歐盟空間計劃署：2023基礎設施領域用戶需求與技術要求分析報告（英文版）（89頁）.pdf

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1、User Needs and Requirements#EUSpaceReport on InfrastructurePage 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT OF THE REPORT.3 1.1 Methodology.4 1.2 Scope.5 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.7 3 MARKET OVERVIEW&TRENDS.9 3.1 Market Evolution and Key Trends.9 3.2 Main User Communities.12 3.3 Main Market Players.12

2、4 POLICY,REGULATION AND STANDARDS.15 4.1 Policy and regulatory stakeholders.15 4.2 Policy and Regulation.15 4.3 Standards.15 5 USER REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS.16 5.1 Current GNSS/EO use and requirements per application.18 5.2 Limitations of GNSS and EO.53 5.3 Prospective use of GNSS and EO.56 5.4 Summary

3、 of drivers for user requirements.59 6 USER REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION.61 6.1 Synthesis of Requirements Relevant to GNSS.61 6.2 Synthesis of Requirements Relevant to EO.68 7 ANNEXES.74 A1.1 Definition of key GNSS performance parameters.74 A1.2 Definition of key EO performance parameters.76 A1.3 Addi

4、tional definitions.77 A1.4 List of Acronyms.78 A1.5 Reference Documents.81 A1.6 Policy and regulation relevant to infrastructure.85 A1.7 Standards relevant to infrastructure.87 Page 2 LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES Page 3 1 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT OF THE REPORT Infrastructure is one of the 17 marke

5、t segments addressed in the latest EO and GNSS Market Report published by EUSPA at the beginning of 2022(RD1).The segment addresses the basic systems and facilities that countries,states,regions,cities and organisations need to work effectively.This includes a wide range of man-made constructions su

6、ch as buildings,civil engineering constructions,production and storage facilities,as well as telecommunication networks1.The EUSPA Market Report pinpoints that GNSS and Earth Observation are invaluable assets in the“toolbox”of private and public infrastructure owners and/or operators to manage their

7、 infrastructures during the entire lifecycle,to increase safety of operations and to improve resilience while safeguarding the environment.In this context,it is therefore extremely important to have a very good understanding of the user needs and requirements relevant to GNSS and Earth Observation.T

8、he User Consultation Platform(UCP)is a periodic forum organised by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme(EUSPA),where users from different market segments meet to discuss their needs and application-level requirements relevant for Position,Navigation and Timing(PNT),Earth Observation(EO)

9、and secure telecommunications.The event is involving end users,user associations and representatives of the value chain,such as receiver and chipset manufacturers and application developers.It also gathers organisations and institutions dealing,directly and indirectly,with the two European satellite

10、 navigation systems,Galileo and EGNOS and newly since 2020,also with the EU Earth Observation system,Copernicus,and with GOVSATCOM,the upcoming system for secure governmental satellite communications.The UCP event is a part of the process developed at EUSPA to collect user needs and requirements and

11、 take them as inputs for the provision of user driven space data-based services by the EU Space Programme.In this context,the objective of this document is to provide a reference for the EU Space Programme and for the Infrastructure community,reporting periodically the most up-to-date user needs and

12、 requirements in the Infrastructure market segment.This report is a living and evolving document that will periodically be updated by EUSPA.It serves as a key input to the UCP,where it will be reviewed and subsequently updated and expanded in order to reflect the evolutions in the user needs,market

13、and technology captured during the event.The report aims to provide EUSPA with a clear and up-to-date view of the current and potential future user needs and requirements in order to serve as an input to the continuous improvement of the development of the space downstream applications and services

14、provided by the EU Space Programme components.In line with the extended mandate of EUSPA,the Report on User needs and Requirements(RURs)previously focused on GNSS,have been revamped in order to also encompass the needs of Earth Observation(EO)commercial users and is now organised according to the ma

15、rket segmentation of the EUSPA EO and GNSS Market Report.1 Networks related to energy distribution and finance(e.g.banking,stock exchange)are addressed in the related market segments(respectively“Energy and raw materials”and“Insurance and finance”).Page 4 Finally,as the report is publicly available,

16、it also serves as a reference for users and industry,supporting planning and decision-making activities for those concerned with the use of PNT and of Earth observation technologies.It must be noted that the listed user needs and requirements cannot usually be addressed by a single technological sol

17、ution but rather by space downstream applications which combine several signals and sensors.Therefore,the report does not represent any commitment of the EU Space Programme to address or satisfy the listed needs and requirements in the current or future versions of the services and/or data delivered

18、 by its different components.1.1 Methodology The following figure details the methodology adopted for the analysis of the Infrastructure user requirements at application level.Figure 1.Infrastructure user requirements analysis methodology As presented in the above figure,the work leverages on the la

19、test EUSPA EO and GNSS Market Report,adopting as starting point the market segmentation for EO and GNSS downstream applications and takes on board the baseline of user needs and requirements relevant to GNSS compiled in the previous RURs published by the agency.The analysis is split into two main st

20、eps,including a“desk research”,aiming at refining and extending the heritage inputs and at gathering main insights,and a“stakeholders consultation”to validate main outcomes.Page 5 More in details,the“desk research”was carried out to consolidate when required the list of applications and their classi

21、fication,to identify the key parameters driving their performances or other relevant requirements together with the main requirements specification,etc.A deeper analysis was conducted for a set of applications prioritised for discussion at the last UCP event.The outcomes of this preliminary analysis

22、 were shared and consolidated prior to the UCP with a small group of key stakeholders,operating in the field of the selected applications.These requirements analysis results were then presented and debated at the UCP with the Infrastructure user community.The outcomes of the Infrastructure forum dis

23、cussions were finally examined in order to validate and fine-tune the study findings.The steps described above have resulted in the outcomes that are presented in detail hereafter.1.2 Scope This document is part of the User Requirements documents issued by the European Union Agency for the Space Pro

24、gramme for the Market Segments where Position Navigation and Time(PNT)and Earth Observation(EO)data play a key role.Its scope is to cover requirements on PNT and Earth Observation-based solutions from the strict user perspective and considering the market conditions,regulations,and standards that dr

25、ive them.The document starts with a market overview for Infrastructure(section 3),focusing on the market evolution and key trends applicable to the whole segment or more specific ones relevant to a group of applications or to the use of GNSS or EO.This section also presents the main market players a

26、nd user communities.The report then provides a panorama of the applicable policies,regulations and standards(section 4).It then moves to the detailed analysis of user requirements(section 5).This section first presents an overview of the market segment downstream applications,and indicates for each

27、application,the depth of information available in the current version of the report:i.e.broad specification of needs and requirements relevant to GNSS and EO,partial specification limited at this stage to needs and requirements relevant to GNSS,or limited to an introduction to the application and it

28、s main use cases at operational level.The content of this section will be expanded and completed in the next releases of the RUR.Following its introduction,section 5 is organised as follows:Section 5.1 aims to present current GNSS and/or EO use and requirements per application,starting with a descri

29、ption of the application,presenting main user expectations and describing the current use of GNSS and/or EO space services and data for the application and providing a detailed overview of the related requirements at application level.Section 5.2 describes the main limitations of GNSS and EO to fulf

30、il user needs in the market segment.Prospective use of GNSS and EO in Infrastructure is addressed in section 5.3.Section 5.4 concludes the section with a synthesis of the main drivers for the user requirements in Infrastructure.Finally,section 6 summarises the main User Requirements for Infrastructu

