降低風險利用耐用材料實現投資最大化.pdf

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1、Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company(“Dow”)or an affiliated company of DowMitigate Risk,Maximize Investment with Durable Materials Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowLisa Madenjian_ Dow_Brian Habersberger_ Yuyan Li_Yabin Sun_Emma Zhang_Guy Beaucarne_At Dow,these questions and the pursuit

2、of solutions for the worlds toughest challenges inspire us to collaborate and use our materials science expertise to create innovative solutions that transform our world and deliver a sustainable future.This Is DowNote:All data as of December 31,2023Every answer starts with asking the right question

3、.$45Bnet sales in 202335,900employees98manufacturing sites31countries in which Dow manufactures products2Reporting Segments&Business UnitsFeedstock and Site IntegrationPackaging and Specialty PlasticsIndustrial SolutionsCoatings&Performance MonomersPackaging&Specialty PlasticsIndustrial Intermediate

4、s&InfrastructureHydrocarbons&EnergyConsumer SolutionsPolyurethanes&Construction ChemicalsPerformance Materials&Coatings$23.1B$8.5B$12.5BKey Differentiators2023 Net Sales by Area1U.S.and CanadaLAAEMEAIAPACPackagingInfrastructureConsumerMobility30%40%20%10%Trends Enable$800BAddressable Market by Mid-D

5、ecade#1 High-Pressure Technology Capacity Including Low Density,EVA,Ionomers,Acid Copolymer#1 Polyethylene Licensing#3 Total Ethylene and Polyethylene#1 Purified Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Oxide#1 Ethylene Amines#1 Ethanol Amines#1 Silicones#1 Propylene Oxide#1 Propylene Glycol#1 Polyols#1 Acrylic

6、Binders#1 Waterborne AdditivesInnovative Solutions for Attractive Verticals,Net Sales2 Unique go-to-market strategy driven by diverse and innovative product and catalyst portfolio Feedstock flexibility and geographically advantaged assets delivering low cost at scale Proprietary technology enabling

7、tailored resins World-leading purified EO capacity to capture growth in pharma,cleaning and energy PU chemistry reduces emissions in vehicles and improves energy efficiency in building and construction Robust innovation pipeline and application expertise Differentiated silicones applications for ele

8、ctronics,mobility and personal care end markets Broad sustainability toolkit enables next-gen coatings solutions World-scale assets with upstream integration1.Excludes Corporate2.Average 2021-2023%of total Dow revenue excluding Corporate and Hydrocarbons&EnergyDow Advantage:Global Scale in Attractiv

9、e Market Verticals3U.S.&Canadamanufacturing sites in 2 countries35Latin Americamanufacturing sites in 4 countries15Asia Pacificmanufacturing sites in 10 countries19Europe,Middle East,Africa&Indiamanufacturing sites in 15 countries37106 manufacturing sites in 31 countries12 Innovation Centers in 10 c

10、ountries on 4 continents GLOBAL SCALE,LOCAL REACH AND COLLABORATIVE INNOVATION Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowDows Domestic PV Material Manufacturing Dow Materials Used in PV module Manufacturing5Bad decisions dont always start out that way.Most begin as an outgrowth of best intentions

11、.What about material choices?Balancing near and long term goals!6Can Versus Should Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of Dow6Encapsulant Durability:Key Properties Key PropertiesElectric resistivityWater vapor transmission rateLack of Corrosive By ProductsProblems with EVALow resistivity leads to

12、 PID and other electrochemical corrosionMoisture ingress can lead to corrosionAcid leads to corrosionBenefits of POEPOE has up to 1000 x higher resistivity,prevents PIDPOE has 10 x lower WVTRPOE does not form corrosive byproducts Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowEthylene vinyl acetate co

13、polymerPolyolefinHOW are Modules Encapsulated Differently?GlassEVAEVABacksheetMost common design for monofacial modules is unchanged for several decadesMonofacialGlassPOEPOEGlassGlassEPEEPEGlassBifacialSymmetric designs can be(and are)used with all bifacial cell typesUsed with bifacial PERC cellsUse

14、d with bifacial TOPCon cellsGlassEVAPOEGlassGlassPOEEVAGlassGlassEVAEPEGlassGlassEPEEVAGlass8 Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowWhy are Bifacial Modules Encapsulated Differently?PIDShunting p-type Na+migration from glass“PID-s”Polarization n-type&bifacial Negative charge in passivation/AR

15、 layer “PID-p”Delamination Redox Rxn Stress/pressure at cell surface“PID-d”Other Any voltage-driven degradationW.Luo,Y.S.Khoo,P.Hacke,V.Naumann,D.Lausch,S.P.Harvey,J.P.Singh,J.Chai,Y.Wang,and A.G.Aberle,Energy&Environmental Science,vol.10,no.1,pp.43-68,2017.PID means“If we apply a potential differen

16、ce,something bad happens”Consider“Temperature Induced Degradation”:Phase transitionsChemical reactionsThermomechanical stressEtc.Many different mechanisms,depending on different factors,compose PID.Bifacial PERCTOPConn-PERTSHJ/HJT9 Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowHabersberger BM,Hacke P

17、.Impact of illumination and encapsulant resistivity on polarizationtype potentialinduced degradation on nPERT cells.Prog.in Photovoltaics:Research and Applications.2022 May;30(5):455-63.Only voltage,no light.11016 41014 91013 11013 Resistivity(cm)High VRLow VR100 W/m2:weak light+voltageEVA:Rapid los

18、s to same extent as darkPOE A:No evident lossPOE B and C:Modest,slowed loss300 W/m2:Moderate light+voltageEVA:Rapid loss to same extent as darkAll POEs:Negligible loss1000 W/m2:full sun+voltageEVA:Rapid loss to same extent as darkStudy:Combined PID and Irradiance with Varying Resistivity Encapsulant

