中國美國商會：2022年度美國企業在中國白皮書（598頁）.pdf

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1、2022 American Business in China White Paper2022 年度美國企業在中國白皮書|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|iiUnless otherwise indicated,all charts are from the 2022 AmCham China Business Climate Survey.若無特別說明，文中所有圖表皆來自于中國美國商會2022年度商務環境調查。The American Chamber of Commerce in the Peoples Republic of China中國美國商會 Floor

2、3,Gate 4.Pacific Century Place,2A Workers Stadium North Road,Chaoyang District,Beijing,100027,the Peoples Republic of ChinaTel:(8610)8519-0800 Fax:(8610)8519-0899Website:www.amchamchina.orgHeadquartered in Beijing with chapters in Tianjin,Central China(Wuhan),Northeast China(Dalian,Shenyang)北京市朝陽區工體

3、北路甲 2 號，盈科中心 4 號門 3 層郵政編碼：100027電話：(8610)8519-0800傳真：(8610)8519-0899網址：www.amchamchina.org中國美國商會總部設于北京，在天津、華中（武漢）、東北（大連，沈陽）設有區域辦公室2022 by the American Chamber of Commerce in the Peoples Republic of China(AmCham China),all rights reserved.This report may not be reproduced either in part or in full wi

4、thout the prior written consent of AmCham China.中國美國商會擁有本報告的版權，并保留其他一切權利。未經中國美國商會書面授權，不得對本報告或本報告中的部分章節進行復制。En Final|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|ITable of Contents 目錄Chairmans Message.II主席致辭Part One:Business Climate Overview.1第一部分：商務環境綜述Business Climate Overview.2商業環境綜述2022 White Paper Recommendati

5、on Scorecard.142022年白皮書建議評價一覽表Part Two:Industrial Policy and Market Access.33第二部分：產業政策和市場準入Civil Society.34民間團體Competition Law.46競爭法規Compliance.56合規Customs and Trade.90海關和貿易Government Procurement.104政府采購High-Tech Trade Promotion and Export Controls.124高科技貿易促進和出口管控Human Resources.132人力資源Intellectual

6、Property Rights.144知識產權Investment Policy.164投資政策Standards,Certification,and Conformity Assessment.184標準Tax Policy.202稅務政策Visa Policy.224簽證Part Three:Industry-Specific Issues.229第三部分：具體行業問題Agriculture .230農業Automotive.244汽車制造業Banking and Capital Markets.258銀行和資本市場Civil Aviation.300民用航空Direct Sales.31

7、4直銷Education .322教育Energy.338能源Environmental Protection.346環境保護Express Delivery.362快遞服務Food and Beverage.372食品與飲料Healthcare.392醫療ICT.442信息通信技術Insurance.470保險Legal Services.486法律服務Machinery/Manufacturing.496機械制造業Media and Entertainment.506媒體與娛樂業Real Estate.518房地產Retail&E-Commerce.522零售和電子商務Sports.532

8、體育Work Safety.540安全生產Part Four:Regional Issues.551第四部分：區域性問題Northeast.552大連/東北地區AmCham Shanghai.558上海Tianjin.566天津Wuhan/Central China.578武漢/華中Acronyms .584縮寫表 Cn V01|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|IIThe American Chamber of Commerce in the Peoples Republic of China(AmCham China)dates back to 1919,as a

9、 bridge for constructive commercial engagement between both countries.The US-China relationship has a direct and profound impact on global peace and prosperity,and our member companies believe that American business in China benefits both the United States and Chinese economies.In March,AmCham China

10、 launched the 24th annual edition of the China Business Climate Survey(BCS)Report.As one of the key barometers of the sentiment of the American business community in China,that report included some key themes:Earnings before interest and taxes(EBIT)bounced back to 2018 levels,with US companies takin

11、g a long-term view.Mounting pressure and risks for US companies operating in China on politically sensitive issues.Increasingly complex regulatory environment.AmCham China members desire constructive engagement,leading to concrete actions to address concerns.China remains a top market priority for n

12、early two-thirds of our members,and for some member companies they believe it is important to remain competitive in the China market in order to remain competitive globally.Our member companies believe that a decoupling of the US and China economies is in neither countrys economic interest.While the

13、y respect the need of both countries to define and defend their legitimate national security interests,our member companies urge that such considerations be defined as narrowly as possible,so as to permit commercially focused exchange to take place.It is against that backdrop that we publish the 24t

14、h annual edition of the White Paper-a comprehensive analysis of Chinas economic policies and practices impacting foreign trade and investment.We have been gratified by the close attention US and Chinese policy makers have paid to the White Paper in past years.In this edition,we have endeav-ored to o

15、ffer a comprehensive set of recommendations for both countries as they work towards greater mutual understanding and successful resolution of outstanding company concerns.The AmCham China White Paper is created by member companies,as a means to provide an accurate and nuanced view of the experiences

16、 that our member companies are having on the ground in China.Members volunteer countless hours to share their company Chairmans Message En Final|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|III中國美國商會（以下簡稱商會）的歷史可以追溯到 1919 年。多年來，商會一直致力于為中美兩國搭建具有建設性商貿關系的橋梁。中美關系對全球和平與繁榮有著直接且深遠的影響。商會會員企業相信，美國企業在華的業務對中美兩國的經濟發展都有益。今年 3 月

17、，商會發布了第 24 份年度中國商務環境調查報告。作為美國商界在華經營狀況的晴雨表，該報告包括以下重點：y美國企業息稅前利潤（EBIT）恢復至 2018 年水平，美國企業普遍對華有長遠考慮；y在華經營的美國企業在政治敏感問題上面臨的壓力和風險不斷增加；y監管環境日益復雜；y商會會員企業期待中美兩國能夠進行建設性的溝通和接觸，并采取具體行動來解決雙方共同關注的問題。近三分之二的受訪企業表示，中國仍然是他們優先考慮的市場。部分受訪企業認為，保持在中國市場的競爭力對于其保持全球競爭力來說十分重要。商會會員企業反對中美經濟脫鉤，因為這將損害兩國的經濟利益。商會尊重兩國維護各自國家安全合法利益的需要，但

18、敦促兩國盡可能地縮小影響范圍，避免傷及兩國的正常商貿往來。在此背景下，商會連續第 24 年發布了年度美國企業在中國白皮書(以下簡稱白皮書)全面分析中國采取的會影響貿易和投資的經濟政策和舉措。過去二十多年，中美兩國政策制定者均對白皮書給予高度關注，對此，我們深表感謝。今年，我們將繼續通過白皮書為兩國政府提供全面的建議，期待借此增進雙方的相互理解，幫助會員企業成功解決存在的問題。白皮書由商會會員企業義務撰寫，準確而細致地呈現了我們的會員企業在華運營的實際體驗。會員企業志愿投入大量時間，總結個體公司的經驗，與同行形成共識，共撰寫了 38 個章節，并不遺余力地修改完善。我在此向所有參與今年白皮書編寫及

19、校對工作的會員企業表示衷心的感謝。會員企業的志愿精神是商會蓬勃生命力的源泉。我還要特別感謝商會政策委員會主席羅斯先生，他每年不辭辛苦，以確保商會能夠傳遞內容詳實、文字精簡的政策建議。同時，我也要感謝商會的政府事務與政策團隊，他們歷時數月勤奮工作，使白皮書的質量達到很高的水平。主席致辭 Cn V01|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|IVexperiences,build consensus within industry cohorts,draft the 38 chapters,and then painstakingly wordsmith the final p

20、roduct.I would like to express my deep appreciation to all of those volunteers.The volunteerism of our members is truly the lifeblood of the Chamber.Particular gratitude goes to Lester Ross,Chair of the Policy Committee,who works tirelessly year after year to ensure that we have the most substantive

21、 and well-written publication possible.Thank you also to AmCham Chinas Government Affairs and Policy team for their work over many months to produce a White Paper that meets our demanding standards.We hope that this work will once again serve as an important tool to help facilitate mutual understand

22、ing and constructive engagement on issues of interest to our member companies.Colm Rafferty Chairman,AmCham ChinaMay 2022 En Final|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|V商會及會員企業衷心地希望白皮書能夠成為在促進中美政府與在華外資企業間相互理解，以及推動會員企業所關切的問題可以獲得實質性的解決的一個重要政策工具。華剛林中國美國商會主席2022 年 5 月 Cn V01Part One:Business Climate Overview第一部

23、分：商務環境綜述Business Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|2|BUSINESS CLIMATE OVERVIEW|IntroductionUS-China economic relations remain deeply inter-twined.China is among the largest and fastest growing markets in the world and constitutes an important market for US products and services.Chinas m

24、arket also has a robust R&D and innovation ecosystem,and many leading American companies generate a substantial portion of their revenue from the China market.China is a key source and supplier of a vast number of prod-ucts and components,often at lower cost and in larger scale than available elsewh

25、ere,which benefits US consumers.In 2021,the bilateral relationship continued to deteriorate despite a resumption of regular working level dialogues and some progress on climate cooperation.The COVID-19 pandemic aggravated this deterioration,deepening mistrust between the two countries and reenforcin

26、g the focus on supply chain security,reshoring,and domestic manufacturing.Meanwhile,many longstanding economic and commercial issues that challenge the foreign business community remain unaddressed,including Chinas long-standing support for its SOEs,subsidies and other prefer-ences for domestically-

27、invested enterprises under various industrial policies,preferences for domestic technologies and products over foreign technologies and products in procure-ment processes,censorship and other restrictions barring entry for foreign cultural products,strict cybersecurity and data localization requirem

28、ents,and cyber intrusions.It is therefore unsurprising that a majority of our members reported“US-China bilateral tensions”has become the top challenge to doing business in China.Last years White Paper highlighted the business uncertainties introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.Events in 2021

29、further compounded those trends,with ongoing COVID-19 preven-tion measures and an increase in regulatory uncertainty across sectors introducing new market challenges.AmCham China acknowledges that the US-China relationship is undergoing a fundamental recalibration and acknowledges the need of all co

30、untries consider their national security.We remain opposed to any effort at outright decoupling of the US-China relationship.The costs of decoupling from losing trade and foreign investment benefits for both countries would be significant and are unlikely to generate clear winners.In order to be glo

31、bally competitive,American producers and service providers must be able to compete in the China market on a level playing field.Nevertheless,extensive market access barriers,protectionism,an opaque regulatory system,and discriminatory enforcement continue to hinder the operations of US business in C

32、hina today.In that spirit,this 24th edition of the American Business in China White Paper explores the crosscutting,industry-spe-cific,national,and regional issues faced by AmCham Chinas member companies in 2021 and early 2022.Each chapter offers practical recommendations for addressing challenges f

33、acing the American business community that will,if imple-mented,benefit both foreign-invested enterprises(FIEs)and the Chinese economy.We hope that this years White Paper will serve as a constructive tool for both the Chinese and US governments to reorient the bilateral relationship towards a more b

34、alanced and sustainable economic footing.COVID-19 Complicates Persistent ChallengesCOVID-19 has created its own set of operational challenges for foreign companies in China.With respect to hiring and staffing,half of AmCham Chinas members note that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted their hiring dec

35、isions and ability to find expatriate staff willing and able to move to China.Some 81 percent of companies reported that Chinas management of Covid-19 had impacted their ability to attract or retain skilled foreign staff,with 35 percent describing the impact as either large or severe.AmCham China an

36、d AmCham Shanghai conducted a flash survey in March 2022 of members on the impact of COVID-19 regulations on the American business community.Results of the survey showed that 99 percent of responding companies reported being impacted by outbreaks of the Omicron variant in March 2022,citing a range o

37、f factors.Some 57 percent of respondents reported that the recent COVID-19 outbreak had disrupted supply chains due to disruptions to transportation and shipping networks.Among manufacturing companies,reports of supply chain disruption rose to 86 percent.Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic,

38、instability resulting from intermittent lockdowns has been cited as the main reason for companies to decrease investment plans,cited by 32 percent of respondents to the Flash Survey on COVI-19 impact conducted between March 27-29,2022.Business Climate Overview En Final-2商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 Whit

39、e Paper|3|商務環境綜述|引言中美經貿關系仍然密不可分。中國是全球最大、增長最快的市場之一，是美國產品和服務的重要出口市場。中國市場也擁有強大的研發和創新生態系統，許多美國龍頭企業的大部分利潤都來自中國市場。中國是大量產品和零部件的重要貨源地和供應商，成本往往比其他地區更低，生產規模更大，進而使得美國消費者從中受益。盡管中美雙方在 2021 年恢復了部分工作層面的對話機制并在氣候合作方面取得了一些進展，但雙邊關系持續緊張。新冠肺炎疫情也加劇了這一態勢，加深了兩國之間的不信任，并再次引起了對供應鏈安全、制造業回流和國內制造的關注。同時，外國在華商界長期面臨的經濟和商業挑戰仍未得到解決，比

40、如中國對國有企業的長期支持，產業政策給予國內企業的補貼和優惠，在采購流程中更偏好國內產品和技術，對外國文化產品的進口審查和相關限制，對網絡安全和數據本地化的嚴格要求，以及網絡攻擊問題等。因此，大多數中國美國商會（以下簡稱商會）會員企業表示“中美雙邊關系緊張”已經成為在華運營的首要挑戰。2020 年美國企業在中國白皮書（以下簡稱白皮書）中強調了新冠肺炎疫情為商業運營帶來的不確定性。2021 年這一趨勢進一步加劇，現行的新冠肺炎疫情防控措施以及各行業監管的不確定性增加了新的市場挑戰。商會理解中美關系正處于重塑階段，并承認各國都有各自界定并保護其國家安全的權利。商會堅決反對中美關系徹底脫鉤。脫鉤會讓

41、兩國在貿易和外國投資方面蒙受巨大損失，兩方誰都不可能在這場博弈中成為贏家。為了增強全球競爭力，美國生產商和服務提供商必須保證能夠在中國市場上進行公平競爭。然而，廣泛存在的市場準入壁壘、保護主義、不透明的監管體系以及差別性執法，至今仍然阻礙著美國企業的在華運營。本著這種精神，第 24 版美國企業在中國白皮書探討了商會會員企業在 2021 年和 2022 年初面臨的挑戰，包括跨行業的、行業性的、全國性的和地區性的問題。并且，每一章均包含如何應對這些挑戰的切實可行的建議，如果這些建議得以實施，將會為外資企業和中國經濟帶來巨大收益。商會希望今年的白皮書能夠繼續成為中美兩國政府政策制定及落實的一個建設性