31、re in the applications domains analysed in this report.The current version of the report will be expanded and completed through its future releases.Page 6 The RUR is intended to serve as an input to more technical discussions on systems engineering and to shape the evolution of the European Unions s

32、atellite navigation systems,Galileo and EGNOS and the Earth Observation system,Copernicus.Page 7 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document reports on the user needs and requirements relevant to GNSS and Earth Observation(EO)in the Infrastructure market segment.It also aims at enhancing the understanding of

33、market evolution and trends,strongpoints,limitations,key technological trends and main drivers related to the use of GNSS and EO solutions across the different applications of the infrastructure market segment.Key trends and market evolution GNSS and EO are invaluable assets to manage infrastructure

34、s during their entire lifecycle,notably to increase safety of operations and to improve resilience while safeguarding the environment.In addition to the key trends already identified in previous reports issued by EUSPA(market reports,previous reports on user needs and requirements),the document iden

35、tifies a number of EO-related trends likely to have an impact on the infrastructure market in the coming years.These include the multiplication of commercial constellations of small satellites offering optical and radar imagery with sub-meter resolution and several revisits per day,as well as the in

36、creasing use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for processing observation data.In terms of market evolution,the document refers to the market forecasts for the period 2021-2031 presented in the latest Market Report published by EUSPA in January 2022.In particular,it highlights that the

37、 revenues from EO data and service sales are expected to keep on increasing during the next decade thanks to the penetration of EO-based applications in the various phases of the infrastructure life cycle.The document also includes an overview of the policy,regulation and standards either directly r

38、elated to infrastructure or likely to have an impact on this market segment.Current and prospective use of GNSS and EO in infrastructure In the latest EUSPA Market Report,fifteen applications related to Infrastructures have been identified and clustered into four different groups:“Environmental Impa

39、ct Monitoring”applications;“Infrastructure Construction and Monitoring”applications;“Infrastructure Planning”applications;“Timing&Synchronisation of Telecommunication Networks”applications.For each one of the identified applications,the present document describes the current contribution of GNSS(e.g

40、.construction surveying,machine control,stability monitoring)and/or EO(e.g.ground deformation monitoring,land cover/land use classification,exposure to natural and climate risk,change detection)to the application.It also describes the operational and technical limitations which affect GNSS(e.g.susce

41、ptibility to interference and multipath,sensibility to ambient humidity,availability in indoor conditions)and EO(cloud coverage in case of optical observation,vegetation cover,distribution of measurement points in case of synthetic aperture radar interferometry),and identifies prospective uses of GN

42、SS and EO,both in terms of new capabilities being developed or of combined use with existing technologies Page 8 Drivers for user requirements The document provides an overview of the user needs for each one of the fifteen infrastructure-related applications and a summary of the drivers for user req

43、uirements.For GNSS,high accuracy,time to first fix,time to convergence,redundancy and robustness are part of the identified drivers.For EO,drivers include spatial resolution,the availability of historical data and in some specific cases(line infrastructures),the ability to cover large-scale areas Fo

44、r a subset of four selected applications(Infrastructure site selection and planning/Construction operations/Post-construction operations/Environmental impact assessment)the document goes a step further by defining different operational scenarios for the use of EO and identifying in more details the

45、corresponding user requirements.Page 9 3 MARKET OVERVIEW&TRENDS 3.1 Market Evolution and Key Trends 3.1.1 Introduction to the Infrastructure Segment As mentioned in the introduction chapter,the term“infrastructure”refers to the basic systems and facilities that a country(or a state,a region,a city)o

46、r organisation needs to work effectively.This Report on infrastructures User Requirements addresses the following types of infrastructures:Buildings(e.g.public buildings,private habitations);Transport infrastructures(e.g.roads,airports,ports);Civil engineering constructions(e.g.bridges,tunnels,dams,

47、pipelines);Industrial infrastructures(e.g.production facilities,storage facilities);Telecommunication networks.Note:For transport infrastructures,the document focusses on the GNSS and/or EO-based applications related to construction,structural health monitoring and environmental impact monitoring.It

48、 does not address the applications related to the operational use of these infrastructures,which are dealt with in the corresponding sector-specific Reports on User Requirements;Energy distribution networks2 and space infrastructures are not covered in this report.Within this wide variety of basic s

49、ystems and facilities,those which are usually considered by Public Authorities as being essential to the proper functioning of the economy and the society constitute a subset of the above-mentioned infrastructures and are generally referred to as“critical infrastructures”.In the EO and GNSS EUSPA Ma

50、rket Report RD1,GNSS and EO-based applications for infrastructure have been clustered in four main groups:Infrastructure planning,grouping applications related to the selection of sites for the construction of new infrastructures,including applications supporting the obtention of building permits an

51、d applications supporting vulnerability assessments;Infrastructure construction and monitoring,grouping applications related to the construction phase(e.g.construction progress monitoring,machine guidance and control)and to the post-construction phase(e.g.ground motion detection,vegetation encroachm

52、ent detection);Environmental impact monitoring,grouping applications related to the assessment of the negative impacts that infrastructure may have on the surrounding environment,either during the construction phase(e.g.detection of ground movements induced by construction works)or after the constru

53、ction(e.g.monitoring of air quality in the vicinity of the infrastructure in case of e.g.factories);2 This type of infrastructure is addressed in the report dealing with Renewable energy and raw materials Page 10 Timing and synchronisation of telecommunication networks3,grouping applications related

54、 to the timing and synchronisation of the various types of telecommunication networks(e.g.Digital Cellular Networks,Public Switched Telephone Network).3.1.2 Key Market Trends The European willingness to become the first continent to reach neutrality by 2050 drives the need for reducing the environme

55、ntal footprint of infrastructures and strengthening their resilience to climate change.In this general context,the EO and GNSS EUSPA Market Report(RD1)and the previous Reports on User Needs and Requirements on surveying(RD3)and on Timing&Synchronisation(RD4)have identified several key trends in the

56、infrastructure market.These key trends are the uptake of services based on InSAR4 for the identification of risks related to ground deformation,the increasing use of EO to better understand the impacts of climate change and support the design and construction of more resilient infrastructures,the gr

57、owth of GNSS-based machine control solutions in construction,and the growing awareness of the role of GNSS-based solutions in supporting the resilience of European telecommunication infrastructures.In addition to the above-mentioned trends,the multiplication of commercial constellations of EO satell

58、ites and the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence are expected to have a significant impact on satellite-based applications,including in the infrastructure market.An overview of these profound evolutions is provided hereafter:The emergence of low-cost satellite technology is leading to a multip

59、lication of large constellations of small satellites(often referred to as“smallsats”)and has opened the door to a commercial offer,even in domains like Synthetic Aperture Radars(SARs)which were previously limited to institutional missions.In the domain of SAR,commercial constellations are now deploy

60、ed by private operators5.Beyond the fact that the deployment of new constellations will lead to a decrease of the price of SAR imagery,it will also lead to significant improvements in terms of performance and more specifically in terms of revisit frequencies thanks to the large number of satellites

61、in orbit(the revisit time being in the range of 1-3 hours in the best case).This will open the door to new applications,such as the monitoring and tracking of rapid ground deformation(during and after the construction of the infrastructure for instance).The trend is similar for optical imagery with

62、operators6 which are deploying constellations on the Low Earth Orbit(LEO)aiming to offer sub-meter resolution optical imagery with revisit times inferior to 1 hour.Some companies7 are envisaging to deploy EO smallsats on the Very Low Earth Orbit(VLEO).The increasing use of Artificial Intelligence an

