2020年疫情之下國家支持旅游業復蘇報告 - 世界旅游組織（英文版）（28頁）.pdf

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1、1 How are countries supporting tourism recovery? UNWTO BRIEFING NOTE TOURISM AND COVID-19, ISSUE 1 JUNE 2020 https:/www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284421893 - Sunday, October 25, 2020 10:17:53 PM - IP Address:40.65.176.200 2 Table of Content Key Conclusions Introduction Countries policy respo

2、nse Overview of policy responses Key considerations moving forward 3 4 5 17 25 https:/www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284421893 - Sunday, October 25, 2020 10:17:53 PM - IP Address:40.65.176.200 3 Key conclusions Governments have responded quickly and strongly with the level and coverage of mea

3、sures steeping up over time. Most countries have adopted economy-wide stimulus packages (fiscal and monetary measures) along with job support measures. Across all regions, most measures currently in place aim at: i) providing fiscal relief and financial support to SMEs and self-employed workers (pre

4、vent bankruptcy, ensure survival and address liquidity shortage) and ii) promote the job retention and secure employment. Due to its labor-intensive nature, and as one of the hardest-hit sectors, tourism is at the center of such policies. As the situation evolves and recognizing the need to implemen

5、t tourism specific measures, countries have begun to deploy measures targeting directly tourism, particularly in those countries where the sector plays a significant role in the national economy, not only contributing to GDP but also to millions of jobs. During any crisis, governance is key and in s

6、ome countries public-private partnership models have been reinforced and the role of committees and task forces enhanced with participation of stakeholders across different levels of administration and private sector. Alongside these measures, since mid-May a growing number of countries have announc

7、ed measures to restart tourism, particularly safety protocols, and to promote domestic tourism. https:/www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284421893 - Sunday, October 25, 2020 10:17:53 PM - IP Address:40.65.176.200 4 Introduction 1. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), UNWTO World Tourism Barometer

8、, Issue 18, May 2020. 2. More information on UNWTO monitoring of Travel Restrictions. 3. This briefing note is based on information available at the UNWTO online interactive dashboard of Covid-19: measures to support travel and tourism as of May 22, 2020. In an unprecedented crisis to the tourism se

9、ctor, the COVID-19 pandemic is having a major impact across world regions. Available data shows that international tourist arrivals have sharply decreased in the first quarter of 2020 (-22%), with possible scenarios for the year pointing to an annual decline of between 60% and 80% when compared with

10、 2019 figures depending on the pace of easing travel restrictions.1 The outbreak of COVID-19 has impacted countries at different times, in different ways and in varying degrees. Yet, around the world, response to curb the pandemic has translated into national lockdowns and a wide implementation of t

11、ravel restrictions and shutdown of borders2 making tourism one of the hardest-hit sectors. The extensive and deep impact of COVID-19 on tourism coupled with the relevance of the sector to the economy and jobs requires a strong support at national and international level through the relevant institut

12、ions. Based on information from governments, international organizations and online official public sources, UNWTO has launched an online interactive dashboard on country and international policy responses to COVID-19 covering 220 countries and territories and more than 30 international and regional

13、 institutions.3 This briefing note offers an overview and analysis of the main measures adopted by countries to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 in tourism and support recovery. https:/www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284421893 - Sunday, October 25, 2020 10:17:53 PM - IP Address:40.65.176.200 5

14、 Countries policy response A closer look at the measures adopted across all regions shows that there has been a swift and strong response by governments around the world to the impacts of COVID-19. Along with health and confinement measures as well as travel restrictions, countries have adopted a wi

15、de range of economic and social measures to respond to the crisis in many cases supported by international and regional institutions. https:/www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284421893 - Sunday, October 25, 2020 10:17:53 PM - IP Address:40.65.176.200 6 Overall, the immediate and first response f

16、rom governments consisted of cross-cutting fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the economic impact of the crisis, with a special focus on SMEs liquidity, and protect jobs in the most severely affected sectors. As the situation evolves, countries increasingly adopted tourism specific measures as