42、工具書，并能促進雙邊經貿關系朝著更加平衡且可持續的方向發展。新冠肺炎疫情讓現存挑戰變得愈加復雜新冠肺炎疫情給外資企業的在華運營帶來了一系列挑戰。在招聘和員工留存方面，一半會員企業表示，新冠肺炎疫情影響了企業的招聘決策，以及降低外籍員工來華工作的意愿。約 81%的會員企業表示，中國的新冠肺炎疫情防控措施影響了他們吸引或留住外國技術員工的能力，其中 35%企業認為這種影響達到了巨大或嚴重的程度。中國美國商會和上海美國商會在 2022 年 3 月就新冠肺炎疫情對在華美國商界的影響對會員企業進行了一次快速調查。調查結果顯示，99%的受訪企業表示由于近期的疫情形勢，在多方面受到了影響。約 57%的受訪企

43、業表示，近期的疫情形勢對交通運輸與航運物流造成了影響，導致供應鏈受阻。在制造業領域反映“供應鏈受阻”的企業數量比例達到 86%。32%的受訪企業在快速調查中提到，自新冠肺炎疫情爆發以來，疫情防控管理政策下的封控措施帶來的不確定性因素成為會員企業減少在華投資計劃的主要原因。在 2022 年商會中國商務環境調查報告中，14%的受訪企業表示，如果目前的旅行限制在接下來的六個月內沒有得到改善，企業將計劃減少在華投資。在上述提到的快速調查反饋中，這一數字躍升至 46%。商業環境綜述 Cn FinalBusiness Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham Chi

44、na|4|BUSINESS CLIMATE OVERVIEW|In the 2022 China Business Climate Survey Report(BCS),14 percent of responding companies noted that they would plan to reduce their investment in China if current travel restrictions do not improve in the following six months.In the Flash Survey report released April 1

45、,2022,this figure jumps to 46 percent.Deteriorating Bilateral Relations a Key ChallengeAcross multiple spheres of the bilateral relationship,including economic,national security,law enforcement,cultural,and people-to-people exchange,events in 2021 continued to accel-erate the downward trend of bilat

46、eral relations that AmCham China has highlighted in our most recent editions of the White Paper.This sentiment was captured in the 2022 BCS,where“rising tensions in US-China relations”was cited as the top challenge facing the business community,as reported by 56 percent of survey respondents.This im

47、pact was particularly acute in both the Technology and Resources sectors,where over two-thirds of respondents reported it as a top challenge.Indeed,the deteriorating relationship has placed the American business community in the crosshairs as economic and trade issues have become deeply intertwined

48、with national security and other law enforcement issues.Tensions have only grown in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak,which has prompted new conversations in both the US and China about supply chain security,reshoring,and domestic production.Throughout 2021,the US government explored developmen

49、t of a variety of new legislation to bolster overall US competi-tiveness,at times couched as a direct response to actions from China.The United States Innovation and Competition Act(USICA)passed the Senate in June 2021 with bipartisan support and the America Creating Opportunities for Manufacturing,

50、Pre-Eminence in Technology and Economic Strength(COMPETES)Act passed in the House and is currently awaiting resolution of differences.Other legislation regarding China includes the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors(CHIPS)Act and the and the proposed Equal Access to Green cards fo

51、r Legal Employment Act(EAGLE),the Strategic Competition Act of 2021,and the National Science Foundation For the Future Act.As the US seeks to ready itself for greater competition with China,broad legislation on investment,industry issues,and expansion of STEM education take the forefront.At the end

52、of 2021,the Uyghur Forced Labor Protection Act came into effect.American businesses in China await further guidance on what processes will be employed to evaluate the compliance of their supply chains in China.The Biden Administration has framed the relationship with China through the lens of“Three

53、Cs”:cooperation,competi-tion,and confrontation.Although the Biden Administration is expected to release a comprehensive,official“China strategy”in 2022,it had yet to be released at the time of the publishing of this report.American businesses in China eagerly await further clarification of such Chin

54、a-focused policies and legislation.The Economic and Trade Agreement between the US and China(Phase One)concluded in January 2022.According to data by the Peterson Institute for International Economics,China purchased only 57 percent of the total committed US goods and services imports in 2020 and 20

55、21.As some have expressed disappointment in the outcomes of the agreement,AmCham China members have little optimism for a Phase Two trade deal and 58 percent of this years BCS respondents reported being negatively impacted by the bilateral relationship.Meanwhile,as geopolitical tensions in 2021 cont

56、inued to rise,the Biden administration led a recalibration of foreign policy to include more multilateral efforts between the US and its allies.Washington and Beijing also began to take tentative steps to stabilize their relationship as rising tensions sparked a growing awareness that the risk of un

57、intended conflict continues to grow.Furthermore,the US and China resumed discussions around climate cooperation which remains a lone bright spot in an otherwise uncertain bilateral relationship.In the people-to-people exchange and cultural sphere,global restrictions on travel significantly restricte

58、d the opportunity for these types of interactions between the US and China in 2021.Additional actions taken by both sides further reduced the scope for bilateral exchange.For instance,with respect to news and media reporting,retaliatory actions imposed on reporters and media organizations by both si

59、des has led to a reduction in the number of American journalists based in China and vice versa.The education sector has traditionally been an important area of bilateral cooperation and exchange but has faced difficulties due to COVID-19 and worsening bilateral relations.The combined effect of these

60、 policies has cast a chill on education,reporting,and other bilateral exchanges between the US and China.Assessment of the China Market for Foreign BusinessAgainst this backdrop,as reported in the 2022 BCS,more than half of members estimated their 2021 revenue would be higher than 2020,reversing a d

61、ownward trend since 2019.However,the impacts of COVID-19 continue to negatively impact the revenues of two-thirds of members.This impact is felt most heavily in the Consumer sector(53 percent),whose brick-and-mortar operations are directly impacted by such lockdowns.While there has been an uptick in

62、 the proportion of companies expecting revenue to increase from last year,2021 has also seen inflation rise.When accounting for inflation,about four-in-ten companies have yet to reach pre-pandemic performance.Compared to the last five years,2021 saw the highest propor-tion(13 percent)of companies es

63、timating that they will be“very profitable”compared to 2020(5 percent).While the proportion of companies anticipating profits has increased since last year(59 percent in 2021 versus 54 percent in 2020),this fails to match the 73 percent of companies that reported En Final-2商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 W

64、hite Paper|5|商務環境綜述|日益緊張的雙邊關系是首要挑戰2021 年中美兩國關系在經濟、國家安全、執法、文化和民間交流等多個領域進一步惡化，商會在近幾年的白皮書中均強調了這種趨勢。2022 年中國商務環境調查報告也體現了這一趨勢，56%的受訪企業表示，“中美關系日益緊張”是受訪企業面臨的首要挑戰。這種看法在技術和資源行業體現得更為明顯，超過三分之二的受訪企業將其認為是首要挑戰。事實上，由于經貿問題已經與國家安全和其他執法問題深度融合，雙邊關系的不斷惡化已經將在華外國商界置于十字路口。在新冠肺炎疫情爆發后，緊張局勢進一步加劇，促使中美兩國分別調整針對供應鏈安全、制造業回流和國內生產的

65、戰略。2021 年，美國政府探索并制定了一系列新的法律法規，以提高美國的整體競爭力。這些法律法規的頒布有時也被認為是對中國所采取行動的直接回應。在兩黨的支持下，參議院于 2021 年 6 月通過了美國創新和競爭法案（USICA）。2022 年美國競爭法（COMPETES）也獲得通過，目前正在等待解決分歧。其他有關中國的立法包括為美國創造有益的半導體生產法案（CHIPS）、擬議的平等獲得職業移民綠卡法案（EAGLE）、2021 年戰略競爭法案以及國家科學基金會未來法案。隨著美國積極準備以應對與中國的進一步競爭，關于投資、行業問題和擴大 STEM教育的立法得到了優先關注。2021 年底，防止強迫維

66、吾爾族人勞動法開始生效。在華美國企業正在等待進一步指導，以了解采用何種程序來評估其在華供應鏈的合規性。拜登政府基于“三個 C”的視角來構建與中國的關系，也就是合作(Cooperation)、競爭(Competition)和對抗(Confrontation)。盡管拜登政府預計將在2022 年發布一份全面的官方版“中國戰略”，但該戰略在本書截稿時尚未發布。在華美國企業迫切期望能夠詳細了解這些以中國為重點的政策和立法內容。中美第一階段經貿協議（以下簡稱協議）于2020 年 1 月簽署。根據彼得森國際經濟研究所的數據，中國在 2020 年和 2021 年只兌現了美國商品和服務進口總額承諾的 57%。商

67、會部分會員企業對協議的結果表示失望，因此并不對第二階段的經貿協議抱有樂觀態度。在今年的中國商務環境調查報告中，58%的受訪企業表示在華經營已受到雙邊關系的負面影響。與此同時，隨著 2021 年地緣政治緊張局勢的持續升溫，拜登政府主導并重新調整其外交政策，開展更多與盟友之間的多邊行動。由于意外沖突的風險持續增加，不斷升溫的緊張局勢深化了對風險的認識，華盛頓和北京也開始采取試探性措施來穩定雙邊關系。此外，美國和中國恢復了關于氣候合作的討論，這也成為當下不穩定的雙邊關系中的唯一亮點。全球旅行限制大大減少了 2021 年中美兩國在民間交流和文化領域進行互動的機會。兩國采取的其他措施進一步縮小了雙邊交流

68、的范圍。比如，雙方在新聞和媒體報道方面對記者和媒體組織實施報復性行動，導致兩國駐地記者人數減少。教育歷來是雙邊合作和交流的重要領域，但由于新冠肺炎疫情和雙邊關系惡化，這一行業也面臨困境。這些政策的綜合影響嚴重阻礙了中美兩國在教育、媒體報道和其他領域的雙邊交流。中國市場外商投資評估在此背景下，正如 2022 年 中國商務環境調查報告中所述，超過一半的受訪企業預估其 2021 年的營收將同比上漲，逆轉連續幾年的跌勢。三分之二的受訪企業表示，新冠肺炎疫情，尤其因多地爆發疫情而采取的臨時管控措施，將持續影響他們的營收。這種影響在消費領域表現得最為明顯（53%），因為該領域會員企業線下運營直接受到新冠肺

69、炎疫情管控影響。雖然預估營收上升企業的比例有所升高，但是 2021 年的通脹率也在上升。如果將通脹計算在內，約 40%的企業的在華運營情況將更難達到疫情前的水平。2021 年預計“利潤將非常豐厚”的企業所占比例上升至 13%，為過去五年最高點，相比之下，2020 年只有 5%的受訪企業有如此預測。雖然 2022 年預計盈利的企業比例比去年有所上升（2021 年為 59%，2020年為 54%），但該數據依然不及疫情前以及中美貿易戰升級前的水平（2017 年，73%的企業表示盈利）。2020年以來，利潤增長幅度最大的是來自服務業的企業，其中表示盈利的企業比例上升了 13 個百分點。由于不確定中國

70、政府是否會進一步向外資開放中國市場上有實質進展，所有行業的不確定性和信心缺乏程度都在增加。與去年相比，感到在中國“變得不受歡迎”Cn FinalBusiness Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|6|BUSINESS CLIMATE OVERVIEW|profitability in 2017 before the pandemic and escalation of the US-China trade tensions.The greatest improvement from 2020 performance comes fro

71、m the Services sector,which saw a 13-point improvement in the number of prof-itable companies.For companies on the ground in China,uncertainty and lack of confidence have increased across all sectors,as members consider whether the government is committed to further opening Chinas market to foreign

72、investment.Compared to last year,twice as many member companies feel“much less welcome”in China.Moreover,42 percent of members report that they received increased pressure to make(or not make)statements about politically sensitive issues,which was driven by the Chinese government and Chinese media.T

73、his is especially true for the Consumer sector where 70 percent of respondents report such pressure.For global brands and businesses active in China,streamlining global business strategy and global brand values has become increasingly complex as more and more issues become“sensitive.”With respect to

74、 the two-year business outlook,there was an 11-point decline in optimism related to domestic market growth and an 18-point decline related to economic growth and recovery.The increasing lack of optimism in market growth and economic recovery may be related to Chinas slowing economic growth rate,whic

75、h has been adversely impacted by pandemic-related restrictions across the country.While China is still viewed as a profitable and valuable market,the increasing overall market uncertainties make companies wary of predicting large gains in China over the short-to-medium term.Furthermore,after a year

76、of regulatory restrictions across a multitude of sectors including real estate,education,platform companies,and more,the regulatory environment became a cause of growing pessimism for doing business in China,according to 40 percent of members(up 16 points from last year).One-third of members ranked“

77、regulatory compliance risks”as a top business challenge across all sectors.Chinas recent regulatory actions addressing anti-trust issues,data privacy,and social concerns are impacting member compa-nies,as reported by 79 percent of members.One-third of member companies report that Chinas regulatory a

78、ctions are causing uncertainty and concern back at their global headquarters and 42 percent of companies are emphasizing or reinforcing internal compliance and control measures.Policy and regulatory conditions in China remain a road-block to investment,according to 82 percent of respondents.They say

79、 that“increasing the transparency,predictability,and fairness of the regulatory environment”would have a somewhat significant or extremely significant impact on increasing companies investment levels in China.Despite these hopes,most members do not expect significant changes in the coming years.Half

80、 of members expect the quality of Chinas investment environment to remain the same.Opportunities in the China MarketIn a market with the size and growth potential of Chinas market,there remain significant opportunities.Chinas National Bureau of Statistics reported that GDP grew by 5.1 percent in 202

81、1,raising per capita GDP to US$12,551.The prospect of winning in China and winning big continues to motivate business decision-making,despite an otherwise pessimistic outlook.In the China Business Climate Survey Report over two-thirds of members reported that China is a top three market opportunity.