63、d Machine Learning is also part of the trends which are changing the physiognomy of the Earth Observation market and have direct impacts on 3 Timing and synchronisation for other types of networks(e.g.those used for critical infrastructures such as smart grids or finance)are addressed in Reports on

64、User Requirements(RURs)dealing specifically with these topics.They are therefore not addressed in the present report.4 Interferometric Synthetic-Aperture Radar 5 E.g.ICEYE()in Europe or Capella Space()in the US 6 E.g.Planet()in the US or Satellogic(https:/ Argentina 7 E.g.Earth Observant Inc.(https:

65、/eoi.space/),a Californian start-up which aims to develop an optical imaging satellite constellation flying at 250 km above Earth Page 11 applications relevant to the infrastructure market.These technologies enable the automation of processes which are usually costly and time-consuming and bring Ear

66、th Observation applications a step forward by enabling the identification of patterns,trends or correlations which would have remained invisible and unexploited with more traditional processing techniques.They are also facilitating the fusion of data from multiple sources,which will become more and

67、more available in the future notably due to the expected generalisation of the Internet-of-Things(IoT).At the end of the day,the use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning should increase service providers ability to deliver solutions which meet the increasing needs of(non-technical)users f

68、or actionable insights(rather than for“data”or“maps”)to support decision-making.Thus,the combined use of Artificial Intelligence/Machine learning and EO data supports8:o Automated risk assessment of infrastructures;o Automated change detection,for the monitoring of the progress of construction works

69、 for instance;o Automated infrastructure monitoring.The above-mentioned trends should support the penetration of EO-based applications in many market segments,including the infrastructure market.However,although the EO sector is rightly convinced of the value of its technology(RD12),the benefits it

70、could bring to the infrastructure market are not fully exploited yet,notably because the EO-based products and services that are available on the market use technical terminology rather than the appropriate business jargon,do not match the infrastructure sectors use cases in terms of features and ar

71、e not always offered in a smart commercial way.3.1.3 GNSS Market Evolution The infrastructure-related GNSS applications considered in the latest EO and GNSS Market Report published by EUSPA(RD1)include applications related to the construction market(e.g.surveying and machine guidance)and the telecom

72、munication market(e.g.timing&synchronisation).The Market Report indicates that:For the construction market,during the past decade GNSS shipments have increased thanks to the strong growth of the construction industry.After a drop in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,construction activities are expec

73、ted to renew with a significant growth.The telecommunication market witnessed solid growth over the last decade.The market growth should be sustained in the future,notably thanks to the wide-scale deployment of 5G networks.3.1.4 EO Market Evolution As underlined in the EO and GNSS Market Report publ

74、ished by EUSPA(RD1),the use of EO data is progressively penetrating the various phases of the infrastructure life cycle and is expected to keep on increasing over the next decade.However,the EUSPA Market Report also mentions that behind the global increase of revenues,strong regional disparities exi

75、st.8 Several providers already use Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning as part as the solutions they offer(e.g.Overstory,Sobolt,Spacept,SpaceSense,SkyWatch,BlackSky,etc.)Page 12 3.2 Main User Communities The main user communities to be considered for the infrastructure segment are:Infrastructur

76、e owners and/or operators,referred to as“infrastructure managers”in the rest of the document.They can be public or private entities and include the managers of infrastructures such as buildings,factories,power plants,airports,dams,etc.,as well as managers of line infrastructure(e.g.railways,highways

77、,pipelines),utility managers and telecommunication operators(see note below);Construction and public works companies(including civil engineering companies).They correspond to the(generally private)companies contracted by infrastructure owners and/or operators to design and construct the above-mentio

78、ned infrastructures;Public authorities,including regulatory authorities,at local(e.g.municipalities),regional,national or European level.This includes authorities responsible for spatial planning and authorities entrusted with the verification that infrastructures comply with applicable legislation

79、and regulations;Financial institutions involved in the funding of infrastructures and therefore interested in the exposure to risk of the concerned infrastructures and in the progress of construction works;International development organisations(e.g.World Bank),when development projects involving th

80、e construction of large infrastructures such as dams or transport networks are at stake;Telecommunication operators,which are considered to be the end users when Timing&Synchronisation applications for telecommunication networks are at stake;Telecommunication network equipment providers,radio-spectr

81、um regulators and standardisation organisations9,also play a role in the definition of user requirements for applications related to telecommunication networks(see RD4).3.3 Main Market Players The value chains for GNSS-based applications and for EO-based applications are significantly different and

82、are therefore addressed separately in this document.The main difference originates from the fact that the entire GNSS-related value chain is based on the manufacturing,integration and use of tangible GNSS devices(e.g.receivers)while the EO-related value chain is based on the delivery of processed da

83、ta(e.g.maps,actionable information)and does not involve any“EO device”.3.3.1 GNSS Market Players As presented in the EO and GNSS EUSPA Market Report(see RD1),the main market players in the GNSS value chain are:Augmentation service providers;Component manufacturers;Receiver manufacturers;System integ

84、rators,design consultancies,and testing&maintenance actors;(End)Users.9 e.g.the European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI),the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector(ITU-T)and the ITU Radiocommunication Standardization Sector(ITU-R Page 13 Figure 2:GNSS-related Value Chain for Infra

85、structure(Note:A more detailed value-chain with a list of companies and organisations per type of actor is available in RD1)Augmentation service providers include the public organisations and private companies offering services aiming at improving the performance of GNSS(e.g.better accuracy,better r

86、eliability)through the provision of external information to be integrated into the PNT calculation process.This category includes providers of Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems(SBAS)and of Ground-Based Augmentation Systems(GBAS)(see RD3).In the Infrastructure market,this includes in particular th

87、e providers of precise positioning solutions,such as Fugro,Hemisphere,Hexagon,Topcon,Trimble.Component manufacturers correspond to the companies producing the GNSS chipsets.They are not specific to a market and generally sell their chipsets to receiver/device manufacturers who serve different market

88、s,including the infrastructure market.This category includes companies like Furuno,Novatel,U-Blox,ST-Microelectronics.Receiver manufacturers integrate the chipsets produced by the“component manufacturers”in the receivers/devices to be integrated in end-users equipment.Some of the above-mentioned“aug

89、mentation service providers”like Hexagon,Topcon or Trimble are also manufacturers of GNSS receivers.In the specific case of Timing&Synchronisation equipment(see RD4),it generally takes the form of rackmount equipment with specific interfaces supporting Time protocols such as PTP or NTP or synchronis

90、ation specific electrical or optical interfaces(e.g.IRIG B),which are often industry specific.However,there exist also Timing modules,particularly interesting for small cell synchronisation applications.Timing&Synchronisation equipment manufacturers include companies like Microsemi,Orolia/Spectracom

91、(recently acquired by Safran)Meinberg,OscilloQuartz,Calnex,Rakon or TimeLink microsystems.System integrators,Design Consultancy,Testing&Maintenance refers to the companies which perform the integration of the GNSS receivers/devices in the end-user equipment or platform or in telecommunication networ

92、ks in the case of Timing&Synchronisation equipment.These companies therefore include construction machines manufacturers such as AB Volvo,Caterpillar,John Deere or Komatsu,measuring equipment manufacturers such as Faro Technologies,machine control equipment manufacturers such as CHCNAV,Timing&Synchr