19、s Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowWhat are the potential durability consequences?11 Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowFormulation Challenges in EPE Tri-layersEVAPOEEVAInitial formulationEVAPOEEVAAfter migrationPolar additives(peroxide,coagent)have greater thermodynamic compat

20、ibility with polar EVA,leading to additive migration from POE into EVATime passes12 Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowLamination Challenges in EPE Tri-layersLamination Pure POE cures modestly slower than pure EVA Trilayer additive migration exacerbates cure differential During lamination,

21、EVA will cure while POE is still flowable Flow of POE during lamination reduces POE thickness,compromising barrier properties that mitigate PIDCell with fine busbars13 Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowPotential Interfacial Failure in EPE Trilayers500100015002000250030003500Wavenumber/nm玻

22、璃側EVALayer surface500100015002000250030003500Wavenumber/nm背板側POELayer surfacePeel test on Glass/EPE/Backsheet coupons Layers of encapsulant observed on both sides of interfacial failure FTIR spectroscopy identifies pure POE and EVA on opposite layer surfaces Laboratory coupon observation,unknown if

23、delamination occurs in modules Minimal published durability studies on EPE due to rapid introduction and sourcing challenges14 Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowG/B-EVAG/G-EVAG/B-POEG/G-POEcontrolG/G-center G/G-corner G/B-center G/B-cornerWater ingression for modules after 8 weeks DH agin

24、gEVAPOE Higher content of moisture detected in EVA encapsulated modules Glass/backsheet(G/B)modules have higher content of moisture comparing with Glass/glass(G/G)modules Corner has higher moisture comparing with module center.EL images after 8 weeks DH agingThe Benefit of POE Low WVTR for TOPCon Mo

25、dules Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of Dow0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%G/GG/BPower loss on front sidePOEEVA Good power output maintained in POE encapsulated modules Extreme power loss in EVA encapsulated modules G/G modules may trap the corrosive products,leads to worse corrosion beha

26、vior comparing with G/BG/B-EVAG/G-EVAG/B-POEG/G-POEEL images after 8 weeks DH agingThe Benefit of POE Low WVTR for TOPCon Modules Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of Dow17The Differences between Gram Weight and Real ThicknessDue to texture,encapsulant film specified by g/m2 rather than just th

27、icknessMBB modules need high gram weight encapsulant due to the usage of cylindrical solder.The much lower density of ENGAGETM PV POE comparing with PV grade EVA can help to lower the encapsulant gram weight and cost by 8.2%when keeping the same effective film thickness after lamination.EVA(28%VA)EN

28、GAGETM PV POEdensity（g/cm3）0.950.872The thickness after lamination of films with 470 g/m2（m）495539The film gram weight to achieve 495 m thickness after lamination（g/m2）470432The thickness after lamination of films with 380 g/m2（m）400436The film gram weight to achieve 400 m thickness after lamination

29、（g/m2）380349 Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowAnd what about framing?18 Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of Dow Recent major changes in module designsGlass-backsheet glass-glass3.2 mm glass 2 mm glass Fully tempered glass strengthened glassSmall modules(size 2 m2)large modules(size

30、 2 m2)Yet no significant change to edge design Breakage of rear glass in glass-glass module has become frequent problem Most frame sealants are stiff materials 19Modern PV Modules Require Rethinking of Edge Design H-bar testingVery stiff!Strength(MPa)Elongation at max Force(%)Force at 12.5%(MPa)Comm

31、on PV Sealant1.2720.65DOWSIL PV-8041.314890.25 Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of Dow Frame sealants have multiple functionsTransfer mechanical loads to frameProtect glass edgePrevent water ingress Strong and durable adhesion is criticalLoss of adhesion water in contact with encapsulation pos

32、sible delamination leakage currents,corrosion,cell degradation20Durable Adhesion of Frame Sealant Is Critical for Long LifetimeLap shear testingLap shear(Al)as curedLap shear(Al),7 days water immersionShear strength(MPa)Failure ModeShear Strength(MPa)Failure ModeCommon PV Sealant0.6583%CF0.610%CFDOW

33、SIL PV-8041.23100%CF1.3963%CF Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of Dow Mitigate Risk Maximize Investment Use Durable Materials Polyolefin Encapsulants Flexible Frame Sealants21Can And Should Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of Dow Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company(“Dow”)or an affiliat

34、ed company of Dow Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of DowThank YouCONTACTLisa MadenjianFellowDow Packaging&Specialty PlasticsEmail:L Trademark Dow or an affiliated company of Dow23October 2024NOTICE:No freedom from infringement of any patent owned by Dow or others is to be inferred.Because use

35、 conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time,Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customers use and for ensuring that Customers workplace and disposal practices are in com

36、pliance with applicable laws and other government enactments.The product shown in this literature may not be available for sale and/or available in all geographies where Dow is represented.The claims made may not have been approved for use in all countries.Dow assumes no obligation or liability for

37、the information in this document.References to“Dow”or the“Company”mean the Dow legal entity selling the products to Customer unless otherwise expressly noted.NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN;ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.This information

38、is offered in good faith for your consideration,but without guarantee or warranty(express or implied),as analytical conditions and methods of use of the information and materials described herein may vary and are out of Dows control.Although this information is based on data Dow believes to be relia

39、ble and accurate,we do not intend for you to use,and you therefore should not construe,the contents of this document as business,technical or any other form of advice.We recommend you determine the suitability of the information and materials described herein before adopting or using them on a commercial scale.Dow assumes no liability in connection with the use of this information.Disclaimer