82、Accordingly,and as has been the case since 2019,the top business opportunity in China is the“growth in domestic consumption and rise of an increasingly sizeable and affluent middle class,”as reported by approximately 42 percent of members.This was broadly consistent across sectors,except in the Serv

83、ices sector where“ongoing market reforms”constituted the top business opportunity.At the sector level,the Technology&Other R&D-Intensive indus-tries identified the“adoption of digital technologies”as a top business opportunity,while the Resources&Industrial sector identified“urbanization and continu

84、ed support for infrastructure investment”as a top opportunity.In the Consumer sector,“increasing consumer demand for foreign brands and quality”was a top sector business opportunity.Our members remain committed to the China market:83 percent report they are not considering relocating manu-facturing

85、or sourcing outside of China,consistent with our data since 2018.Among the 15 percent that are considering or have relocated manufacturing and sourcing outside of China,the developing Asia region,including Southeast Asia,remains the top destination for 28 percent of respondents,though this is down f

86、rom 42 percent last year.Other top destinations include the US(24 percent),Mexico/Canada(17 percent),developed Asia(17 percent),and Hong Kong SAR(7 percent).Notably,only 27 respondents were actively considering relocation when the survey was conducted in late 2021.While many member companies are dri

87、ven to do business in China because of the prospect of a growing marketplace,less than half of companies(47 percent)are confident in the Chinese governments commitment to further open Chinas market to foreign investment in the coming three years,down from 61 percent last year.The decline in confiden

88、ce was most felt in the Consumer sector(down 27 percentage points).China would benefit from allowing more access to US companies.According to members,six-in-ten would plan to increase investment in China if market access was on a par with what is allowed in the US.Top Business ChallengesIn 2021,“ris

89、ing tensions in US-China relations”was the leading challenge for our members for the first time.This En Final-2商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|7|商務環境綜述|的會員企業數量增加了一倍。此外，42%的受訪企業表示，受到中國政府和中國媒體的影響，他們在政治敏感問題上發表（或不發表）聲明的壓力增大。這一點在消費行業尤其明顯，70%的受訪企業表示感受到了壓力。對于在華全球品牌和企業來說，“敏感”問題越來越多，如何統籌兼顧全球商業戰略和全球品牌價值也

90、變得越來越復雜。關于兩年內在中國經營業務的前景，對國內市場增長的樂觀度下降了 11 個百分點，對經濟增長和復蘇的樂觀度下降了 18 個百分點。企業對市場增長和經濟復蘇越來越不樂觀，可能與中國的經濟增長速度放緩有關。新冠肺炎疫情導致的防控措施和旅行限制對中國經濟增長速度產生了不利影響。雖然會員企業仍然看好中國市場的發展潛力和價值，但對市場整體不確定性的增加，讓企業對于在中短期內能否獲得巨大收益持謹慎態度。此外，40%的受訪企業認為，在經歷了房地產、教育、平臺企業等眾多行業的監管限制后，不穩定的監管環境是其對在中國開展業務持悲觀態度的主要原因之一（比去年上升了16個百分點）。三分之一的受訪企業將“

91、監管合規風險”列為首要營商挑戰。79%的受訪企業反映稱，中國最近針對反壟斷問題、數據隱私和社會問題的監管行動對會員企業造成了影響。三分之一的受訪企業表示，中國不穩定的監管環境讓企業的全球總部感到擔憂。42%的受訪企業稱將強調或加強內部合規及內部控制措施。82%的受訪企業表示，中國有待改善的政策和監管環境仍然是阻礙投資的主要因素。他們還認為，“提高透明度、可預測性和公平性”對提高其在中國市場的投資水平有顯著甚至巨大的積極影響。盡管有這些期望，大部分會員企業并不認為監管環境在未來幾年會出現較大的變動。一半的會員企業預計中國的投資環境將保持不變。中國市場的機遇中國龐大的市場規模和與之相應的增長潛力蘊

92、含著巨大商機。根據中國國家統計局報告，2021 年國內生產總值增幅為 5.1%，人均國內生產總值達到 12551 美元。盡管由于上述原因使得外資企業對于在華運營發展整體前景不樂觀，但外國商界對于中國經濟發展的前景十分看好，并且認為中國市場潛力巨大。在中國商務環境調查報告中，超過三分之二的受訪企業表示，中國是其在全球的前三大投資市場。自 2019 年來，42%的受訪企業表示中國的首要商業機會是“本土消費增長/日益壯大的中產階級規模?！备鱾€行業的情況大致相同，但服務行業除外。在服務行業中，“持續的市場改革”被認為是首要商業機遇。從行業角度看，技術和研發行業認為“數字技術應用 是首要商業機遇，而工業

93、和資源行業則選擇了“城鎮化對基礎設施投資的持續支持”。消費行業認為“消費者對外國品牌/質量日益增長的需求”是首要商業機遇。商會會員企業仍信守深耕中國市場的承諾。83%的受訪企業表示，他們沒有考慮將生產或采購轉移到中國以外的地區，這與 2018 年以來的數據一致。15%的受訪企業表示正在考慮或已經將制造和采購轉移到中國以外的地區，28%的受訪企業認為包括東南亞在內的亞洲發展中國家為轉移的首選目的地，比去年的 42%有所下降。其他首選目的地包括美國（24%）、墨西哥/加拿大（17%）、亞洲發達國家（17%）和香港特區（7%）。值得注意的是，只有 27 名受訪企業正在著手考慮搬遷。雖然許多會員企業認

94、為中國市場蘊含的發展潛力是其履行對華投資承諾的主要因素，但對于中國政府在未來三年內進一步向外資開放中國市場的承諾，只有不到一半的企業（47%）抱有信心，低于去年的 61%。消費行業的信心下降最為明顯（下降 27 個百分點）。如果允許更多外資企業進入中國市場，中國也將會從中獲益。受訪企業表示，如果中國的市場準入與美國保持同等水平，六成將考慮增加在華投資。主要運營挑戰2021 年，“中美關系日益緊張”是受訪企業面臨的首要營商挑戰。緊隨其后的是“法律法規和執行不一致/不明確”（31%）以及“勞動力成本增加”（31%）。值得注意的是，排在第四位的“監管合規風險”在 2021年再次進入前五大挑戰之列。最

95、后，“對數據安全的擔憂”再次當選外資企業面臨的前五大挑戰中。這主要是由于中國實施的貿易制裁、出口管制以及網絡安全限制等政策。關于網絡安全政策環境的詳情，請參見白皮書中的信息通信技術章節。Cn FinalBusiness Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|8|BUSINESS CLIMATE OVERVIEW|was followed by“inconsistent regulatory interpretation and unclear laws and enforcement”(31 percent)and“rising labo

96、r costs”(31 percent).Notably,“regulatory compliance risk”in fourth place was again among the top five challenges in 2021.Finally,rounding out the top five challenges for the business community was“concerns about data security,”returning to the BCS top-five challenges.This is due in part to the rise

97、in trade sanctions,export controls,and restrictive cybersecurity policies implemented by China.For a review of the cybersecurity policy environment,please see the White Paper ICT chapter.Table 1 displays an expanded list of the top 5 challenges facing member companies in China in 2021.Table 1.Top 5

98、Challenges facing American Business in China,BCS Report 20222022 BCS Rank2022 BCS Challenge2021 BCS Rank1Rising tensions in US-China relations12Inconsistent/unclear laws and/or regulations and enforcement33Rising Labor Costs24Regulatory Compliance Risks65Concerns about data security5Intellectual Pro

99、perty and InnovationInnovation remains important to 82 percent of members future growth in China.However,concerns around potential technological decoupling,increased restrictiveness of cyber-security-related policies,and lack of sufficient IP protection are all considered barriers to innovation.Comp

100、ared to last year,a smaller proportion of members believe that Chinas enforcement of intellectual property rights has improved.A business environment that fosters innovation and offers sufficient IP protection and opportunities for companies to seek legal recourse to protect their IP is essential.As

101、 is well known,IP protection is a longstanding challenge for our members in China.The key barriers to innovation in China for our member companies are concerns around potential US-China tech-nology decoupling(23 percent),increased restrictiveness of cybersecurity-related polices(22 percent),and a la

102、ck of sufficient IP protections(21 percent).Only 14 percent of members overall report they face no notable barriers to inno-vation.With respect to specific tenets of Chinas far-reaching Cybersecurity Law,which came into effect in June 2017,members report that data localization requirements most nega

103、tively affect their competitiveness in China.Other tenets of the Cybersecurity Law,Data Security Law,and Personal Information Protection Law that negatively affect member operations include data privacy regulations and compliance concerns due to vague implementing regulations.Protection of intellect

104、ual property also remains a concern for US companies doing business in China.Some 78 percent of respondents report that they would consider increasing investment in local operations if China improved policies to ensure greater protection of intellectual property.This is important for many members as

105、 they believe innovation and R&D are critical to future growth in China.Up four points from last year,20 percent believe that there is a lack of sufficient intellectual property protection.In the last year,44 percent of companies believe that Chinas enforcement of intellectual property rights has im

106、proved,down from 47 percent in 2020 and 69 percent in 2019.For one-third of companies,the lack of adequate IP protection is creating uncertainty about how to manage company investments in China,up seven points from last year.AmCham China 2022 Policy PrioritiesThe foreign business community continued

107、 to face chal-lenges as the US-China relationship recalibrated under the new Biden Administration and COVID-19 related restric-tions continued throughout 2021.The bilateral tension continues to impact foreign companies on the ground as conflicting values and a lack of clear engagement strategies spa

108、rk challenges in planning a long-term China strategy.Despite the ongoing challenges,AmCham China members remain committed to the China market.American busi-nesses in China benefit both the United States and China economically and play an important role in people-to-people exchange amidst ongoing tra

109、vel restrictions.In China,2021 also saw an increase in the promulgation of industry regulations in China,quickly transforming the landscape of business in China in sectors such as Education,Real Estate,Investment,Cybersecurity,and more.As companies seek to find their footing in an uncertain policy e

110、nvironment,clarity and transparency in policymaking is key to assuage the concerns of the business community and ensure that their valuable role in society is protected.We continue to encourage the Chinese government to make good on its promises for further economic reform and continued opening to t

111、he outside world.There are significant areas of contention in the US-China relation-ship,most of which offer no easy prospect for resolu-tion.Despite the current friction in US-China relations,however,the success of multilateral efforts to address issues of the“global commons”like climate change wil

112、l be dependent on US-China cooperation.En Final-2商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|9|商務環境綜述|表1 在華美國企業面臨的五大挑戰，2022年中國商務環境調查報告2022年排名2021商業挑戰2021年排名1中美關系日益緊張12法律法規和執行不一致/不明確33勞動力成本增加24監管合規風險65對數據安全的擔憂5知識產權與創新82%的受訪企業表示創新對于未來在中國的發展仍然重要。然而，潛在的技術脫鉤、網絡安全限制政策以及知識產權保護不足引起企業的擔憂，也阻礙了創新。與去年相比，認為中國知識產權執法情況有所

113、改善的受訪企業數量有所減少。因此，為企業提供充分的知識產權保護和應用法律手段保護其知識產權的保障對于促進創新的商業環境是至關重要的。眾所周知，知識產權保護是商會會員企業在中國面臨的長期挑戰。會員企業在中國面臨的主要障礙是：對潛在中美技術脫鉤的擔憂（23%），網絡安全限制政策的增加（22%），以及知識產權保護不足（21%）?？傮w而言，只有 14%的會員表示他們在創新方面沒有面臨明顯的障礙。2017年6月生效的 網絡安全法 對中國影響深遠。對于法規中的具體條款，會員企業表示，數據本地化要求不利于提高他們在中國的市場競爭力。網絡安全法、數據安全法以及個人信息保護法因實施細則模糊對會員業務產生了負面影

114、響，比如數據隱私規定以及相關的合規問題。對在華外資企業來說，知識產權保護仍然值得關注。約 78%的受訪企業表示，如果中國完善相關法規政策進一步加強對知識產權的保護，他們將考慮增加在華投資。知識產權保護對商會會員企業來說十分重要，他們認為創新和研發對中國的未來增長至關重要。與去年相比，20%的受訪企業認為知識產權保護不足，這一比例上升了四個百分點。去年，44%的企業認為中國的知識產權執法情況有所改善，低于 2020 年的 47%和 2019年的 69%。三分之一的企業表示，缺乏足夠的知識產權保護對管理在華投資帶來了不確定性。這一比例比去年增加了七個百分點。中國美國商會 2022 年政策重點受拜登

115、政府對中美關系進行重新戰略調整，以及新冠肺炎疫情相關的限制措施,外國商界在華運營仍面臨諸多挑戰。雙邊關系緊張持續影響著在華經營的外資企業。兩國價值觀的沖突以及缺乏明確的雙方溝通方案為外商投資企業制定在中國長期投資戰略計劃帶來了挑戰。盡管如此，商會會員企業仍然致力于深耕中國市場。在華投資不僅使中美兩國經濟受益，也在當前持續的旅行限制政策下，間接促進了兩國的民間交流。中國在 2021 年頒布出臺了許多行業法規，迅速改變了中國教育、房地產、投資、網絡安全等行業的商業格局。企業在不確定政策環境中尋找自己立足點的同時，也希望政府能從緩解商界擔憂和保護商界的角度出發，制定清晰和透明的政策。商會繼續鼓勵中國

116、政府兌現其進一步實施經濟改革和對外開放的承諾。中美關系中存在重大爭論領域，其中大部分都無法輕易解決。雖然雙邊關系困難，但只有中美合作才能推動解決氣候變化等“全球公共”問題。作為商會年度政策諫言工作的重點，以下政策綱要將指導商會每年與中國政府、美國政府、媒體、學術界和其他利益攸關方的溝通交流。商會認識到，所面臨的挑戰是艱巨的，且可能無法在短期內解決。然而，商會希望這些重點政策要務能夠幫助形成一個長期參與和對話的框架。重點一：鼓勵中美推進務實合作，根據具體問題具體分析的原則制定有理有據、互利共贏的舉措和方案，而不是形式化的價值主張。（要點：鼓勵務實合作）y鑒于 2021 年中美關系缺乏進展且中美第

117、一階段經貿協議項下的所有承諾尚未達成，2022 年的當務之急應該是在雙方互利的合作領域制定明確目標。y中美地緣政治緊張局勢仍然是 2021 年商會會員企業面臨的頭號商業挑戰。根據商會 2022 年中國商務環境調查報告，58%的受訪企業（較去年增加 8 個百分點）表示受到中美關系的直接影響。保持美國企業商業活力，確保其平等進入世界第二大經濟體將有助于這些企業保持領先的全球地位，繼續為美國經濟做出積極貢獻。Cn FinalBusiness Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|10|BUSINESS CLIMATE OVERVIEW|As a

118、 focus of our advocacy efforts,these priorities will guide our conversations with the Chinese government,US government,media,academics,and other stake-holders throughout the year.We acknowledge that the challenges are significant and may not be resolved within the short-term.We hope,however,that the

119、se priorities can help form a framework for longer-term engagement and dialogue.Priority One:Encourage action-based engagement between the US and China to create substantive and mutually beneficial initiatives and solutions on an issue-by-issue basis rather than unproductive values-based positioning

120、.Both governments should prioritize communication at the working level and with strong business community engage-ment on both sides,while emphasizing real strategies for implementing their plans rather than engaging solely for the sake of engagement.Given the lack of progress in US-China relations i