93、onisation solution providers such as Chronos Technology,and telecommunication network equipment providers such as Ericsson,Huawei,Nokia or Siemens.With the emergence of the Open Radio Access Network(O-RAN)architecture for 5G networks,5G is expected to run on“white box Hardware”such as powerful serve

94、rs supporting virtualisation technologies and embedding Open-Source software.The O-RAN is leading to the introduction of server manufacturers such as Dell and HP into the T&S system integrators list for 5G telecommunication networks in addition to data centres.End Users are the final users of the ap

95、plications and services offered by the various providers.They belong to the various user communities described in section 3.2.3.3.2 EO Market Players As far as the EO-related value chain is concerned,the main market players identified in the EO and GNSS EUSPA Market Report(RD1)are:(Computing)Infrast

96、ructure providers;Page 14 Data providers;Platform providers;EO Products and Service Providers;Information providers;(End)Users.Figure 3:EO-related Value Chain for Infrastructure(Note:A more detailed value-chain with a list of companies and organisations per type of actor is available in RD1)The firs

97、t block referred to as Infrastructure providers on the above figure corresponds to organisations offering cloud storage and computing capacities enabling their users to store and process EO data.This includes the US giants Amazon,Google and Microsoft.Data providers include all the satellite operator

98、s which deliver Earth Observation data to their users/customers.These providers include large companies such as Airbus and Maxar Technologies for instance,as well as many constellation operators from the New Space,such as Planet and Iceye.This category also includes institutional providers through p

99、ublic programmes such as Copernicus and its fleet of Sentinel satellites in Europe or Landsat in the US.Platform providers offer to their customers complete online solutions(data access,storage,processing tools,computing capacity,etc.)enabling them to obtain the product/data/information customised t

100、o their needs without having to invest in their own solution.The Copernicus Data and Information Access Services(DIAS)fall under this category.EO Products and Service Providers correspond to companies or organisations which have an historical background in remote sensing and Earth Observation,such a

101、s GAF,Geoville or Planetek to mention a few.They generally address several market segments and are not sector-oriented.In Europe,the Entrusted Entities delivering the Copernicus core services are also part of“EO Products and Service Providers”.Information providers correspond to companies whose back

102、ground is generally sector-specific rather than EO oriented.In most cases,they serve a more limited number of sectors.This includes companies like Dares or Sixsense.However,due to the evolutions of the companies portfolios,the frontier between“EO Products and Service Providers”and“Information Provid

103、ers”tends to be increasingly blurred.More generally,a trend towards vertical integration in the EO sector makes that an increasing number of companies cover the entire value chain,from the provision of satellite-based observation data to the delivery of value-added services to end-users.End users ar

104、e the final users of the applications and services offered by the various providers.They belong to the various user communities described in section 3.2.Page 15 4 POLICY,REGULATION AND STANDARDS 4.1 Policy and regulatory stakeholders There is no regulatory authority dedicated to infrastructures in g

105、eneral but in the European Union,the European Commission plays an increasingly important transversal role with respect to Critical Infrastructure protection(see following section).In the specific case of telecommunications,the Body of European Regulators of Electronic Communications(BEREC)is the reg

106、ulating agency of the telecommunication market in the European Union.Besides,each Member State has set up its own National Regulatory Authorities(NRA)in charge of regulating telecommunications.However,neither BEREC nor the NRAs are directly involved in the definition of the Timing&Synchronisation ar

107、chitecture.Finally,spectrum regulation agencies(ITU-R world agreement,national agencies for enforcement)and telecom network regulation agencies(CCITT/ITU-T,national agencies for enforcement)are also involved in particular through their participation in Standardisation forums(see RD4).4.2 Policy and

108、Regulation The Regulation(EU)2021/696 of 28 April 2021“establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme”(EUSPA)(RD5)is the main Space policy document for the European Union.Although the regulation highlights the role that Copernicus should play in supporti

109、ng the Unions capacity to achieve independent decision-making and actions in a certain number of fields,among which infrastructure monitoring,it does no impose any regulatory obligations with regard to the use of space-based systems for infrastructure management.Except for“critical infrastructures”,

110、there is in general no EU policy or regulatory document which directly addresses the infrastructure market.There are however a number of policy or regulatory documents which may have an indirect impact on the infrastructure market.An overview of these documents is provided in the Annex.4.3 Standards

111、 The standards relevant to infrastructure-related applications are addressed in the Annex.Page 16 5 USER REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS This chapter aims at providing a detailed analysis of user needs and requirements pertaining to Infrastructure-related applications introduced before,describing the differen

112、t roles and needs covered by GNSS and EO and,ultimately,identifying the corresponding requirements from a user perspective.Table 1 below depicts the main applications making use of GNSS and/or EO technologies for Infrastructure.The list of applications is non-exhaustive and is expected to potentiall

113、y grow and adapt according to the expected adoption of space technologies in the coming years and the innovations that should come with it.The current report being the first version of the infrastructure report on User Needs and Requirements relevant to EO in addition to GNSS,it is a living and evol

114、ving document that will periodically be updated and expanded by EUSPA in its next releases.While each one of the applications addressed in this document can benefit from GNSS and/or EO,the current issue of this report does not cover in detail the needs and requirements for all of these applications.

115、A categorisation was performed prioritising some applications based on their maturity level and relevance to the market trends and drivers.Other applications are foreseen to be covered in more detail in future versions of this RUR.The following applications categorisation reflects the depth of infor

116、mation available in section 5:Application Type A:these applications correspond to those for which an in-depth investigation is presented and for which needs and requirements relevant to GNSS and EO have been identified and validated with the infrastructure user community at the UCP.Application Type

117、B:these applications correspond to those not selected for in-depth investigation in the current version of the RUR,for which a partial specification of needs and requirements is provided,limited at this stage to the ones relevant to GNSS.Application Type C:these applications correspond to EO-based a

118、pplications,not selected for in-depth investigation in the current version of the document.A high-level description of the application is included considering that they will be further analysed and developed in next versions of the RURs.In the latest EO and GNSS Market Report published by EUSPA at t

119、he beginning of 2022,fifteen applications related to Infrastructures have been identified and clustered into four different groups(see page 117 of RD1):Infrastructure Planning;Infrastructure Construction and Monitoring;Environmental Impact Monitoring;Timing&Synchronisation of Telecommunication Netwo

120、rks.The table below maps the fifteen infrastructure-related applications to the three above-mentioned types.The following list of applications and their categorisation are expected to evolve in the next versions of the document.Page 17 Legend EO only application GNSS only application Hybrid/synerget

121、ic application(combined use of EO and GNSS)Table 1:Applications,definitions and categorisation Subsegment Application Types of Application/Level of Investigation Infrastructure Planning Infrastructure Site Selection and Planning A Permitting C Vulnerability Analysis C Infrastructure Construction and

122、 Monitoring Constructions Operations A Monitoring of impact of human activities on infrastructure C ODA Support Monitoring C Pipeline Monitoring B Post-Construction Operations A Environmental Impact Monitoring Environmental impact assessment of infrastructures A Timing&Synchronisation of Telecommuni

123、cation Networks Data Centre B Digital Cellular Network(DCN)B Professional Mobile Radio(PMR)B Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN)B Satellite Communication(SATCOM)B Small Cells B “Type A”applications(which correspond to those for which the user requirements are the most detailed in this document)a

124、re addressed in a first place in the following section.They are followed by“Type B”applications(for which only GNSS requirements are provided)and finally“Type C”applications(for which only definitions and general information on the EO contribution are provided).For each EO-based“Type A”application,d