17、 well as measures to reopen and restart the sector. This is particularly noticeable for countries in which tourism is a significant contributor to the national economy. By far the most common measures adopted by countries are economy-wide stimulus packages targeting the most impacted sectors. Of the

18、se, undeniably tourism is one of the most directly affected. Fiscal stimulus packages most commonly in place refer to exemptions or deferrals of VAT and corporate income tax, emergency economic funds and economic assistance, especially to SMEs and self-employed and investment programmes aiming at mi

19、tigating the immediate effects of the pandemic. Additionally, the European Commission and other regional and international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, regional development banks and other International Finance Institutions (IFIs)4 and other organizatio

20、ns such as United Nations agencies and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), have largely supported countries, especially Across all regions there has been a strong and widespread policy response to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Out of the 220 countries and territorie

21、s analyzed, 167 countries have reported specific measures to mitigate the effects of the crisis and accelerate recovery. Among them, more than 144 countries have adopted fiscal and monetary policies, followed by policies to support jobs and training which have been implemented by 100 countries. Fisc

22、al and monetary policies are also the most popular in all regions. The most recent measures for restarting tourism are primarily being adopted in Europe and Asia and the Pacific. Adoption of main policies (% of countries, n=167)Overall strong and widespread policy response across regions Jobs and Tr

23、aining https:/www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284421893 - Sunday, October 25, 2020 10:17:53 PM - IP Address:40.65.176.200 7 with programmes for SMEs, self-employed and job protection through different mechanisms: special funds and loans, financial tools, technical assistance, recommendations,

24、etc. As for monetary policies, these generally include the creation of special credit lines at reduced, subsidized or zero rates, moratoria on loans and the introduction of measures to facilitate access to credit and finance, and less frequently, measures to ensure the stability of national currency

25、 and consumer prices. As in the case of fiscal measures, all these programmes aim to provide financial support to businesses and address liquidity shortage. In Africa predominantly, but also in some countries in other regions, governments have also received economic assistance in the form of loans,

26、grants, special lines of credits, from international organizations, international financial institutions, such as the IMF, the World Bank, the European Commission and regional development banks. As per fiscal and monetary measures supporting tourism directly these range from economic relief to touri

27、sm businesses, especially SMEs, such as the exemption or postponement of taxes, loan payments, and tourism related fees, to the introduction of financial instruments such as special lines of credit, new loan schemes, and investment programmes. Other tourism specific measures include credit guarantee

28、s for tourism businesses and incentive programmes to support airlines. 4. Such as the African Development Bank (AfDB), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI), the Development Bank of Latin America (CAF), the European Bank for Reconstruction and D

29、evelopment (EBRD), the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). Jobs and Training policiesRestarting tourism policiesFiscal and Monetary policies % of countries adopting policies per region (n=167) https:/www.e-u

30、nwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284421893 - Sunday, October 25, 2020 10:17:53 PM - IP Address:40.65.176.200 8 The fiscal and monetary policies are complemented with a third pillar to protect the millions of jobs at risk through specific packages to sustain jobs, income and livelihoods. In many countr

31、ies flexibility mechanisms have been put in place such as special incentives and relief funds for companies that retain their workforce, including the exemption or reduction of social security contributions, wage subsidies, special support schemes for self-employed workers such as exemptions, delays

32、 or reduced social security and fiscal payments. As travel and tourism, a labour intensive sector, is one of the most affected with jobs at risk through the whole of the value chain, several measures to protect tourism workers and ensure employment retention have been swiftly adopted. In addition to

33、 furloughs and strengthening of unemployment benefits, other measures include training and skills development, particularly digital skills, assisting tourism businesses digital transformation and access to innovative tools, as well as covering traineeships expenses, reskilling workers, exempting and

34、 reducing training levies. Although up until now the overwhelming response involves the adoption of fiscal, monetary and employment measures, it is possible to gradually observe steps towards data and intelligence systems to monitor trends and better respond to the impact of COVID-19 in tourism. To