121、n 2021 and the failure to meet all commitments under the Phase One agreement,any starting point for 2022 should focus on building clear targets around areas where cooperation can be mutually beneficial.Geopolitical tension between the US and China remains a top business challenge cited by members.Fu

122、rthermore,58 percent of companies report being directly impacted by the US-China relationship,up 8 points from last year(2022 BCS).Protecting American business activity and access to the second-largest economy in the world will help these compa-nies maintain a strong global position and continue to

123、contribute positively to the US economy.After the Biden Administration entered office in January 2021,many hoped to see progress on areas of concern(IPR,cybersecurity,SOEs,etc.).This optimism has waned one year into the new admin-istration as economic competition and confrontation on values-based di

124、fferences continue to define the relationship.Bilateral dialogue is a positive step given develop-ments over the past few years and the elimination of most previous forums for conversation,but any restart should be results-oriented and focused on the substance of the dialogue rather than the label o

125、r process of the dialogue.The foreign business community has a role to play in communicating the reality of operating in the Chinese market in an accurate,objective,and timely manner to counterparts in both governments.To that end,government access for AmCham China and our member companies is essent

126、ial.In this regard we recommend:Both sides commit to real plans for commercial and political engagement on an issue-by-issue basis,while refraining from the public use of inflammatory and unhelpful rhetoric around values-based differences.Both governments prioritize bilateral communica-tion at the w

127、orking level and with strong business community engagement on both sides,as well as high-level dialogue not only on economic issues,but also dialogue on all spheres of the bilateral relation-ship including national security,law enforcement,and diplomacy.The Chinese government prioritize greater acce

128、ss for AmCham China,other foreign chambers of commerce,and their members to address both general industry-wide challenges and also technical issues relating to normal business operations.Look for ways to accelerate bilateral visa issuances,advocate for transparency with respect to travel poli-cies,a

129、nd for the Chinese government to propagate policies to facilitate return of expat workers and their families.Priority Two:Resolve regulatory confusion and uneven policy implementation by encouraging timely and clear announcements of changes to enhance compliance capabilities.Both governments shall e

130、nsure that new regulations are communicated effectively,allowing a grace period for implementation and providing a clear enforcement guideline for companies to follow.Inconsistent/unclear regulations and enforcement continue to be major challenges for AmCham China members over the past decade.In 202

131、2,“regulatory compliance risks”was again among our members top five business challenges.(2022 BCS)Greater policy transparency is a critical need to drive new investment among our members.The past year has seen a wave of new regulations introduced in China across many different industries including E

132、ducation,Real Estate,and internet platform companies.The regulatory environment is among the conditions driving pessimism for doing business in China,according to 40 percent of members and up 16 percentage points from last year.(2022 BCS).Companies specifically noted that uneven enforcement and inte

133、rpretation of new regulations is a core concern when creating their compliance strategy.When policies are vague or conflicting at a national level,localities may pursue inconsistent implementation strategies and timelines.En Final-2商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|11|商務環境綜述|y2021 年 1 月拜登政府執政后，很多

134、人都希望中美兩國在多個關注領域（比如知識產權、網絡安全、國有企業等）取得重要進展。然而，這種愿望并未實現，雙邊關系陷入僵局，停滯不前。y近幾年中美關系緊張，加上因疫情等原因導致兩國溝通渠道有限，盡快重啟雙邊對話具有積極意義。商會建議對話應以結果為導向，注重溝通的具體內容，而非其形式或過程。y在準確、客觀、及時地向中美兩國對口政府部門反饋在中國市場運營的實際情況時，美國商界的角色不可替代。為此，商會和會員企業與政府保持溝通至關重要。在此，商會建議：y根據具體問題具體分析的原則，雙方應制定經貿和政治合作的務實計劃，減少使用具有煽動性的無益言辭。y兩國政府應優先推動工作層面的雙邊溝通，加強與商界的溝

135、通與交流。除關于經濟問題的高層對話之外，還應展開雙邊關系中涉及國家安全、執法和外交等多領域的對話。y中國政府應優先加強同包括中國美國商會在內的外國商會及其會員企業的交流與聯系，攜手解決行業層面的挑戰以及涉及正常業務經營中遇到的具體問題。y設法優化雙邊簽證發放流程，提高旅行政策透明度，支持中方發布的幫助外資企業外籍員工及其家屬返回中國的相關政策。重點二：提高政策公開透明度和持續穩定性，保持政策在不同地域執行的一致性，鼓勵政府部門及時、精準發布政策變更內容，提高企業合規能力。（要點：提高政策穩定性、透明度與在各地執行的一致性）y過去十年中，法規和執法不一致仍然是商會會員企業面臨的主要挑戰之一。20

136、22 年，“監管合規風險”再次被會員企業列為五大商業挑戰之一（2022 年 中國商務環境調查報告）。提高政策透明度是推動會員企業新增投資的關鍵因素。y去年，中國政府出臺了一系列針對教育、房地產和互聯網行業的新法規。40%（較去年增加 16 個百分點）的受訪企業表示，監管環境的不穩定是造成對中國營商環境持悲觀態度的因素之一。（2022 年中國商務環境調查報告）y多家受訪企業明確指出，新法規在內容解釋和執行層面的不一致是其在制定合規戰略時的主要挑戰。如果國家層面的政策含糊不清或互相沖突，就會出現各地在時間安排和執行中的巨大差異。y美國防止強迫維吾爾人勞動法等法律條文內容含糊不清，導致在中國經營的美

137、國企業非常被動。為此，商會建議：y中美兩國政府應提高政策宣傳力度，明確具體執行細則。y在修訂關鍵行業監管政策前，應征求外資企業的意見，并對可能重塑市場運行規則的政策設定寬限期，讓企業有足夠的時間進行內部調整。y中國中央政府應提供清晰明確的工作指南，避免執法或實施時間安排方面的地區差異對在中國有大量業務的外資企業造成不必要的干擾。重點三：加強在全球和雙邊重要領域的合作與交流。（要點：加強合作和交流）y商會尊重兩國有權制定符合各自國家安全利益的政策并據此行事。與此同時，國家安全行動應盡量避免通過限制貿易往來的方式執行。雙方應擴大關稅減免的實施范圍，促進貿易往來，實現互利共贏。y中國一直是美國商品和

138、服務的前三大進出口貿易伙伴。兩國貿易關系的重要性和兩國市場的高度關聯性有利于持續深化兩國的經貿合作。y兩國在應對氣候變化方面的合作值得期待，但須制定務實計劃深化合作關系。商會約八成的會員企業表示，目前正在計劃或實施相關行動，以推動達成造福全球的中國雙碳目標。利用私營部門推動氣候方面的雙邊合作有助于取得實際成果。y雖然疫情防控措施仍未取消，但應設法重啟中美兩國人民的正常交流往來，確保教育、商業和探親旅行的順利恢復。在此，商會建議：y中美兩國應遵守全球公認的貿易規則，維護和加強現有多邊貿易機制，避免保護主義傾向。y雙方應將國家安全問題與其他問題區分開，為兩國關系設置護欄，避免引起兩國在其他領域的雙

139、邊競 Cn FinalBusiness Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|12|BUSINESS CLIMATE OVERVIEW|Confusion over plans to implement vague internation-ally-focused legislation such as the US“Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act”and USICA forces American companies with operations in China to engage in gue

140、ss-work.In this regard we recommend:Increased focus on policy communication and clear enforcement guidelines by both the Chinese and US governments.Consult MNCs when proposing key industrial regula-tion changes and normalize grace periods for policies likely to drastically disrupt market operations

141、in order to limit immediate adverse effects and allow companies sufficient time to implement necessary changes.Focused and clear guidance from Chinas central government to ensure that regional differences in enforcement or implementation timelines do not cause unnecessary disruptions for companies w

142、ith a large presence in China.Priority Three:Enrich cooperation and exchange in areas of global and bilateral importance.The US and China governments must engage on issues of global and bilateral importance to ensure that progress on issues such as climate change is not delayed due to misaligned int

143、erests in other areas.We acknowledge the right of both countries to define and act in accordance with their own legitimate national security interests.At the same time,national security actions should be applied in the least trade-restrictive manner possible.The tariff exemption program should be ex

144、panded to facilitate trade,which is mutually beneficial.China remains a top 3 import and export partner of US goods and services.The value of this trade relationship and the interconnectedness of markets allows for continued commercially focused engagement.Engagement on climate has been welcome,but

145、real plans should be put in place to continue this engage-ment.Some 8 of 10 AmCham China member companies report that they are currently planning or already implementing actions to support Chinas climate goals with global benefits.Utilizing the private sector to help support bilateral work on climat

146、e,could help to produce real results.While COVID-19 prevention measures remain in place,a plan to resume regular people-to-people exchange between the US and China should be explored in order to ensure a smooth return to education,business,and family travel.In that regard we recommend:The US and Chi

147、na adhere to globally accepted trading rules,support and strengthen the existing multilateral trade regime,and avoid protectionist tendencies.Both sides separate issues of national security and identify guardrails to guide bilateral competition in other spheres.National security concerns should seek

148、 to minimize any restrictions on innovation to the extent appropriate.Continue to encourage and facilitate study/education as part of bilateral people-to-people exchanges,while maintaining appropriate controls to prevent such exchanges from being undermined or misused to ille-gally or unfairly procu

149、re sensitive technologies.China and the US should work together to strengthen global public health infrastructure and refrain from politicizing the COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic response.The US and China engage in dialogue not just on trade and economic issues,but also start or intensify negotiatio

150、ns on national security,law enforcement,military and other spheres of the bilateral relationship to improve coordination across each of these spheres.Sources:1.S.1260-117th Congress(2021-2022):United States Innovation and Competition Act of 2021|Congress.gov|Library of Congress 2.H.R.4521-117th Cong

151、ress(2021-2022):America COMPETES Act of 2022|Congress.gov|Library of Congress 3.S.3933-116th Congress(2019-2020):CHIPS for America Act|Congress.gov|Library of Congress 4.H.R.3648-117th Congress(2021-2022):EAGLE Act of 2021|Congress.gov|Library of Congress 5.S.1169-117th Congress(2021-2022):Strategic

152、 Competition Act of 2021|Congress.gov|Library of Congress 6.H.R.2225-117th Congress(2021-2022):National Science Foundation for the Future Act|Congress.gov|Library of Congress 7.S.65-117th Congress(2021-2022):Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act|Congress.gov|Library of Congress 8.Peterson Institute of

153、International Economics Trade Tracker,https:/ En Final-2商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|13|商務環境綜述|爭。在處理國家安全問題時，應盡量減少對創新的限制。y作為雙邊人文交流的一部分，繼續鼓勵和促進雙邊教育領域交流。同時，為了防止破壞或濫用此類交流，應采取適當的控制措施，禁止通過非法或不正當方式獲取敏感技術。y中美兩國應攜手合作，提高全球公共衛生基礎設施水平，避免將疫情和防疫政治化。y中美兩國不僅應就貿易和經濟問題展開對話，還應同時啟動/加強關于國家安全、執法、軍事等雙邊關系問題的協商，以深化雙

154、方在各領域的溝通協調。Cn FinalBusiness Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|14|2022 WHITE PAPER RECOMMENDATION SCORECARD|2022 White Paper Recommendation ScorecardThe Recommendation Scorecard is an important tool that helps AmCham China track the progress made each year in its top areas of concern.The

155、 following table is an index of the priority recommendations from the 2022 AmCham China White Paper.The progress rating indicates our members perception of the level of progress either high,moderate,or low achieved by relevant government officials in addressing the priority challenge designated in e

156、ach chapter of the 2021 White Paper.The final column indicates each chapters priority recommendation for 2022.Chapter2021 RecommendationProgress Score2022 RecommendationAgricultureChinese GovernmentImprove the competitiveness and sustainability of Chinese agriculture by further opening the industry

157、up to foreign investment in wheat,maize,soybean,and rice breeding and seed production,agricultural biotechnology,and modern agricultural processing.Adjust repet-itive/duplicative feed ingredient registration procedures and frozen food disinfection requirements in line with scientifically-accepted pr

158、inciples.No ProgressAccelerate innovation and further improve a fair business environment in Chinas agricul-ture sector by further opening the industry up to foreign investment in wheat,maize,soybean,and rice breeding and seed production,geneti-cally modified crops,and modern agricultural processing

159、.US GovernmentBuild on the momentum established by the Phase One Agreement to strengthen commu-nication with the Chinese government,explore space for cooperation,reduce tariffs on Chinese goods,and resume the normalization of bilat-eral trade between the US and China.Low ProgressBuild on the momentu

160、m established by the Phase One Agreement to strengthen commu-nication with the Chinese government,explore space for cooperation,reduce tariffs on Chinese goods,and resume the normalization of bilat-eral trade between the US and China.Automotive IndustryChinese GovernmentAllow enterprises(both domest

161、ically-invested and FIEs)greater opportunity to participate in policy and regulatory development and submit comments during the early stages of policy development to ensure that these policies better address market need and facilitate sustainable development.Low ProgressComprehensively manage local

162、platforms by the national platform,and fill out vehicle data directly connected to the national and local platforms for monitoring through just one joint model investigation and one vehicle registration.Banking and Capital MarketsChinese GovernmentCommercial Banking Remove all quotas in the banking

163、sector,including on foreign debt.Low ProgressAllow foreign FIs to act as lead underwriters for corporate bonds.Asset ManagementRecommendation not provided in 2021 Chapter.N/ASpeed up the process of QDII qualification approval and increase the quota to give joint venture financial institutions more o

164、pportuni-ties to expand overseas investment business.Custody ServiceRecognize global custodians in the mainland China market by removing the requirement for foreign investors to contract directly with local sub-custodians.Moderate ProgressApprove qualified foreign fund service providers to provide f

165、und accounting(FA)and transfer agency(TA)services in the China market.SecuritiesAddress the uncertainty around the capital repatriation process and timeline.Providing a clear,shorter timeline for the repatriation process would increase US investors interest in deploying capital onshore by providing

166、more confidence in their ability to repatriate funds when requested by investors end clients.Moderate ProgressAllow more foreign onshore securities compa-nies to participate in A-share primary deals.商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|15|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表建議評價一覽表是中國美國商會追蹤每年重點關切問題進展的重

167、要工具。下列表格展示了 2022 年中國美國商會 白皮書中討論的重點建議及 2021 年的最近進展。進展評價體現出商會會員對主管部門在解決 2021 年白皮書中每章重點問題所取得的進展在進展程度上的評價分為進展明顯、有所進展、進展緩慢三個等級。最右一欄提供的是 2022 年白皮書中每章的重點建議。章節2021年白皮書主要建議進展評價2022年白皮書主要建議農業中國政府進一步向外資開放小麥、玉米、大豆和水稻育種和種子生產、農業生物技術和現代農產品加工領域，提高中國農業的競爭力和可持續性。沒有進展通過在小麥、玉米、大豆、水稻育種和種子生 產、轉基因作物和現代農業加工領域進一步向外國投資開放，加快創