125、ifferent operational scenarios are considered.For each operational scenario,the corresponding EO-related needs and requirements are summarised in a table which follows the template provided below.Page 18 Table 2:Description of needs and requirements relevant to EO Table10 ID Identifier.Application A

126、pplication covered.Users Common users of the product/service.User Needs Operational scenario Describes the operational scenario faced by the user,which requires a solution.Size of area of interest Describes the area of interest(e.g.typical size of the area in which construction works need to be moni

127、tored).Scale Describes the scale of interest(e.g.infrastructure operators are interested in monitoring ground deformation in the range of a few millimetres per year).Frequency of information How often the user requires the information.Other(if applicable)Other user needs such as contextual informati

128、on(weather data)or file formatting requirements.Service Provider Offer What the service does Description of the service that satisfies the users needs.How the service works(Technical)description of how the service works.Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution Spatial resolution

129、 of the satellite imagery/data required by the service provider to realise the service.Temporal resolution Frequency of satellite data(revisit time)over the area of interest.Data type/Spectral range Type of data(e.g.RGB,SAR)and spectral range(if relevant).Other(if applicable)Other data requirements.

130、Service Inputs Satellite data sources Type of required data and examples of operational satellites that can provide these data.Other data sources Other sources of data that the service provider uses to realise the service.Disclaimer:The EO-related requirements presented in the next section should be

131、 considered as“work-in-progress”.They must be seen as a first attempt to specify requirements relevant to EO and are likely to evolve throughout the UCP process in the coming years.5.1 Current GNSS/EO use and requirements per application Several terms used in this document refer to technologies,doma

132、in or activities which are relevant to several applications related to the monitoring/management of infrastructures.The corresponding definitions are provided in Annex A1.3.10 See key EO performance parameters(detailed)definition in Annex A1.2.Page 19 5.1.1 Infrastructure Site Selection and Planning

133、 Description Prior to the construction of any infrastructure,an important step is the selection of the most relevant site and the planning of construction operations before they start.Site selection aims at comparing the merits of potential locations and how they fit to the needs of the infrastructu

134、re project.The selection criteria are depending on the infrastructure itself but a set of site characteristics to be assessed which is common to the various types of infrastructures can be defined,which include site topography,geology,land cover/land use on the site and its vicinity,terrain stabilit

135、y,exposure to risks and exposure to climate change impacts.Overview of user needs During this phase,the main needs from the user perspective with regard to the above-mentioned site characteristics are the following ones:Topography:determine the elevation and slope of the site to assess if it is well

136、-adapted to the type of infrastructure to be built;Geology:analyse soil characteristics(e.g.density,depth of bedrock)to identify possible complications and design plans to remediate these complications(RD30);Land cover/land use:be informed about the natural and manmade characteristics of the site la

137、nd cover and land use characteristics of the potential site and of its surroundings(e.g.presence of built areas,agricultural lands,natural areas,rivers,roads,railways,etc.);Terrain stability:be informed about the extent to which the potential site is subject to ground deformation and if so,be inform

138、ed about the associated subsidence risk;Exposure to risks:be informed about the natural risks the potential site is exposed to(e.g.exposure to floods,to wildfires,etc.);Exposure to climate change impacts:be informed about the long-term impacts of climate change the potential site will be exposed to(

139、e.g.higher risk of exposure to droughts).The planning phase mainly consists in construction surveying activities,which as mentioned in the previous Reports on User Needs and Requirements on surveying(RD3)involve the staking out11 of reference points and markers that will guide the execution of the c

140、onstruction project.These activities include establishing basic lines,grade control and principal points,positioning for corners,delineating the working areas,determining ground profiles and the placement of utilities,and preparing large-scale topographic maps for drainage and site design.The establ

141、ishment of the coordinate framework for a construction site involves both high-order control surveys and low-order control surveys.During this phase,users need to perform the construction surveying activities with a sufficient level of accuracy to guarantee that construction operations benefit from

142、a high-quality reference framework.In the specific case of telecommunication network deployment(e.g.establishment of new 5G telecommunication networks)several aspects have to be considered during the site selection and planning phase.Firstly,as for any other type of infrastructure,parameters such as

143、 topography,terrain stability or exposure to risks have to be taken into account for the selection of the sites where the network components will be deployed.This assessment is done in order for the planned network to be designed in a robust and 11 Staking also serves as a base for verification of l

144、ocation and quantities of completed work(see RD3).Page 20 reliable way,and deployed in a cost-effective manner.The projected build cost of individual network components can be assessed in part by analysing the parameters linked to the planned sites for these components,such as the nature of the sele

145、cted ground and the accessibility of the site,which represent real cost drivers for the implantation of 5G antennas for instance.Moreover,the reliability of a site can depend on a variety of natural and human-related factors(floods and other natural disasters,subsidence induced by human activities,)

146、which are essential to be analysed in order to mitigate the risks these infrastructures can be exposed to.As far as the planning/design of the telecommunication network is concerned,additional assessments need to be performed.Indeed,covering very large areas in the magnitude of countries or continen

147、ts,these networks need to be optimised to offer the best performances at a reasonable cost.They thus need to be designed based on the constraints of their environment.While the architectures of these networks depend on intrinsic factors such as the technology under use(frequencies,antennas size,),pa

148、rameters relative to the sites itself have to be taken into account.In the case of the 5G network(for which the target is to have an uninterrupted 5G wireless broadband coverage for all urban areas and major roads and railways by 2025 and a full coverage by 2030,see RD40),data such as the nature of

149、the propagation environment(e.g.,rural,urban,dense urban,etc.),the topography of the site(e.g.,open,forest,sea,etc.)and the atmospheric conditions on the site(e.g.,rainfall,fog,and clouds,etc.)are key to design the propagation model of the network and thus define the positions of the different compo

150、nents of this network(cell tower,small cells,).GNSS contribution and related requirements In this general context,GNSS contributes to both the selection and planning phases whereas Earth Observation mainly contributes to the site selection phase.As far as the use of GNSS is concerned,GNSS-RTK(Real-T

151、ime Kinematic)solutions are the preferred solution for several construction activities including topographic measurements and construction surveying(see RD3)as they allow for significant cost savings thanks to faster survey times,reduced field expenses in setting out marks and reduced labour cost(of

152、ten even only one field surveyor suffices for most operations),whilst enabling horizontal accuracy12 of 1-2 cm and vertical accuracy of 2-5 cm.One can note that Post Processing Kinematic(PPK)solutions can be used to reach a sub-centimetre accuracy.However,long-static observations are required to rea

153、ch such sub-centimetre accuracy.The PPP-RTK has been developed and combines both RTK and Precise Point Positioning(PPP)technologies.PPP-RTK aims at providing the PPP centimetre accuracy while reducing the PPP convergence time.Indeed,PPP-RTK enables the achievement of a centimetre accuracy within a f

154、ew seconds(while several minutes are required with PPP only).As the technology is still relatively new,it has not yet been widely adopted by signal augmentation service providers,leading to a less competitively priced market.This market situation is exacerbated by the current lack of standardised da

155、ta formats,highlighting the early development stage of the technology(see RD34).The latest EO and GNSS EUSPA Market Report(RD1)also mentions that through geomatics applications like mapping and GIS,photogrammetry,laser scanning and remote sensing,GNSS can provide adequate methods for the development