35、this purpose, internal crisis mechanisms such as tourism coordination committees and task forces are created, together with monitoring systems, preparation of studies and surveys to gather information and adjust marketing strategies and future plans. In such quickly evolving situation, the establish

36、ment of communication channels to disseminate information and guidelines with industry stakeholders has also been prioritized in some countries. Additionally, a few countries are investing in access to real time data to provide timely and reliable information and guidance to stakeholders. Similarly,

37、 collaboration and partnerships between public and private sector and public/public coordination are increasing. A common measure under this category is launching solidarity and recovery funds engaging private sector stakeholders in the mitigation and recovery of the sector. The importance of collab

38、orating with the private sector has been recognized by governments with the creation of joint committees and platforms in a number of countries. Moreover, it is likely that as countries focus on accelerating recovery, public-private partnerships will be reinforced. The most recent measures announced

39、 indicate that some countries, mostly in Europe and Asia and the Pacific, are moving forward with initiatives to restart tourism and promote domestic demand. The establishment of health and sanitary protocols, certifications and labels for clean and safe practices and establishments is a crucial ste

40、p to restore trust and confidence in the sector. With domestic tourism as a priority at the moment, marketing and promotional campaigns product development initiatives and special discounts begin to emerge in a few countries. Providing vouchers and other type of support and special conditions to dom

41、estic travelers, tour operators, travel agents and other tourism businesses emerges as a common measure to stimulate demand. To conclude it is also worthwhile to mention that the first wave of measures adopted are fully in line with the 23 UNWTO Recommendations for Action launched at the onset of th

42、e pandemic. These are divided into three key areas (I) Managing the crisis and mitigating the impact, (II) Providing stimulus and accelerating recovery and (III) Preparing for tomorrow 5. The overview of policy responses provided shows clearly that while the first wave of measures adopted fall into

43、the first and second areas, countries are taking initial steps towards rebuilding tourism and preparing for tomorrow. Following these Recommendations and recalling the Priorities for Tourism Recovery6, UNWTO has recently issued the UNWTO Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism 7 which provide high-leve

44、l guidance for reopening tourism operations and helping tourism sector emerge stronger and more sustainably from COVID-19. 5. More information on UNWTO Recommendations for Action. 6. More information on UNWTO Priorities for Tourism Recovery. 7. More information on UNWTO Global Guidelines to Restart

45、Tourism. https:/www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284421893 - Sunday, October 25, 2020 10:17:53 PM - IP Address:40.65.176.200 9 Examples of fiscal and monetary measures In Norway, the VAT on passenger transport, accommodation, cultural events and attractions has been reduced from 12% to 8% until

46、 31 October 2020. Germany has also reduced the VAT rate to support tourism and hospitality industry. Similarly, the Republic of Moldova announced a 20% to 15% VAT reduction for hotels and restaurants. In Turkey, VAT on domestic airline flights has been cut to 1% from 18% for a period of three months

47、. Ecuador has approved a six months VAT payment deferral as well as 2019 income tax for small companies, airlines, accommodation and food businesses and Seychelles has postponed the payment of corporate social responsibility tax, tourism marketing tax and business tax. Brunei, Iran, Lao Peoples Demo

48、cratic Republic, Malaysia, Palau, Republic of Korea and Singapore, have also adopted similar measures. Cte dIvoire postponed for three months the payment of capital income tax (IRC) to tourism and hotel businesses that are experiencing difficulties. Egypt postponed the payment of all dues on tourism

49、 and hotel establishments and declared exempted all bazars and cafeterias located in archeological sites from paying rent until tourism safely resumes. The Central Bank of Egypt offered tourism facilities low-interest funds, particularly for payment of salaries of employees and launched a financing initiative to support tourism, reducing the interest rate (part of this initiative is to be directed to the payment of salaries and operating expenses). As part of the initiative, banks can grant credit facilities with a maximum two