168、新，進一步改善中國農業行業的公平商業環境。美國政府在中美第一階段經貿協議的基礎上，與中國政府加強溝通交流，進一步探索合作空間，降低中國商品關稅，推動中美雙邊貿易恢復正?；?。進展緩慢鞏固中美第一階段經貿協議的成果，加強 與中國政府的溝通，探索合作空間，降低對中國商品的關稅，恢復中美雙邊貿易正?；?。汽車制造業中國政府對內外資企業一視同仁，在政策制訂和起草的早期階段，給予企業更多參與政策、法規制定和反饋意見的機會，確保相關政策更符合市場痛點，促進可持續發展。進展緩慢地方平臺由國家平臺整合管理。最終實現企業只進行一次車型聯調一次車輛注冊，即可以將車輛監控數據直接接入國家和地方平臺。銀行和資本市場中國政

169、府商業銀行允許外國金融機構充當公司債券的主承銷商。進展緩慢允許外國金融機構充當公司債券的主承銷商。資產管理2021 年未提供建議。N/A加快 QDII 資質審批流程，增加額度，為合資金融機構拓展海外投資業務提供更多機會。托管服務批準合格的外國基金服務提供者在中國市場提供基金會計（FA）和轉讓代理（TA）服務。有所進展批準合格的外國基金服務提供者在中國市場提供基金會計（FA）和轉讓代理（TA）服務。證券解決資本抽回流程和各環節時間點的不確定的問題。明確規定資金抽回流程的時間節點、縮短流程周期將提高美國投資者在境內配置資本的動力；在投資者最終客戶要求匯回資金時，美國投資者將更有信心。有所進展允許更

170、多外資在岸證券公司參與 A 股一級交易。Business Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|16|2022 WHITE PAPER RECOMMENDATION SCORECARD|Chapter2021 RecommendationProgress Score2022 RecommendationBonds and DerivativesIssue clarification on which futures products will be accessible for international investors under

171、the new unified Qualified Foreign Investor scheme and permit foreign futures brokers to participate in the overseas interme-diary structure.Moderate ProgressIncrease accessibility of futures products for international investors and permit foreign futures brokers to participate in the overseas interm

172、ediary structure.Credit RatingAbolish the requirement on credit rating floors for bond issuance or investment.Such reform will ultimately enable the market to more appropriately price risk and reduce the number of risky or non-performing loans or bonds.High ProgressNo recommendation offered in 2022.

173、Cybersecurity and Cross-Border Data FlowsExplicitly allow companies and their subsid-iaries to conduct intra-party cross-border data transfers for purposes of conducting cross-border transactions and implementation of enterprise level compliance and risk-control policies and uphold the principles of

174、 free move-ment of data that China signed on to in the G20 Osaka Leaders Declaration.Low ProgressClarify the definition,scope,and attributes of“Important Data,”and ensure that the definition of Important Data is reasonable when developing the“important data”catalog for the financial industry.Private

175、 EquityIssue policies and regulations for private equity investment similar to the level of policy support currently afforded to venture capital,as both types of investment promote the long-term and healthy development of Chinas real economy.N/AEstablish a new service window to help compa-nies with

176、the approval process and create a more favorable regulatory environment for PE/VC long-term investment.Civil AviationChinese GovernmentFurther promote civil-military collaboration to increase operational efficiency and a lessening of airspace congestion.N/ANo recommendation included in 2022.Civil So

177、cietyChinese GovernmentUpdate/expand the list of Professional Supervisory Units(PSUs)and provide clear procedures and greater incentives for govern-ment entities to act as PSUs.Low progressExpand the list of eligible Professional Supervisory Units(PSUs)and provide clear criteria and greater incentiv

178、es for government entities to act as PSUs.For domestic civil society in China,similarly,expand and improve the ability of organizations to register through the domestic process.The vibrancy of domestic civil society is important in allowing over-seas NGOs to partner with local organizations.Competit

179、ion LawChinese GovernmentApplaud significant progress in addressing anti-competitive conduct by platform(Internet)companies,collusion among raw materials suppliers(particularly in the pharmaceuticals industry),and subjecting VIEs to merger review and other regulatory requirements.Decry persistent di

180、scrimination between domestic companies and their foreign competitors and allowing industrial policy interests to affect merger reviews(particularly in ICT transac-tions)and abuse of dominance investigations.Consider the implications of the US Supreme Court decision in Leegin Creative Leather Produc

181、ts,Inc.v.PSKS,Inc.(Kays Closet)with respect to resale price maintenance(RPM)enforcement and remove restrictions on the ability to undertake enforcement actions against SOEs,especially central SOEs.Moderate ProgressPublish clear rules for determination and regulations of jurisdictional issues for mer

182、ger reviews and clarify when companies must report mergers to SAMR for approval prior to closure.Such issues include providing meaningful explanations and example cases of what constitutes“control”of joint ventures and mergers of minority interests,and how revenue is allocated and attributed in calc

183、ulating the filing threshold.Strictly enforce the existing eligibility criteria for the simplified procedure and publish detailed guidelines on how SAMR exercises its discretion when reviewing cases.Continue to provide expedited reviews based on the simplified procedures for merger reviews.Complianc

184、eChinese GovernmentStrive for additional clarity and consistency in regulatory enforcement and in the scope of responsibilities held by the central National Supervisory Commission and local supervision commissions.Greater transparency around anti-corruption enforcement action is para-mount.Such effo

185、rts should include support for key components of the rule of law,including transparency,consistency in interpretation,and due process.Moderate ProgressFurther clarifying the responsibilities of the National Supervisory Commission and local supervisory commissions to ensure the consis-tency in regula

186、tory enforcements.Transparency is critical to the Anti-corruption.Ensuring transparency and ensuring consistency in legal interpretation and due procedure in place in the legal regimes.商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|17|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表|章節2021年白皮書主要建議進展評價2022年白皮書主要建議債券和衍生工具澄清根據新的統一合格外國投資者計劃，國際投

187、資者可參與哪些期貨產品。并允許外國期貨經紀人參與海外中介機構。有所進展增加國際投資者獲得期貨產品的機會，并允許外國期貨經紀人參與海外中介機構。信用評級廢除對債券發行或投資的信用評級下限的要求。這種改革最終將使市場能夠更恰當地對風險進行定價，減少風險或不良貸款或債券的數量。進展明顯2022 年白皮書對該領域不提供建議。網絡安全明確允許公司及其子公司進行內部跨境數據傳輸，堅守遵守中國在二十國集團大阪領導人宣言中簽署的數據自由流動原則。進展緩慢通過明確“重要數據”的定義、范圍及特征，確保在制定金融業“重要數據”目錄時的定義是合理的。私募股權對私募股權投資出臺類似于目前對風險投資的政策支持水平的政策和

188、法規，因為這兩種投資都能促進中國實體經濟的長期健康發展。N/A建立一個新的服務窗口，幫助公司完成審批流程，為私募股權/風險資本長期投資創造更有利的監管環境。民用航空中國政府進一步促進軍民合作，以提高運行效率，緩解空域擁堵。N/A2022 年白皮書對該領域不提供建議。民間團體中國政府更新和/或拓展業務主管單位名單，同時為擔任業務主管單位的相關政府機構制定明確程序、加大激勵力度。公安部、國務院、全國人民代表大會 進展緩慢應擴增符合條件的業務主管單位名單，為政府機構擔任業務主管單位提供明確標準和可觀激勵。同時，應增強和提高國內民間團體通過流程進行注冊的能力。保持國內民間社會的活力對于允許海外非政府組

189、織與當地組織合作非常重要。競爭法規中國政府贊揚在解決平臺（互聯網）公司的反競爭行為、原材料供應商之間的勾結（特別是在制藥業）以及使可變利益實體接受合并審查和其他監管要求方面取得的重大進展。譴責國內公司與其外國競爭對手之間持續存在的歧視，并反對產業政策利益影響合并審查（尤其是信息和通信技術行業的交易）及濫用市場支配地位調查。建議借鑒美國最高法院在 Leegin Creative Leather Products,Inc.訴 PSKS,Inc.(Kays Closet)一案中關于轉售價格維持(RPM)執法的影響，取消對國有企業，特別是對中央國有企業采取執法行動的能力限制。有所進展對于合并審查，公布

190、明確的管轄權問題認定規定，并明確企業何時必須向總局申報交易以在交割前審批。此類問題包括就合營企業“控制權”和少數股權收購的構成，以及在計算申報門檻時如何分配和歸屬收入，提供有意義的解釋和實例。嚴格執行簡化程序的現有資格標準，并公布關于總局在受理案件時如何行使自由裁量權的詳細指南。繼續根據合并審查簡化程序提供快速審查。Business Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|18|2022 WHITE PAPER RECOMMENDATION SCORECARD|Chapter2021 RecommendationProgress Score

191、2022 RecommendationUS GovernmentEngage in bilateral dialogue and in-depth exchanges to support the implementation of transparent and predictable regulatory systems,and a common understanding of compliance tools and objectives.Moderate ProgressParticipating in bilateral conversations,deep-ening excha

192、nges,supporting implementation of transparent and predictable regulatory insti-tutions and reaching consensus in compliance policies and goals.Customs and TradeChinese GovernmentGiven the current uncertainty in US-China bilateral relations,we urge the GACC to estab-lish and maintain a mechanism(s)fo

193、r dialogue mechanism with US and other foreign-invested enterprises in China to enhance communication and remove barriers in information sharing and to improve compliance with customs-related procedures.Moderate ProgressGiven the current uncertainty in US-China bilateral relations,we urge the GACC t

194、o estab-lish and maintain a mechanism(s)for dialogue mechanism with US and other foreign-invested enterprises in China to enhance communication and remove barriers in information sharing and to improve compliance with customs-related procedures.Direct SalesChinese GovernmentPromptly revise the Direc

195、t Sales Regulation by relaxing restrictions on compensation for direct sales agents and allowing compensation to be based on the aggregate volume of the sales team under a direct sales agent,provided that it is based on sales volume and not on the number of sales agents recruited.Low ProgressPromptl

196、y revise the Direct Sales Regulation by relaxing restrictions on compensation for direct sales agents and allowing compensation to be based on the aggregate volume of the sales team under a direct sales agent,provided that it is based on sales volume and not on the number of sales agents recruited.E

197、ducationChinese GovernmentChapter not provided in 2021.N/AHave a clear,steady,and transparent timeline to relax travel restrictions and visa policies for foreign personnel.Prioritize the timeline for students and dependents to return.Current strict visa and travel restrictions have decreased expatri

198、ates willingness to live and work in China.US GovernmentChapter not provided in 2021.N/AContinue to implement China-US bilateral exchange programs in education,culture,and the humanities among others,which benefit students and higher education institutions of both countries.EnergyChinese GovernmentE

199、xpand opportunities for exploration licensing for non-NOCs with more and better acreage,adequate data availability and access,and generous financial terms to attract bids.Moderate ProgressEnsure fair competition between foreign-funded enterprises and domestic enterprises and avoid local protectionis

200、m in energy bidding.US GovernmentAs part of the continuing implementation of the Phase One Agreement,create sufficient opportunity for China to continue to reduce its tariff on US-origin LNG,which will benefit US producers.Low ProgressRecommendation not provided in 2022.Both GovernmentsPromote and m

201、aintain platforms for open dialogue and knowledge sharing through existing industry platforms like ECP and OGIF.Low ProgressBoth China and America should create policy strengthening their capacity for cooperation and technical exchange in order to address climate change and promote clean energy deve

202、lopment.EnvironmentChinese GovernmentEstablish clear national guidelines for environ-mental compliance and publish the rules online to make them accessible to both companies and regulators.We urge the government to work to improve the technical capability of inspectors and regulators and provide at

203、least 60 days advance notice before requiring production capacity reductions or shutdowns.We also encourage all provincial and local environmental authorities to publish regulatory requirements and make regulatory material easily available to relevant companies.Low ProgressEstablish clear national g

204、uidelines for environ-mental compliance and publish the rules online to make them accessible to both companies and regulators.We urge the government to work to improve the technical capability of inspectors and regulators and provide at least 60 days advance notice before requiring production capaci

205、ty reductions or shutdowns.We also encourage all provincial and local environmental authorities to publish regulatory requirements and make regulatory material easily available to relevant companies.商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|19|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表|章節2021年白皮書主要建議進展評價2022年白皮書主要建議合規中國政府進一步明確國家監

206、察委員會和地方監察委員會的職責范圍，保持監管與執法的一致性；提高反腐執法工作的透明度是重中之重，應確保法治的關鍵構成要素落實到位，包括透明性、法律解釋一致性和正當程序等。有所進展進一步明確國家監察委員會和地方監察委員會的職責范圍，保持監管執法的一致性。提高反腐執法工作的透明度是重中之重。應確保法治的關鍵構成要素包括透明性、法律解釋一致性、正當程序等落實到位。美國政府參與雙邊對話，深入開展交流，支持貫徹落實透明且可預測的監管制度，針對合規工具和目標達成共識。有所進展參與雙邊對話，深入開展交流，支持貫徹落實透明且可預測的監管制度，針對合規政策和目標達成共識。海關中國政府鑒于目前美中雙邊關系的不確定

207、性，商會促請海關總署建立并保持與美國和其他在華外商投資企業的對話機制，以加強溝通，消除信息共享方面的障礙，提高海關相關程序的合規性。有所進展鑒于目前中美雙邊關系存在不確定性，商會促請海關總署建立并保持與美國和其他在華外商投資企業的對話機制，以加強溝通，消除信息共享方面的障礙，提高海關相關程序的合規性。直銷中國政府盡快修訂直銷管理條例，放寬直銷員計酬限制，允許以直銷員下屬銷售團隊的銷售總量為依據計酬，但不能以招募的人員數量為依據計酬。進展緩慢盡快修訂直銷管理條例，放寬直銷員計酬限制，允許以直銷員下屬銷售團隊的銷售總量為依據計酬，但不能以招募的人員數量為依據計酬。教育中國政府2021 年未提供建議