156、 of detailed specialised maps or for the establishment of GIS database with accurate positions of all infrastructure site features.12 When less than 1cm horizontal accuracy is necessary,other complementary techniques are synergistically engaged(e.g.sensors,traditional methods,drones).Page 21 In addi

157、tion to high-accuracy GNSS devices(smart antennas or integrated mapping/GIS devices),GNSS chipsets can feed high-accuracy positioning data into LiDAR and imaging devices(drone or land-based),and augmented reality technologies for an a priori in-situ visualisation of the future infrastructure.The mai

158、n GNSS-related user requirements are(see RD15,RD16,RD17,RD18,RD19,RD20,RD21):Accuracy o Horizontal:mm-to cm-level depending on construction application;o Vertical:mm-to cm-level depending on construction application;Availability o Availability in urban canyons,under canopy:-Better than 95%:mostly me

159、dium;high required by setting-out/staking,alignment;-Better than 99%:mostly medium;high required by setting-out/staking,alignment;Robustness o Mostly low;medium required by setting-out/staking,alignment;Integrity and reliability o Mostly low;high required by setting-out/staking,alignment;Fixing and

160、convergence time o TTFaF:typically a few minutes;a few seconds required by setting-out/staking,alignment;Coverage service area o Mostly regional;GNSS contribution to the PNT solution o Typically high,with the exception of setting-out/staking,alignment and high-order control survey;Page 22 Table 3:Ma

161、in GNSS requirements for site selection,planning and construction operations (Note:the above table,which is extracted from RD3,also addresses the requirements related to machine control,vehicle tracking and asset management,which are dealt with in the next section).The most demanding requirements in

162、 terms of accuracy are those for high-order control surveys,which require mm-level accuracy.RD3 indicates that this is achieved through several redundant observations deploying dual frequency static(for lines of less than 100 km)methods.High-order(and low-order)control surveys follow a number of bes

163、t practices to achieve the required accuracy levels.These are related to the number of independent sessions performed,the number of control points established,the configuration of the antennas,the duration of the sessions,etc.A detailed account is provided in RD15(see p.51).Page 23 EO contribution a

164、nd related requirements As far as EO is concerned,it can provide relevant information in the various aspects users are interested in when site selection is at stake:Topography:Earth Observation supports the establishment of Digital Elevation Models(DEMs)representing the topography of the Earth surfa

165、ce;Geology:Satellite-based hyperspectral imagery provides a unique combination of both spatially and spectrally contiguous images that allow precise identification of minerals(RD31RD32RD33);Land cover/land use:the exploitation of optical and SAR imagery enables land cover/land use classification thu

166、s supporting the characterisation of any location in terms of ground surface cover(e.g.bare soil,vegetation,built assets,etc.)and of the purpose the land serves(e.g.agriculture,wildlife,transport,etc.);Terrain stability:satellite-based SAR interferometry can detect ground subsidence of a few millime

167、tres per year.Thanks to the availability of historical data,trends over large periods can be identified;Exposure to risks:the availability of historical data on natural disasters such as floods or wildfires,gathered through Earth Observation supports the assessment of the natural risk level any loca

168、tion is exposed to;Exposure to climate change impacts:Earth Observation supports the establishment of long-term climate projections informing on the changes in average values and patterns of a number of parameters likely to affect the viability of infrastructures(e.g.temperature,precipitations,wind,

169、etc.).For the gathering of EO-related requirements,several operational scenarios have been considered.They are described in the table below.Table 4:Operational scenarios for“Infrastructure Site Selection and Planning”Operational Scenario Description Site characterisation(Land cover/land use,topograp

170、hy,geological evaluation.)Determination of the various characteristics of the site and its surroundings(e.g.land cover/land use characteristics,topography,geology,obstacles)to assess whether the site is well-adapted to the construction and operation of the future infrastructure(or to the extension/i

171、mprovement of an existing infrastructure).Risk assessment wrt.ground deformation Evaluate the ground stability of the site and the surrounding area in order to assess the subsidence risk the infrastructure will be exposed to during its lifecycle if the site is selected for construction.Risk assessme

172、nt wrt.natural hazards(e.g.floods,droughts)Evaluate the level of risk related to natural hazards(e.g.floods,wildfires,earthquakes)the future infrastructure will be exposed to during its lifecycle if the site is selected for construction.Risk assessment wrt.climate change Evaluate the level of long-t

173、erm risk related to climate change(e.g.droughts,sea level rise)the future infrastructure will be exposed to during its lifecycle if the site is selected for construction.The requirements related to the size of the area of interest and to the update frequency of information are similar for the variou

174、s aspects addressed under“Site selection and planning”.As far as the size of the area of interest is concerned,it generally varies from a few km2 for localised infrastructures up to a thousand of km2 for line infrastructures.Information to characterise the site and perform risk assessment Page 24 is

175、 needed once(no need for updates)but in the specific case of risk assessment,historical data are also needed in order to determine trends.Note:For the purpose of specifying user requirements,a distinction has been made between“localised”,“line”and“extended”infrastructures in the tables below.“Locali

176、sed”infrastructures correspond to infrastructures situated on a relatively small area.They correspond to buildings,bridges,factories,etc.“Extended”infrastructures correspond to infrastructures such as airports or ports which can spread over areas representing several km2.“Line”infrastructures are ch

177、aracterised by a large length and a relatively small width(e.g.highways,railways).Concerning the characteristics of the data needed by service providers to deliver services and products to end-users,they are depending on the“operational scenarios”to be addressed.These operational scenarios cover the

178、 various aspects mentioned above:determination of the site characteristics,terrain stability risk assessment,natural risk assessment and climate change risk assessment.Page 25 Table 5:EO Requirements for“Infrastructure Site Selection and Planning”(site characterisation)ID TBC Application Infrastruct

179、ure Site Selection and Planning Users(Future)Infrastructure owners and/or operators,Construction and public works companies.User Needs Operational scenario Site characterisation(Land cover/land use,topography,geological evaluation.)-Determination of the various characteristics of the site and its su

180、rroundings(e.g.land cover/land use characteristics,topography,geology,obstacles)to assess whether the site is well-adapted to the construction and operation of the future infrastructure(or to the extension/improvement of an existing infrastructure).Size of area of interest From a few km(localised in

181、frastructure)up to 1000 km(line infrastructure).Scale Not applicable Frequency of information One-off Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Generate assessment reports and/or thematic and baseline maps for the site to be characterised and its surroundings.No

182、te:Maps are usually generated with a large scale to capture all details of the current situation.When relevant,they can show outcomes of analysis(e.g.buffered area for certain types of infrastructures that need some specific distance,horizon angle with surrounding obstacle as in the case of communic

183、ation infrastructures.).How the service works Automated extraction of e.g.land cover features from satellite imagery and production of various types of maps or reports(land cover/land use,topography).Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From a few dozens of cm(e.g.to map tra

184、nsport/water networks,existing infrastructures)up to 10 m for LC/LU mapping.Temporal resolution Typically a few months Data type/Spectral range Optical visible,Near Infrared(NIR),Short-Wave Infrared(SWIR),Hyperspectral imagery13,SAR.Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Inputs Satellite data so

185、urces Very High(VHR)and High(HR)resolution Optical satellites,Hyperspectral satellites,SAR satellites.Other data sources In-situ data,DEM/DSM/DTM(established through aerial means)In the specific case of 5G telecommunication networks,spatial resolution requirements for the geospatial data used for ne

186、twork planning purposes have been gathered in the context of a EUSPA-founded project14.These requirements are depending on several parameters:The frequency band used by the network,from low band(700 MHz)to ultra-high band(26 GHz;13 Which is especially relevant for the geological evaluations of sites

