment stores and exchanges of data support intelligent transportation services; Physical Infrastructure relating to the physical roadway infrastructure upon which the transportation system operates; Usage, Human-Machine, and Accessibility relating to the stand

22、ards focused on use cases, accessibility needs, and human-machine interfaces for CAVs; Cybersecurity, Data Training, and Privacy relating to the administrative, physical, and technical actions associated with the security, integrity, and privacy of data and networks, as well as algorithm training; V

23、ehicle Aspects relating specifically to vehicles and onboard equipment supporting automation, connectivity, and safety. Executive Summary CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES INSIGHTS FOR CODES AND STANDARDS IN CANADA 7 csagroup.org CAVs and the application of these technologies continue to

24、evolve and, in some cases, continue to do so in the absence of standards. This study identifies areas of focus to address critical needs and fill many of the gaps and questions around CAV development, deployment, and safety. The critical needs and potential gaps identified can be grouped into eight

25、themes: Harmonization and Interoperability need for consistency of standards across regions and countries, as well as the ability for technology to effectively interact and cooperate with each other; Uncertainty with Enabling Communication Technologies uncertainty with the communication technology a

26、nd spectrum allocation that is endorsed and supported by government agencies and widely used by manufacturers; Compliance Verification gaps in standards and processes to verify that technology meets safety, security, and interoperability requirements; Physical Infrastructure gaps in standards for ph

27、ysical infrastructure to accommodate CAV technologies; Operational Design Domain gaps in standards and regulations regarding where, and under what conditions, CAVs are currently able to safely and efficiently operate; High Definition Mapping and Localization gaps related to the development and avail

28、ability of high definition (HD) mapping and localization technology to support the operation of CAVs; Cybersecurity and Protection of Privacy critical needs for standards and security frameworks related to cybersecurity and privacy protection, specific to the CAV industry; Technology Maturity gaps t

29、hat are reflective of the fact that AV-enabling technologies have issues in some scenarios and all circumstances (e.g., operations in non-optimal conditions). These eight theme areas identify opportunities where participation in standards development activities and/or coordination on related efforts

30、 would help ensure that standards, guidelines, and frameworks are established to help support safe operation and widespread adoption of CAV technologies. CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES INSIGHTS FOR CODES AND STANDARDS IN CANADA 8 csagroup.org 1 Introduction Connected and automated vehi

31、cles (CAVs) utilize the unification of two sets of technology connectivity and automation. These vehicles have the capability to be connected to a network or to exchange information with each other, as well as with connecting to surrounding road infrastructure and traffic network operators. They als

32、o have the capability to automate driving tasks with varying levels of automation. For more than a decade, CAVs have been identified as one of the key anticipated major disruptors in transportation. The adoption and development of CAVs will bring significant changes and will inevitably impact how pe

33、ople and goods are transported from one place to another, facilitating safer and more efficient and sustainable transportation. The technologies have advanced in recent years, and there are vehicles already on the road today with sophisticated technologies and capabilities for connected vehicle (CV)

34、 systems and enhanced driver assistance, such as adaptive cruise control and assisted lane keeping. It is uncertain what the full impacts of CAVs will be, how the volume of CAVs on the road will increase, or how quickly CAV technologies will continue to advance and be adopted. However, the continued

35、 incremental adoption of CAV technologies is inevitable, and it is clear that a consistent set of regulations, codes, and standards are key to facilitating safe adoption and minimizing disruptions in the short and long term. This research report is intended to review the existing standards landscape

36、 as it relates to relevant infrastructure, communications, data management and privacy, cybersecurity, and vehicle technology. A comprehensive literature review, consultation with experts, and interviews with key industry stakeholders provided the seed information to develop insights for CAVs that i

37、dentify a framework for a roadmap that addresses the needs for codes and standards in Canada, and that maximizes standards harmonization domestically and internationally. 2 Study Methodology The insights provided in this report were developed based on information and data gathered and consolidated f

38、rom both primary and secondary research. The primary research was conducted through interviews with key industry agencies and organizations in the public and private sectors, including representation from: Public transportation agencies Academic and research institutions Industry Standards developme

39、nt organizations and committee members The interviews gathered insight on the current activities of the industry with regards to CAVs and necessary preparations, as well as the role that standards and “The adoption and development of CAVs will bring significant changes and will inevitably impact how

40、 people and goods are transported from one place to another, facilitating safer and more efficient and sustainable transportation.” CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES INSIGHTS FOR CODES AND STANDARDS IN CANADA 9 csagroup.org codes play in these activities. This also allowed industry stakeh

41、olders to raise concerns and identify gaps that they believe are creating barriers to the further progress of their CAV-related activities. Insight provided from the interviews has been augmented and reconciled with information gathered through concurrent desktop research efforts. This included a ju

42、risdictional scan and literature review, as well as a review of findings from the CAV Stakeholder Engagement Workshop conducted by the CSA Group in November of 2018 1. This research formed the basis for the background information on CAV technology, considerations for preparations, and relevant codes

43、 and standards. The interview results were used as the basis of the gap analysis, gathering industry input on what is still needed to better facilitate its work and CAV preparation efforts. 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 What Are CAV Technologies? CAV technologies are at the forefront of an automotive

44、 revolution and are fundamental to the next generation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) 2. Connectivity and automation are two main categories of technology that are related and complementary, but they are not codependent and can be defined separately. 3.1.1 What Are Connected Vehicles? C

45、onnected vehicles (CVs) are able to gather information from and communicate with other vehicles and their surroundings (e.g., infrastructure, pedestrians/cyclists), thereby enhancing safety and mobility. CVs can provide useful information to surrounding vehicles to help make safer and more informed

46、decisions with greater advanced timing and without the inherent sightline limitations of vehicle-mounted sensors 3. Outside of North America, the term cooperative intelligence transportation systems (C-ITS) is commonly used for applications and operations of CVs, which leverages a combination of the

47、 following 4: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications (V2V) often for safety-related applications, such as collision avoidance and vehicle platooning. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications (V2I/ I2V) for safety and mobility applications, including vehicle-to-traffic signal interactions to support impro

48、ved vehicle junction transit, replication of roadside signage in vehicle for driver warning, and speed limit adherence. Vehicle-to-Network Communications (V2N) supports broadcast and wide area applications, such as over- the-air (OTA) updates and real-time routing information. Infrastructure-to-Infr

49、astructure Communications(I2I) supports the aggregation of local sensors or vehicle- based messages that either extend communications from the vehicle to the roadside infrastructure or communications from roadside infrastructure to vehicles. Vehicle-to-Everything Communications (V2X) a superset all of the above, supporting communications to any local devices