208、。N/A 就來對外國人員的旅行限制和簽證政策制定明確、穩定、透明的時間表。優先安排學生和家屬返回的時間。目前嚴格的簽證和旅行限制降低了外籍人士在中國生活和工作的意愿。美國政府2021 年未提供建議。N/A 繼續實施中美教育、文化、人文等領域的雙邊交流項目，使兩國學生和高等教育機構受益。能源中國政府擴大在岸勘探許可范圍。中國應增加勘探區域數量并提高其質量，保證勘探數據的可用性及開放性，提供優惠金融條件吸引非國有石油公司投標。有所進展確保內外資企業可以在能源交易中實現公平競爭，避免地方保護主義。美國政府中美第一階段經貿協議后的貿易談判應討論液化天然氣問題，為中國創造足夠機會，降低對美產液化天然氣加

209、征的關稅，為美國生產商謀福利。進展緩慢2022 年白皮書對該領域不提供建議。雙邊政府通過 ECP 和 OGIF 等現有行業平臺，促進和維護開放對話和知識共享平臺。進展緩慢中美兩國都應該制定政策，加強合作和技術交流能力，以應對氣候變化，促進清潔能源發展。Business Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|20|2022 WHITE PAPER RECOMMENDATION SCORECARD|Chapter2021 RecommendationProgress Score2022 RecommendationUS GovernmentS

210、hare environmental protection best practices and technologies where relevant with your Chinese counterparts.Encourage the adoption of international,scientifically-grounded emis-sions standards.Moderate ProgressShare environmental protection best practices and technologies where relevant with your Ch

211、inese counterparts.Encourage the adoption of international,scientifically grounded emis-sions standards.Express DeliveryChinese GovernmentCybersecurity and express delivery authorities should jointly formulate a reasonable data assessment system for the express delivery industry that balances local

212、security require-ments with the needs of express delivery enterprises to collect and transfer data across borders frequently.Enterprises should be given sufficient preparation time and information to comply with new regulations.Low ProgressAmCham China members propose to balance the enforcement of c

213、ybersecurity and personal information laws and the need of the express industry for efficient customs clearance,so as to reduce the additional burden on the industry caused by the restrictions on cross-border data transmission.Food and BeverageChinese GovernmentPut forth a unified framework and desc

214、ription of laws,regulations,and standards that govern the food and beverage industry.The relationship between food safety laws,rules,and standards and non-food safety standards that pertain to the food and beverage industry needs to be clarified,and the responsibilities of relevant government depart

215、ments should also be clarified.Low ProgressProvide a unified framework and description of the laws,regulations and standards for regulating the food and beverage industry,clarify the relationship between food safety laws,regulations and standards and those of non-food safety,and define the responsib

216、ilities of relevant government departments.US GovernmentStrengthen communication between relevant US government authorities,industry associa-tions,and American enterprises doing business in China.Increase opportunities to involve all parties in seminars,dialogues and workshops related to internation

217、al expertise and best practice urgently in demand across the Chinese government.Moderate ProgressStrengthen exchanges between relevant U.S.government authorities and industry associations,and U.S.companies in China,and increase opportunities for seminars involving all parties on international experi

218、ences and best practices that the Chinese government needs to understand.Government ProcurementChinese GovernmentChina should withdraw its proposed one-year transitional thresholds,its reservation to require domestic content requirements,offsets,or transfer of technology and its claim to transi-tion

219、al measures as a developing country given the advanced state of its economy.Moderate ProgressIn terms of its domestic procurement market,AmCham China encourages China to ensure its government procurement market remains open to foreign suppliers.FIEs can and do make positive contributions to Chinas n

220、ational development and urge the Chinese govern-ment to issue clear guidance to ensure local governments do not unreasonably shut out or restrict FIEs from procurement opportunities,to support the commitments to equality for FIEs in procurement enshrined in the Foreign Investment Law.US GovernmentWo

221、rk with the EU and the other GPA parties to identify and present to China the improvements needed for their acceptance of Chinas market access coverage with the aim of facilitating Chinas GPA accession in 2021.Moderate ProgressRecommend the US government to work with the EU and the other GPA parties

222、 to identify and present to China the improvements needed for their acceptance of Chinas market access coverage with the aim of facilitating Chinas GPA accession in 2022.商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|21|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表|章節2021年白皮書主要建議進展評價2022年白皮書主要建議環境中國政府制定明確的環境合規國家指導方針，并在網上公示，供企業和監管機構查閱。提高檢

223、查員和監管人員的技術能力，并在要求減產或停產前至少提前 60 天發出通知。鼓勵所有省級和地方環保部門公布監管要求，并讓相關公司更加便利地獲得監管材料。進展緩慢制定明確的環境合規全國性的指導方針，并在網上公示，供企業和監管機構查閱。提高檢查員和監管人員的技術能力，并在要求減產或停產前至少提前 60 天發出通知。鼓勵所有省級和地方環保部門公布監管要求，并讓相關公司更加便利地獲得監管材料。美國政府與中國同行分享環保的最佳實踐和技術，鼓勵其采用以科學為基礎的國際排放標準。有所進展與中國同行分享環保的最佳實踐和技術，鼓勵其采用以科學為基礎的國際排放標準?？爝f服務中國政府網絡安全和快遞主管部門應共同制定合

224、理的快遞行業數據評估體系，平衡當地安全要求和快遞企業頻繁收集和跨境傳輸數據的需求。應給予企業足夠的準備時間和信息用以更好遵守新的規定。進展緩慢建議監管部門在網絡安全和個人信息法律的實施與快遞業高效通關的需要之間取得平衡，以減輕跨境數據傳輸限制給快遞業帶來的額外負擔。食品、飲料與零售業中國政府對相關法律、法規和標準建立統一的監管框架和確定一致的描述，以幫助管理食品和飲料行業。明確食品安全法律、法規、標準與食品飲料行業非食品安全標準的關系，明確政府有關部門的職責。進展緩慢提出用于管理食品和飲料行業的法律、法規和標準的統一框架和說明。與食品和飲料行業有關的食品安全法律、法規和標準與非食品安全標準之間

225、的關系需要澄清，政府相關部門的職責也應明確。美國政府對相關法律、法規和標準建立統一的監管框架和確定一致的描述，以幫助管理食品和飲料行業。明確食品安全法律、法規、標準與食品飲料行業非食品安全標準的關系，明確政府有關部門的職責。有所進展對相關法律、法規和標準建立統一的監管框架和確定一致的描述，以幫助管理食品和飲料行業。明確食品安全法律、法規、標準與食品飲料行業非食品安全標準的關系，明確政府有關部門的職責。政府采購中國政府鑒于中國經濟的發達狀況，中國應撤銷其提出的一年過渡門檻、要求國內含量要求、抵消或技術轉讓的保留，以及作為發展中國家對過渡措施的要求。有所進展在國內采購市場方面，鼓勵中國確保其政府采

226、購市場對外國供應商保持開放。外商投資企業能夠也確實為中國的國家發展做出積極貢獻，因此，敦促中國政府發布明確的指導意見，確保地方政府不無理排除或限制外商投資企業獲得采購機會，以此支持外商投資法關于外商投資企業在采購中受到平等對待的承諾。美國政府與歐盟和其他政府采購協定締約方合作，確定中國市場準入需要做出的改進，推動中國在 2020 年加入政府采購協定。有所進展建議與歐盟和其他 政府采購協定 締約方合作，明確中國市場準入需要做出的改進，推動中國在 2020 年加入政府采購協定。Business Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|22|20

227、22 WHITE PAPER RECOMMENDATION SCORECARD|Chapter2021 RecommendationProgress Score2022 RecommendationHealthcareChinese GovernmentPharmaceuticalsContinue to strengthen IPR in China and ensure adherence to the commitments for improved IPR made by China in the Phase One Agreement.For the pharmaceutical s

228、ector,develop a patent linkage notification system,adopt PTE protocols aligned with global best practices and adopt RDP protections that are consistent with those found in other developed jurisdictions such as the US.Moderate ProgressContinue to strengthen Chinas intellectual property protection and

229、 effectively implement Chinas commitment to improve pharmaceu-tical intellectual property protection in Phase I of the US-China economic and trade agreement;for the pharmaceutical industry,introduce a notification system in the patent linkage system and set reasonable waiting periods for the approva

230、l of registrable patents and generics,adopt a patent term extension program consis-tent with global best practices,and take drug data protection measures in line with other jurisdictions with mature systems,such as the United States.Medical DevicesEvidence-based practices should be used to establish

231、 the cost of medical devices.When adjusting medical service and device prices,inputs like the cost of raw materials and labor need to be considered.Permit service prices to be adjusted up or down as needed in line with market demands.Moderate ProgressAdopt evidence-based practices to determine the c

232、ost of medical devices,and consider raw material costs and labor costs in pricing medical services and devices;adjust service prices according to market demand.VaccinesEnhance vaccination rates across all age groups through the introduction of more innovative vaccines and the establishment of more c

233、ity-level immunization programs to fulfill Chinas disease prevention and public health goals.Moderate ProgressIncrease vaccination rates for all age of people to achieve Chinas disease prevention and public health goals.Gene Therapy TechnologiesEncourage line ministries,agencies,and depart-ments to

234、promptly issue detailed implementing regulations,clarifications,and further guidance that clearly define the scope of“human stem cell,gene diagnosis and therapeutic technology application and development,”activities prohibited in the Negative List,and thus clarifying those technologies and industrie

235、s in which FIEs are permitted to invest.Low ProgressEncourage competent ministries,commissions,agencies and departments to issue timely and detailed implementing regulations,instructions and guidelines to clarify the scope of“the appli-cation and development of human stem cells,gene diagnostic and t

236、herapeutic technologies”prohibited in the Negative List and to clearly define the technologies and industries in which foreign-invested companies may invest.Healthcare ServicesRemove restrictions and limitations on foreign-invested hospitals including foreign equity limits,a ban on new hospital bran

237、ches,the requirement to report each branch sepa-rately for tax purposes,and restrictions on the number of hospitals that foreign employees and doctors can be permitted to work.Moderate ProgressRemove various restrictions and constraints on foreign invested and-owned hospitals,including restrictions

238、on foreign equity,prohib-iting hospitals from establishing new branches,requiring hospitals to file separate tax returns for each branch,and limiting the number of hospitals that allow foreign staff and doctors to practice.Occupational Health and SafetyEstablish a system of emergency reserve PPE and

239、 create the associated system standards to ensure that the PPE stored within the system and for use during future public health emergencies complies with Chinas standards and is of sufficient quality for medical/public health use.Moderate ProgressEstablish a comprehensive protective equip-ment stock

240、pile system and related stockpile standards to ensure that the personal protective materials stockpiled for use in response to future public health emergencies meet the requirements of the corresponding national standards and the quality of medical/public health use.High-Tech Trade Promotion and Exp

241、ort ControlsChinese GovernmentExpeditiously release implementing regulations on the export control law clarifying export control procedures,align Chinas control list with the multilateral lists and seek application in all multilateral export control regimes.Moderate ProgressWork with the US Governme

242、nt and relevant companies to conduct outstanding end-use visits,to facilitate the removal of impacted Chinese companies from the Unverified List upon the successful completion of the end-use visits and pending licenses can be issued thereafter.商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|23|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表

243、|章節2021年白皮書主要建議進展評價2022年白皮書主要建議醫療衛生中國政府藥品繼續加強中國的知識產權，確保遵守中國在中美第一階段經貿協議中做出的改進知識產權的承諾。在醫藥領域，建立一個專利聯系通知系統，采用與全球最佳做法相一致的專利期延長協議，并采用與美國等其他發達地區一致的藥品數據保護措施。有所進展繼續加強中國的知識產權保護力度，并遵守在中美第一階段貿易協議中做出的改進知識產權的承諾。在醫藥領域，建立一個專利聯系通知系統，采用與全球最佳做法相一致的專利期延長協議，并采用與美國等其他發達地區一致的藥品數據保護措施。醫療設備應采用循證實踐來確定醫療器械的成本。在調整醫療服務和設備價格時，需要

244、考慮原材料和勞動力成本等投入。允許服務價格根據市場需求進行調整。有所進展采用循證實踐來確定醫療器械的成本。在調整醫療服務和設備價格時，需要考慮原材料和勞動力成本等投入。允許服務價格根據市場需求進行調整。疫苗通過引進更多的創新疫苗和建立更多的城市級免疫計劃，提高所有年齡段的疫苗接種率，以實現中國的疾病預防和公共衛生目標。有所進展為實現疾病預防和公共衛生需要，切實提高疫苗接種率?；蛑委熂夹g鼓勵主管部委、機構和部門及時發布詳細的實施細則、說明和進一步的指導意見，明確界定 人類干細胞、基因診斷和治療技術的應用和開發 的范圍，以及負面清單中禁止的活動，從而明確允許外商投資企業投資的技術和行業。進展緩慢

245、鼓勵主管部委、機構和部門及時發布詳細的實施細則、說明和進一步的指導意見，明確界定“人類干細胞、基因診斷和治療技術的應用和開發”的范圍，以及負面清單中禁止的活動，從而明確允許外商投資企業投資的技術和行業。醫療服務取消外商投資醫院的限制和約束，包括:外資股比限制；對新建醫院分支機構的禁令；要求各分支機構單獨申報稅務；允許外籍員工及外籍醫生執業的醫院數量限制。有所進展取消外商投資醫院的限制和約束，包括:外資股比限制；對新建醫院分支機構的禁令；要求各分支機構單獨申報稅務；允許外籍員工及外籍醫生執業的醫院數量限制。職業健康安全建立應急儲備個人防護用品制度，制定相關制度標準，確保系統內儲存和未來突發公共衛

246、生事件期間使用的個人防護用品符合中國標準，具有足夠好的醫療/公共衛生使用質量。有所進展建立應急儲備個人防護用品制度，制定相關制度標準，確保系統內儲存和未來突發公共衛生事件期間使用的個人防護用品符合中國標準，具有足夠好的醫療/公共衛生使用質量。高科技貿易促進和出口管制中國政府盡快出臺出口管制法實施細則，明確出口管制程序，使中國的管制清單與多邊清單一致，并爭取在所有多邊出口管制制度中得到應用。有所進展加強同美方和有關企業的溝通，推進未完成的最終用途訪問，以便在最終用途訪問成功完成后，將受影響的中國公司從未經驗證的名單中刪除，并在之后頒發待決許可證。美國政府鑒于美國的政策變化，確保許可機構有足夠的資

247、源來處理許可申請。有所進展鑒于美國的政策變化，確保許可機構有足夠的資源來處理許可申請。對兩國政府商會鼓勵兩國政府作出更大努力，通過教育和培訓活動協助美國和中國實體加強其合規工作，以確保它們不會觸犯美國國家安全和外交政策利益。有所進展鼓勵兩國政府作出更大努力，通過教育和培訓活動協助美國和中國兩國企業加強其合規工作，以確保它們不會觸犯兩國的出口管制法規。Business Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|24|2022 WHITE PAPER RECOMMENDATION SCORECARD|Chapter2021 Recommendat