187、 14 Project Digital ecosystem deep dive-EU Space for 5G/6G infrastructure Page 26 The type of area in which the network is deployed(i.e.rural/urban/dense urban);The type of geospatial data(e.g.DTM/DSM,Clutter,3D building models).These requirements are summarised in the table below.Table 6:Spatial re

188、solution requirements for geospatial data used for 5G network planning purposes Spectrum Low to C-Band mm-wave Minimal requirements Rural Urban Dense urban Rural Urban Dense urban DTM/DSM 10 m 5 m 2 m N/A 1-2 m 1 m Clutter 10 m 5 m 2 m N/A 1-2 m 1 m Clutter with heights 10 m;average height per class

189、 2 m;average height per class N/A N/A 0.5 m N/A 3D Building models(vegetation)N/A N/A Accuracy 0.2 0.5 m(no vegetation)N/A N/A Accuracy 0.1 0.4 m Page 27 Table 7:EO Requirements for“Infrastructure Site Selection and Planning”(ground deformation risk)ID TBC Application Infrastructure Site Selection a

190、nd Planning Users(Future)Infrastructure owners and/or operators,Construction and public works companies.User Needs Operational scenario Risk assessment wrt.ground deformation Evaluate the ground stability of the site and the surrounding area in order to assess the subsidence risk the infrastructure

191、will be exposed to during its lifecycle.Size of area of interest From a few km(localised infrastructure)up to 1000 km(line-infrastructure).Scale Ability to detect ground movements of a few mm per year Frequency of information One-off Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the

192、 service does Provide information on ground deformation gradients(displacement vectors,area impacted)for the site to be characterised and its surroundings.The risk assessment can take different forms depending on what users need(e.g.map,reports).How the service works Generation of displacement measu

193、rements using differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar(e.g.DinSAR,PS-inSAR)techniques.Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From a few meters up to 10 m Temporal resolution From weekly to monthly Data type/Spectral range Synthetic-Aperture Radar(SAR)Other(if appli

194、cable)Availability of historical data over several years(min.2 years)is required to assess trends relative to ground deformation.Service Inputs Satellite data sources SAR satellites(C,L,X frequency bands)Other data sources Pre-existing terrain models,geological maps.Page 28 Table 8:EO Requirements f

195、or“Infrastructure Site Selection and Planning”(natural hazards risk)ID TBC Application Infrastructure Site Selection and Planning Users(Future)Infrastructure owners and/or operators,Construction and public works companies.User Needs Operational scenario Risk assessment wrt.natural hazards(e.g.floods

196、,droughts)Evaluate the level of risk related to natural hazards(e.g.floods,wildfires,earthquakes)the future infrastructure will be exposed to if the site is selected for construction.Size of area of interest From a few km(localised infrastructure)up to 1000 km(line-infrastructure).Scale Not applicab

197、le Frequency of information One-off Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Provide risk assessment maps(including probability,intensity and location)or reports for each type of risk for the site to be characterised and its surroundings.How the service works C

198、alculation of a risk score/index based on information from the territory(rains,humidity,),digital terrain models and historical data.Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From 10 m up to 100 m Temporal resolution Monthly in general Data type/Spectral range Optical/SAR,Thermal

199、 Infrared Other(if applicable)Historical data on similar events help to better understand potential risks(even over centuries for some risks like floods or earthquakes).Service Inputs Satellite data sources HR/LR optical/SAR satellites,Thermal IR satellites.Other data sources DTM(Digital Terrain Mod

200、els),historical risk events over the last centuries,climate models.Page 29 Table 9:EO Requirements for“Infrastructure Site Selection and Planning”(climate risk)ID TBC Application Infrastructure Site Selection and Planning Users(Future)Infrastructure owners and/or operators,Construction and public wo

201、rks companies.User Needs Operational scenario Risk assessment wrt.climate change Evaluate the level of long-term risk related to climate change(e.g.droughts,sea level rise)the future infrastructure will be exposed to if the site is selected for construction.Size of area of interest From 10 km(locali

202、sed infrastructure)up to 1000 km(line-infrastructure).Scale Not applicable Frequency of information One-off Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Provide a climate risk assessment report characterising the level of climate risk for the site to be characteris

203、ed and its surrounding.How the service works Calculation of a climate change risk score/index using long-term modelling of climate evolution.Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From 100 m up to 1 km Temporal resolution Yearly in general Data type/Spectral range Optical,Ther

204、mal Infrared(TIR)and SAR Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Inputs Satellite data sources Low resolution TIR satellites.Optical satellites(Medium/Low optical).SAR satellites.Other data sources Historical information(e.g.on average temperature)over 50-100 years.Meteorological and climate mode

205、ls Page 30 5.1.2 Constructions Operations Description Construction operations cover the activities carried out between the end of the“site selection and planning”phase and the time at which the infrastructure enters into its operational phase.They include activities such as earth-moving,excavation,c

206、oncrete work,installation work,etc.Depending on the type of infrastructure,they may also include activities such as tunnelling and boring.In this document,“Construction operations”involve two main types of applications:the monitoring of construction progress and machine control.Overview of user need

207、s The monitoring of construction progress aims at verifying that construction operations are progressing in line with the foreseen schedule and with design plans.Users need to identify delays and deviations as soon as possible in the process while minimising inspection costs.Machine control refers(s

208、ee RD3)to the control and/or guidance of vehicles on construction sites,which mainly entails earth-moving machines(i.e.dozers,graders,excavators,diggers).Main user expectations are to increase productivity by optimising machine operations.GNSS contribution and related requirements Concerning the use

209、 of GNSS,in addition of being widely used in construction surveying(see RD3),GNSS-RTK is increasingly driving the rapid growth of machine control solutions in the construction sector.The EO and GNSS Market Report published by EUSPA(see RD1)underlines that GNSS is an ultimate supplier of positioning

210、and orientation data for heavy machinery,which can be used for either semi-automatic operations(i.e.GNSS serves as a guide to the operator)or fully automatic operations(i.e.GNSS data is directly fused into the machine hydraulic control).Thanks to the use of RTK corrections(see RD3),machine operation

211、s can be undertaken at centimetre-level accuracy and optimised(e.g.optimisation of the number of passes needed to achieve grade specifications while reducing costs through a reduction of labour,wear and tear and fuel consumption).As mentioned in RD3,two different modes exist for GNSS-enabled machine

212、 control:An“indicate”mode,which provides visual signs to help the operator in cutting or filling according to the design for the earth-moving task;An“automatic”mode,which involves controlling the machine hydraulics to ensure for instance for graders that the blade is always“on grade”.In the latter c

213、ase,accuracy requirements are more stringent and can typically be achieved with an on-site base station.The more advanced systems use two receivers mounted on the machine to allow for its control in a three-dimensional digital design.For example,for dozers or graders,the first GNSS antenna is instal

214、led on the blade interposing vibration damping systems while the second antenna(also on the blade)or slope sensor is used to compute cross slope and orientation of the blade.Other devices such as MEMS and inertial sensors are used to improve the productivity of the system and assist in case of poor

215、satellite visibility.Apart from boosting the efficiency of machine operators who can control in real-time the execution of the project on their on-board display,GNSS-enabled telematics solutions enable more efficient construction management.Thus,by accessing different sets of 3D machine control data