248、ionProgress Score2022 RecommendationUS GovernmentEnsure that the licensing authorities have suffi-cient resources to process license applications given the US policy changesModerate ProgressEnsure that the licensing authorities have suffi-cient resources to process license applications given changes

249、 in US policy.Both GovernmentsEncourage greater efforts by both governments to assist US and Chinese entities in strength-ening their compliance efforts through educa-tion and training activities to ensure they do not run afoul of US national security and foreign policy interests.Moderate ProgressEn

250、courage greater efforts by both governments to assist US and Chinese entities in strength-ening their compliance efforts through educa-tion and training activities to ensure that they do not run afoul of applicable export control laws and regulations.Human ResourcesChinese GovernmentExtend the curre

251、nt tax-deductible items and relief measures for foreign nationals in China beyond their scheduled expiration at the end of 2021 and extend the current special tax calcula-tion rate for annual bonuses and equity which applies to both Chinese and foreign nationals.The new measures are likely to disinc

252、entivize multinational companies from sending senior management to work in China.Moderate ProgressExtend the current tax-deductible items and relief measures for foreign nationals in China beyond their re-scheduled expiration at the end of 2023 and extend the current special tax calcu-lation rate fo

253、r annual bonuses and equity which applies to both Chinese and foreign nationals.The new measures are likely to disincentivize multinational companies from sending senior management to work in China.Information and Communications Technology and CybersecurityChinese GovernmentElements of the CSL need

254、to be defined and clarified.We urge the government to maintain narrowly defined concepts and definitions that do not go beyond fundamental and reasonable definitions of national security.Low ProgressElements of the CSL need to be defined and clarified.We urge the government to maintain narrowly defi

255、ned concepts and definitions that do not go beyond fundamental and reasonable definitions of national security.US GovernmentPromote cooperation with Chinese agencies in international forums for the development of frameworks for ethical uses of AI,as well as for standard setting,and encourage the ado

256、ption in China of international standards and ethical frameworks.Low ProgressPromote cooperation with Chinese agencies in international forums for the development of frameworks for ethical uses of AI,as well as for standard setting,and encourage the adoption of international standards and ethical fr

257、ameworks in China.InsuranceChinese GovernmentOwnershipIssue detailed implementing measures describing how foreign equity caps can and will be lifted for businesses operating in the insurance industry.Low ProgressIssue detailed implementing measures describing how foreign equity caps can and will be

258、lifted for businesses operating in the insurance industry.Cyber IssuesClarify key definitions in Chinas Cybersecurity Law including“critical Information Infrastructure,”“personal information,”“important data,”and“applicable supervisors,”including their compatibility with applicable standards,and rev

259、iew the effectiveness of the measures in the Law.Low ProgressClarify key definitions in Chinas Cybersecurity Law including“Critical Information Infrastructure,”“Personal Information,”“Important Data,”and“applicable supervi-sors,”including their compatibility with appli-cable standards,and review the

260、 effectiveness of the measures under the Law.LicensesIncrease competition in the pension and health insurance industry by approving licenses for more foreign-invested applicants and ensuring equal treatment for foreign-invested and domestically invested insurance providers.Moderate ProgressIncrease

261、competition in the pension and health insurance industry by approving licenses for more foreign-invested applicants and ensuring equal treatment for foreign-invested and domestically invested insurance providers.C-ROSSDevelop an official procedure where compa-nies can submit written inquiries to CBI

262、RC concerning specific C-ROSS provisions for responses in written public statements in order to reduce inconsistency of implementation.Moderate ProgressDevelop an official procedure where compa-nies can submit written inquiries to CBIRC concerning specific C-ROSS provisions for responses in written

263、public statements in order to reduce inconsistency of implementation.Tax IssuesRestore the tax-exempt status for interest income from corporate bonds and debt programs,or at minimum adopt a“cut-off”approach to exempt bonds issued prior to the reform from VAT.Low ProgressRestore the tax-exempt status

264、 for interest income from corporate bonds and debt programs,or at minimum adopt a“cut-off”approach to exempt bonds issued prior to the reform from VAT.商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|25|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表|章節2021年白皮書主要建議進展評價2022年白皮書主要建議人力資源中國政府延長目前在中國的外國公民的減稅項目和減免措施，使其在 2021 年底到期日之后繼續有效。同時延長目前適用于中

265、國公民和外國公民的年度獎金和股權的特殊稅率計算。這些新措施可能會抑制跨國公司派遣高級管理人員到中國工作的意愿。有所進展延長目前在中國的外國公民的減稅項目和減免措施，使其在 2023 年底到期日之后繼續有效。同時延長目前適用于中國公民和外國公民的年度獎金和股權的特殊稅率計算。這些新措施可能會抑制跨國公司派遣高級管理人員到中國工作的意愿。信息和通訊技術以及網絡安全中國政府網絡安全法的內容需要加以界定和明確。商會促請政府保持狹義的概念和定義，不要超越國家安全的基本合理定義。進展緩慢網絡安全法的內容需要加以界定和明確。促請政府保持狹義的概念和定義，不要超越國家安全的基本合理定義。美國政府促進與中國機構

266、在國際標準設定論壇上的合作，制定人工智能倫理框架，制定標準，鼓勵中國采用國際標準和倫理框架。進展緩慢促進與中國機構在國際標準設定論壇上的合作，制定人工智能倫理框架，制定標準，鼓勵中國采用國際標準和倫理框架。保險中國政府所有權發布詳細的實施措施，說明保險企業外資股比限制如何取消。進展緩慢發布詳細的實施措施，說明保險企業外資股比限制如何取消。網絡問題明確網絡安全法中的關鍵定義，包括“關鍵信息基礎設施”、“個人信息”、“重要數據”和“適用監督管理機構”，并審查法律中目前所述措施的有效性。進展緩慢明確網絡安全法中的關鍵定義，包括“關鍵信息基礎設施”、“個人信息”、“重要數據”和“適用監督管理機構”，并

267、審查法律中目前所述措施的有效性。牌照增加外商投資申請人牌照發放，確保外商投資保險公司和內資保險公司享有平等待遇，促進養老金和醫療保險行業的良性競爭。有所進展增加外商投資申請人牌照發放，確保外商投資保險公司和內資保險公司享有平等待遇，促進養老金和醫療保險行業的良性競爭。中國風險導向的償付能力體系（C-ROSS）制定官方程序，使企業可以就中國風險導向的償付能力體系的具體規定向中國銀行保險監督管理委員會發出書面咨詢，以便在書面公開聲明中獲取答復，減少執行上的不一致。有所進展制定官方程序，使企業可以就中國風險導向的償付能力體系的具體規定向中國銀行保險監督管理委員會發出書面咨詢，以便在書面公開聲明中獲取

268、答復，減少執行上的不一致。稅務問題恢復企業債券和債務項目利息收入的免稅狀態，或者至少對改革前發行的債券免征增 值稅。進展緩慢恢復企業債券和債務項目利息收入的免稅狀態，或者至少對改革前發行的債券免征增值稅。知識產權中國政府針對惡意搶注第三方商標的申請人，建立明確的投訴處理程序及威懾性行政罰款規定。有所進展針對惡意搶注第三方商標的申請人，建立明確的投訴處理程序及威懾性行政罰款規定。Business Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|26|2022 WHITE PAPER RECOMMENDATION SCORECARD|Chapter20

269、21 RecommendationProgress Score2022 RecommendationIntellectual Property RightsChinese GovernmentEstablish a clear process for the filing of complaints and the issuance of deterrent-scale administrative fines against trademark appli-cants which file third-party trademarks in bad faith.Moderate Progre

270、ssEstablish a clear process for the filing of complaints and the issuance of deterrent-scale administrative fines against trademark appli-cants which file third-party trademarks in bad faith.US GovernmentShare best practices from US federal and state trade secrets laws and national trade secrets str

271、ategy.Moderate ProgressShare best practices from US federal and state trade secrets laws and national trade secrets strategy.Investment PolicyChinese GovernmentEnsure that provisions in the FIL,the Implementing Regulations of the FIL,and the Phase One Agreement that provide for equal treatment of FI

272、Es with their domestically-in-vested counterparts are implemented in full according to the timelines proscribed.Moderate ProgressEnsure that provisions in the Circular of MIIT on Deepening Reform of“Separating Operating Permits and Business License”and Circular of the Ministry of Finance on Implemen

273、ting Relevant Policies on Equal Treatment of Domestic and Foreign-Invested Enterprises in Government Procurement Activities providing for equal treatment between foreign-invested enterprises and domestic companies are fully implemented in practice.Legal ServicesChinese GovernmentAny Draft Regulation

274、s on the administration of China offices of foreign law firms and any restrictions imposed therein should be trans-parent and be published for public comment before promulgation and implementation.Any restrictions on the ability of foreign law firms to provide advice on China law business matters sh

275、ould be reasonable and practical.Low ProgressAny Draft Regulations on the administration of China representative offices of foreign law firms and any restrictions imposed therein should be transparent and be published for public comment before promulgation and implementation.Any restrictions on the

276、ability of foreign law firms to provide advice on China law business matters should be reasonable and practical.US GovernmentNegotiate with China to revise current regula-tions in order to allow US law firms in China to enjoy the same benefits as Chinese law firms operating overseas.This request has

277、 appeared in successive White Papers for many years,but foreign firms now face the prospect of even tighter restrictions than before.Low ProgressNegotiate with China to revise current regula-tions in order to allow US law firms in China to enjoy the same benefits as Chinese law firms operating overs

278、eas(especially those in the US).This request has appeared in successive White Papers for many years,but foreign firms now face the prospect of even tighter restrictions than before.Machinery and ManufacturingChinese GovernmentConsider replacing the current subsidy system with a tax credit regime bas

279、ed on current global norms and ensure a level playing field for FIEs.Low ProgressConsider replacing the current subsidy system with a tax credit regime based on current global norms and ensure a level playing field for FIEs.US GovernmentContinue to urge China to ensure that policies stemming from MI

280、C 2025 do not favor domestic companies at the expense of FIEs and are not dependent on subsidies in violation of Chinas WTO commitments.N/AContinue to urge China to ensure that policies stemming from MIC 2025 do not favor domestic companies at the expense of FIEs and are not dependent on subsidies i

281、n violation of Chinas WTO commitments.Media and EntertainmentChinese Government Remove market access barriers to allow 100 percent foreign ownership of film and television production and distribution companies and online video services companies.Complete negotiations as required for the update to th

282、e film MOU to bring revenue share in line with international norms,increases the number of imported films,and remove market barriers.Low ProgressRemove market access barriers to allow 100 percent foreign ownership of film and television production and distribution companies and online video services

283、 companies.Complete negotiations as required for the update to the film MOU to bring revenue share in line with international norms,increases the number of imported films,and remove market barriers.US GovernmentWork with China to review restrictions on investment facing US companies in Chinas media

284、and entertainment sector,with the goal of providing greater market access for US companies.N/A商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|27|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表|章節2021年白皮書主要建議進展評價2022年白皮書主要建議美國政府分享美國聯邦和各州有關商業秘密法律以及美國國家商業秘密戰略方面的最佳實踐。有所進展分享美國聯邦和各州有關商業秘密法律以及美國國家商業秘密戰略方面的最佳實踐。投資政策中國政府確保外商投資法、外商投資法實施條例、中美第一階段經貿協議中

285、關于外商投資企業與內資企業享有同等待遇的規定按照規定的時間貫徹落實。有所進展切實落實 工業和信息化部關于深化“證照分離”改革的通告以及財政部關于在政府采購活動中落實平等對待內外資企業有關政策的通知中關于外商投資企業與內資企業享有同等待遇的規定。法律服務中國政府任何關于外國律師事務所中國辦事處的管理規定草案及任何限制要求必須公開透明，并在頒布實施前公開征求意見。對外國律師事務所就中國法律事務提供咨詢的限制政策應該合理切實。進展緩慢任何關于外國律師事務所中國辦事處的管理規定草案及任何限制要求必須公開透明，并在頒布實施前公開征求意見。對外國律師事務所就中國法律事務提供咨詢的限制政策應該合理 切實。美

286、國政府與中方就其現行法律法規進行談判修改，給予在華外國律師事務所與中國律師事務所海外分支機構所享有的同等待遇。幾年來白皮書多次提出此要求，但目前對外國公司的待遇不僅沒有改善，反而更加艱難。進展緩慢與中方就其現行法律法規進行談判修改，給予在華外國律師事務所與中國律師事務所海外分支機構所享有的同等待遇。幾年來白皮書多次提出此要求，但目前對外國公司的待遇不僅沒有改善，反而更加艱難。機械制造業中國政府考慮以基于當前全球規范的稅收抵免制度取代目前的補貼體系，確保外資企業享有公平的競爭環境。進展緩慢考慮以基于當前全球規范的稅收抵免制度取代目前的補貼體系，確保外資企業享有公平的競爭環境。美國政府繼續敦促中國

287、相關部門確?！爸袊圃?2025”政策不以犧牲外商投資企業、違反世貿組織原則為代價扶持國內企業。N/A繼續敦促中國相關部門確?！爸袊圃?2025”政策不以犧牲外商投資企業、違反世貿組織原則為代價扶持國內企業。媒體和娛樂業中國政府取消市場準入壁壘，允許外商全資控股設立影視制作、發行公司和從事網絡視聽節目服務。依據協議談判達成新的中美電影諒解備忘錄，增加外國公司進口電影的分賬份額至國際標準水平，增加進口電影的數量，消除市場壁壘。進展緩慢取消市場準入壁壘，允許外商全資控股設立影視制作、發行公司和從事網絡視聽節目服務。盡快完成更新中美有關電影諒解備忘錄的談判，增加境外電影制作公司的分賬份額至國際標準

288、水平，增加進口電影的數量，并消除市場壁壘。美國政府與中方政府合作，協商取消美國企業在中國媒體和娛樂領域的投資限制，確保開放的市場準入機制。N/ABusiness Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|28|2022 WHITE PAPER RECOMMENDATION SCORECARD|Chapter2021 RecommendationProgress Score2022 RecommendationNortheast ChinaLiaoningGovernmentChapter not provided in 2021.N/ABui

289、ld a high-standard and international business environment,deepen the reform of decentralization,regulation and service for foreign investment,including further simplify the procedures for foreigners to come to China,shorten approval time,realize online operation and one-time operation,establish and

290、improve the business environment assessment mecha-nism,increase the protection and promotion of intellectual property rights,severely crack down on infringement and counterfeiting,protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors,improve the international dispute settlement mechanism,

291、create a fair competition environment and continuously improve the business environment.US GovernmentChapter not provided in 2021.N/ARetail&E-CommerceChinese GovernmentGovernment regulators,in particular SAMR,should strengthen their reviews of anti-unfair competition in the online and offline retail

292、 industry,focusing on ensuring that traditional retailers and online e-commerce platforms do not engage in behavior that promotes unfair competition.The government should also stan-dardize the subsidies it offers across the retail and e-commerce industries,and ensure those subsidies are equally avai

293、lable to all retailers.Moderate ProgressGovernment regulators,in particular SAMR,should strengthen their reviews of anti-unfair competition in the online and offline retail industry,focusing on ensuring that traditional retailers and online e-commerce platforms do not engage in behavior that promote

294、s unfair competition.The government should also stan-dardize the subsidies it offers across the retail and e-commerce industries,and ensure those subsidies are equally available to all retailers.Real EstateChinese GovernmentContinue to improve Chinas infrastructure and standardize the management of

295、logistics systems.Accelerate the construction of cold chain logistics infrastructure and develop industry standards for cold chain transporta-tion.Moderate ProgressEncourage the participation and inclusion of foreign companies in urban planning,develop-ment,property management,real estate related te

296、chnologies and investment so that China can benefit from international best practice.ShanghaiShanghai GovernmentIncrease the transparency and predictability of COVID-19 travel rules,permit expatriate family members to return to China with spouses holding valid work permits,and encourage the central

297、government to broaden access to vaccines to include the foreign business community.Moderate ProgressProvide more briefings and consultations with the foreign business community on draft regulations connected to the implementation of Shanghais 14th Five-Year Plan.Southwest ChinaSichuan and Chongqing

298、GovernmentsEstablish a clear,efficient,and easily navigable communication and support mechanism for United States citizens and businesses in Southwest China to interface with official US diplomatic and commercial representatives in Beijing,in lieu of an American consular pres-ence in Chengdu.N/ANo c

299、hapter provided in 2022.Standards and Conformity AssessmentChinese GovernmentEnsure that a wide range of opinions,experts,and institutions,including FIEs,are permitted to participate in China Standards 2035,to ensure that the any future standardization systems in China are consistent with and meet t

300、he needs of existing practices in international trade and commerce.Low ProgressEnsure that a wide range of opinions,experts,and institutions,including FIEs,are permitted to participate in China Standards 2035,to ensure that the any future standardization systems in China are consistent with and meet

301、 the needs of existing practices in international trade and commerce.商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|29|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表|章節2021年白皮書主要建議進展評價2022年白皮書主要建議東北地區遼寧省政府2021 年未提供建議。N/A建設高標準、國際化的營商環境，在外資領域，深化“放管服”改革，同時簡化外籍人員來華程序，減少審批時間，實現“在線運營”“一次過”，制定提升營商環境評價機制，保護促進知識產權完善，嚴厲打擊侵權假冒行為，保護外籍投資者的合法權益，改善國際爭端解

302、決機制，營造公平競爭環境，推動營商環境改善。美國政府2021 年未提供建議。N/A零售和電子商務中國政府政府監管部門，尤其是國家市場監督管理總局，應加強對線上和線下零售業反不正當競爭的審查，重點是確保傳統零售商和在線電子商務平臺不從事促進不正當競爭的行為。政府還應該規范其在零售和電子商務行業提供的補貼，并確保這些補貼平等地提供給所有零售商。有所進展政府監管部門，尤其是國家市場監督管理總局，應加強對線上和線下零售業反不正當競爭的審查，重點是確保傳統零售商和在線電子商務平臺不從事促進不正當競爭的行為。政府還應該規范其在零售和電子商務行業提供的補貼，并確保這些補貼平等地提供給所有零售商。房地產中國政

303、府繼續完善中國的基礎設施，規范物流系統的管理。加快冷鏈物流基礎設施的建設，制定冷鏈運輸的行業標準。有所進展鼓勵外國公司參與和加入城市規劃、開發、物業管理、房地產行業相關的技術和投資，允許中國從國際最佳實踐中獲益。上海上海市政府提高新冠疫情旅行規則的透明度和可預測性，允許外籍家庭成員與持有有效工作許可的配偶一起返回中國。鼓勵中央政府擴大疫苗的接種范圍，包括外國商界。有所進展就上海市在“十四五”規劃期間的有關規定草案，向外商提供更多的政策宣講和咨詢機會。中國西南四川、重慶政府為中國西南地區的美國公民和企業建立一個清晰、高效、易操作的溝通和支持機制，以便與美國駐北京的官方外交和商務代表對接，以取代美

304、國在成都的領事機構。N/A2022 年未提供建議。標準、合格評定中國政府“中國標準 2035”研究計劃應向廣泛大眾、專家、機構征求意見，確保中國未來的所有標準化體系符合并滿足國際貿易和商業現行標準的需要。進展緩慢“中國標準 2035”研究計劃應向廣泛大眾、專家、機構征求意見，確保中國未來的所有標準化體系符合并滿足國際貿易和商業現行標準的需要。Business Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|30|2022 WHITE PAPER RECOMMENDATION SCORECARD|Chapter2021 RecommendationP

305、rogress Score2022 RecommendationTax PolicyChinese GovernmentExtend certain tax relief measures for foreign nationals in China after the scheduled expi-ration of the current measures at the end of 2021,as the new measures will disincentivize multinational companies from sending senior management to w

306、ork in China.We also recommend that the government streamline IIT application procedures.One way to do so would be to avoid repetitive submissions of documents containing the same information(e.g.,application documents containing an individuals background information submitted in a prior year will n

307、ot required to be submitted again subsequent years as the government will already have those details on hand).Low-to-Moderate ProgressEnsure industries and market players affected by COVID-19 and natural disasters receive sufficient financial support and tax reductions;more preferential policies on

308、additional deduc-tions for donations to encourage market entities to provide support to areas affected by the pandemic and natural disasters;more prefer-ential fiscal and tax reduction policies targeting enterprises engaged in key areas of pandemic control and disaster relief(e.g.,transportation,pro

309、duction and circulation of key materials,R&D of key facilities/equipment,etc.)TianjinTianjin GovernmentSupport collaboration between business,science,and academia.Tianjin is home to a number of prominent universities and educational institutions.There are also several companies with research and dev

310、elopment(R&D)components in their Tianjin operations.We believe there is an opportunity for Tianjin to cultivate a more open and collaborative environment between such groups and leverage Tianjins already strong manufacturing base into a hub for R&D.The biotech and healthcare sectors are one example

311、of sectors that could easily capitalize on the businesses,experts,and institutions already in Tianjin to become pillar industries in the city.Moderate ProgressRestoring regular visa service and regular visa processing services/provision of a channel for US and Chinese citizens.It is very important t

312、o get expatriates back and especially for their families to be able to join them in Tianjin as well.We would also like to recommend that the Tianjin government continue to monitor the situation to ensure that the quarantine require-ments in Tianjin are no more stringent than they are in other cities

313、.Visa PolicyChinese GovernmentAdopt a transparent,standardized procedure for the issuance of PU letters nationwide to ensure that foreign nationals and their families working in China can obtain a visa to enter China during COVID-19.Moderate ProgressFurther normalize visa application processes to pr

314、e-pandemic norms.Allowing employees,family dependents,and all qualified individ-uals to enter China with ease is beneficial to ensuring normal business operations locally.Work SafetyChinese GovernmentStrengthen training opportunities for the operators of MEWPs on the basis of GB/T 27549-2011 Mobile

315、elevating work platform Operator(driver)Training.Ensure that this recommended standard is consistently applied and enforced.Alternatively,promote the promulgation of group standards similar to GB/T27549-2011 to continue to improve the safety of work at height.Moderate ProgressContinue to strengthen

316、training opportunities for the operators of MEWPs on the basis of GB/T 27549-2011 Mobile elevating work platform Operator(driver)Training.Ensure that this recommended standard is consistently applied and enforced.Alternatively,promote the prom-ulgation of group standards similar to GB/T27549-2011 to

317、 continue to improve the safety of work at height.Central China/WuhanWuhan,Hubei,and other Central China Provincial GovernmentsAdopt innovative and focused policies to attract,retain,and reward mid-and-high-level senior managers and team leaders in the technology sector.Partnering with global indust

318、ry leaders registered in Wuhan and other Central China cities on such policies would be an effective way to attract such talent and meet market demand.Moderate ProgressRecommend longer periods for the implementa-tion of policy changes,giving both foreign and local businesses time to adjust their bus

319、iness models to the new conditions.US GovernmentReopen the US Consulate in Wuhan and expand the services offered to include visa services and US citizen services to provide much-needed support to American companies in Central China and strengthen the US-China relationship.High ProgressAdopt a more c

320、ooperative posture when engaging China,including reducing tariffs on Chinese goods and restoring regular visa processing services so non-US citizen employees may return to the US.商務環境綜述|AmCham China|2022 White Paper|31|2022 年白皮書建議評價一覽表|章節2021年白皮書主要建議進展評價2022年白皮書主要建議稅收政策中國政府在現行措施預定于 2021 年底到期后，延長對在華外

321、國公民的某些稅收減免措施，因為新措施將抑制跨國公司派遣高級管理人員到中國工作的積極性。商會還建議政府精簡個人所得稅申請程序。其中一個方法是避免重復提交包含相同信息的文件（例如，前一年提交的包含個人背景信息的申請文件將不需要在隨后幾年再次提交，因為政府已經掌握了這些細節）。進展緩慢到有所進展建議向受疫情、自然災害影響的行業及市場主體提供財政支持和稅收減免；出臺捐贈等支出的加計扣除優惠政策，以鼓勵富有責任心的市場主體向受疫情、自然災害影響的地區提供多種支持；對從事抗疫救災關鍵領域的企業（如：交通運輸、關鍵物資生產與流通、關鍵設施/設備研發等）提供更為優惠的財稅減免政策。天津天津市政府支持商業、科學

322、和學術界之間的合作。天津有許多著名的大學和教育機構，還有幾家公司在其天津業務中擁有研發部門。商會相信，天津有機會在這些集團之間培育一個更加開放和協作的環境，將天津業已強大的制造業基地打造成研發中心。生物技術和醫療保健行業就是一個例子，可以很容易地利用天津已有的企業、專家和機構，成為天津的支柱產業。有所進展盡快恢復正常的簽證受理、簽發業務/為美國和中國公民提供一個往返中國渠道。讓外籍人員回到中國非常重要，尤其是讓他們的家人與其在天津團聚。還建議天津市政府持續關注疫情防控措施，確保天津的隔離要求不能比其他城市的隔離要求更嚴格。簽證政策中國政府在全國范圍內采用透明的、標準化的邀請函簽發程序，以確保在

323、中國工作的外國公民及其家屬能夠在新冠肺炎疫情期間獲得簽證進入 中國。有所進展按照新冠肺炎疫情前的規定，進一步規范簽證申請流程。允許員工、家屬和所有符合條件的個人可以出入中國，有利于確保當地企業的正常 經營。安全生產與應急管理中國政府在 GB/T 27549-2011移動式升降工作平臺操作人員（駕駛員）培訓的基礎上，加強對移動式升降工作平臺操作人員的培訓。確保本推薦性標準得到一致應用和實施?；蛘?，推動頒布類似于 GB/T 27549-2011 的團體標準，繼續提高高空作業的安全性。有所進展在 GB/T 27549-2011移動式升降工作平臺操作人員（駕駛員）培訓的基礎上，加強對移動式升降工作平臺

324、操作人員的培訓。確保本推薦性標準得到一致應用和實施?；蛘?，推動頒布類似于 GB/T 27549-2011 的團體標準，繼續提高高空作業的安全性。武漢湖北省和武漢市政府政府采取創新政策，側重吸引、留住和獎勵科技行業的中高端管理人員和團隊領導者。與在武漢注冊的全球行業領導企業合作，將是吸引此類人才、滿足市場需求的有效途徑。有所進展建議延長政策變更的實施期限，讓外國和本地企業都有時間根據新的條件調整其商業模式。美國政府重新開放美國駐武漢領事館，擴大提供的服務類別，包括簽證服務和美國公民服務，為在華中地區的美國公司提供急需的支持，加強美中關系。明顯進展在與中國接觸時采取更為合作的姿態，包括降低中國商品

325、的關稅，恢復正常的簽證處理服務，以便非美國公民員工可以返回美國。Part Two:Industrial Policy and Market Access第二部分：產業政策和市場準入Business Climate Overview|2022 White Paper|AmCham China|34|INDUSTRY|Industrial Policy and Market Access|CIVIL SOCIETY|IntroductionA vibrant non-profit sector can help China address broader sustainability challe

326、nges for the long-term benefit of the Chinese people.Social,non-profit,inter-governmental,and non-governmental organizations(NGOs)play an essen-tial role in fostering sustainable business practices by 1)providing an independent source of accountability and expertise for businesses and governments;an

327、d 2)part-nering with businesses and governments in local commu-nities to support the implementation of sustainability and community engagement initiatives.These organizations also offer a wide range of social bene-fits.The nonprofit sector promotes an educated and healthy workforce,environmental pro

328、tection,food and nutrition security,food safety,expanded access to financial services,productive employer-labor relations,active community engagement through volunteerism,social services for marginalized populations,and corporate compliance monitoring.Civil society organizations across the world hav

329、e made a significant difference in the global COVID-19 response,providing facemasks,sanitizers,water,and food supplies to marginalized communities as well as addressing deep social issues like inequality and gender-based violence that the pandemic exacerbated.In China,NGOs significantly contributed

330、to the success of initial COVID-19 response efforts and subsequent economic rebound.Civil society will continue to make significant contributions as the world faces new obstacles like the Omicron virus strain.The US and many other countries with historical traditions of robust civil society have act

331、ive NGO sectors that work effectively with public and private sector entities to address local and national issues.In light of the economic,social,and environmental challenges produced by Chinas rapid growth,civil society can and does bolster sustainable devel-opment in China.Operational Context for

332、 Overseas NGOs in ChinaOver the past year,operating conditions for overseas NGOs in China have remained relatively stable.Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Administration of Activities of Overseas Nongovernmental Organizations in the Mainland of China (Overseas NGO Law),implemented in January

333、2017,continues to impact civil society.The issues that AmCham China highlighted in past White Papers remain significant.Only a small proportion of the nearly 10,000 overseas NGOs recognized by the National Peoples Congress(NPC)as operational before the Overseas NGO Law came into effect succeeded in navigating the burdensome new registration and reporting process required to engage in projects or m