216、 coming from the various vehicles on the site,construction managers can better monitor,supervise and coordinate the construction works,identifying bottlenecks,optimising machine utilisation and,eventually,saving costs.Thus,with Page 31 the increasing spread of GNSS-based machine control systems and

217、the improved integration and visualisation of design and telemetry data the output of construction works is maximised.In addition to the above-mentioned usages,the horizontal accuracy of 1-2 cm and vertical accuracy of 2-5 cm offered by RTK network solutions enable to other applications such as the

218、determining the elevation during the installation of utilities(pipelines,cables,power lines,etc.)or comparing the“as-built”against the designs.GNSS can also feed with high-accuracy positioning data of all relevant construction assets in the models used in the context of Building Information Modellin

219、g(BIM).The main GNSS user requirements are(see Table 3 for more details)(see RD15,RD16,RD17,RD18,RD19,RD20,RD21):Accuracy o Horizontal:cm-to m-level depending on construction application o Vertical:mm-to m-level depending on construction application Availability o Availability in urban canyons,under

220、 canopy:-Better than 95%:mostly high;medium required by asset positioning;-Better than 99%:mostly medium;high required by trajectory,machine control;Robustness o Mostly low;medium required by trajectory,machine control;Integrity and reliability o Mostly low;high required by trajectory,machine contro

221、l;Fixing and convergence time o TTFaF:a few seconds;a few minutes for asset positioning;Coverage service area o Regional/Local;GNSS contribution to the PNT solution o High for vehicle tracking and asset management,low for trajectory,machine control.On top of quantitative requirements,the Report on S

222、urveying User Needs and Requirements(see RD3)identifies important requirements which also apply to construction surveying:Interoperability and software flexibility:In most land surveying operations,GNSS is used together with other technologies(e.g.total stations)and thus interoperability and integra

223、tion-ability of the GNSS equipment with other technologies is considered critical.In that respect,most manufacturers of GNSS-enabled devices actually advertise these features.Integrated solutions are sought,so that surveyors can use the most appropriate tool(e.g.GNSS,total station)for certain operat

224、ions(e.g.topographic surveys and stakeout especially in large construction sites),under the given operating environment conditions,without having to switch between field software applications.Real-time and post-processed capability:Given that different techniques are best suited for different survey

225、ing operations(i.e.static for control,dynamic for detail and asset data capturing),surveyors seek solutions that can support both real-time and post-processed surveying.EO contribution and related requirements For the gathering of EO-related requirements,several operational scenarios have been consi

226、dered.They are described in the table below.Page 32 Table 10:Operational scenarios for“Construction Operations”Operational Scenario Description Construction progress monitoring(alignment with schedule)Monitor the progress of construction activities to verify that construction progresses according to

227、 the original planning and detect deviations from schedule if any.Construction conformity monitoring(alignment with plans)Monitor construction activities to verify that construction is consistent with design plans.Construction stability monitoring Monitor ground stability of the construction area du

228、ring the construction phase in order to detect if some specific precautions(e.g.stabilisation works)must be taken.Concerning the use of Earth Observation in construction operations,a main use is the monitoring of construction progress,for which satellite imagery is increasingly exploited.Monitoring

229、a construction project generally requires either to rely on second-hand information(e.g.report from subcontractors)or to perform regular on-site inspections to have a true picture of the site.Such inspections generate significant costs,particularly when the construction site is located in a distant

230、or remote area.They are also a source of accidents since construction sites are intrinsically dangerous places.The use of satellite imagery enables the remote monitoring of the progress achieved on a construction site,wherever this site is located on the globe,while reducing inspection costs and inc

231、reasing workers safety.Indeed,the comparison of successive images of a same location enables the detection of surface changes,and therefore the tracking of construction operations.Moreover,the high revisit frequency offered by current satellite constellations makes possible to perform progress monit

232、oring in near-real-time,and the availability of historical imagery enables to keep records of the progress achieved between different dates.When the spatial resolution is high enough,satellite imagery can also support the verification of the conformity of built assets to the plans(e.g.number,size an

233、d nature of built assets).In addition to progress/conformity monitoring,thanks to its capacity to detect ground movement,Earth Observation enables the identification of areas where construction work needs to take specific precautions such as stabilisation interventions.In such cases,additional very

234、precise measurements can be made using“corner reflectors”15 installed on purpose to verify the effectiveness of stabilisation interventions(RD12).The characteristics of the data needed by service providers to deliver services and products to end-users are described in the tables hereafter.15 Corner

235、Reflectors are artificial reflectors which are installed at specific locations on site to reflect the radar signal back to the satellite.They are installed where there is a lack of natural reflectors(e.g.vegetated areas)or where very accurate measurements are required.Page 33 Table 11:EO Requirement

236、s for“Construction Operations”(construction progress monitoring)ID TBC.Application Construction operations Users Infrastructure owners and/or operators,Construction and public works companies,Financial institutions financing the construction(including international organisations in case of ODA proje

237、cts).User Needs Operational scenario Construction progress monitoring(alignment with schedule)Monitor the progress of construction activities to verify that construction progresses according to the original planning and detect deviations from schedule if any.Size of area of interest 1 km for localis

238、ed infrastructures 1 km-width corridor along line infrastructures Up to 15 km for extended infrastructures Scale Not applicable Frequency of information From weekly to quarterly Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Provide reports on the construction progre

239、ss achieved between two different moments in time and assess its compliance to the planning(when the planning is available to the provider).How the service works Automated or semi-automated detection of newly built assets based on algorithms comparing successive images of the construction area.Servi

240、ce Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From a few dozens of cm up to 5 m Temporal resolution From daily to monthly Data type/Spectral range Optical Visible and NIR,SAR.Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Inputs Satellite data sources VHR/HR Optical satellites and SAR satelli

241、tes.Other data sources UAV Page 34 Table 12:EO Requirements for“Construction Operations”(construction conformity monitoring)ID TBC.Application Construction operations Users Infrastructure owners and/or operators,Construction and public works companies,financial institutions financing the constructio

242、n(including international organisations in case of ODA projects).User Needs Operational scenario Construction conformity monitoring(alignment with plans)Monitor construction activities to verify that construction is consistent with design plans.Size of area of interest 1 km for localised infrastruct

243、ures 1 km-width corridor along line infrastructures Up to 15 km for extended infrastructures Scale Not applicable Frequency of information From one-off(final control)to monthly(regular monitoring)Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Provide report on the co

244、nformity to the design plans.How the service works Automated or semi-automated comparison of built assets(e.g.footprint and elevation)to a reference plan of the construction project.Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From a few dozens of cm up to 1 m Temporal resolution Fr

245、om weekly to monthly Data type/Spectral range Optical(visible)(Alternatively SAR when cloud coverage is an issue)Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Inputs Satellite data sources VHR/HR Optical satellites Other data sources UAV Page 35 Table 13:EO Requirements for“Construction Operations”(con

246、struction stability monitoring)ID TBC Application Construction operations Users Construction and public works companies.User Needs Operational scenario Construction stability monitoring Monitor ground stability of the construction area during the construction phase in order to detect if some specifi

247、c precautions(e.g.stabilisation works)must be taken.Size of area of interest Depends on each type of construction works Scale To be defined Frequency of information From weekly to monthly Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Provide subsidence monitoring du

248、ring the construction and alert on the existence of zones at risk in the construction area.How the service works Generation of displacement measurements using differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar(DinSAR)and Persistent scatterer interferometry SAR(PS-inSAR)techniques.Comparison with m

249、aximum expected displacements and identification of unexpected behaviours.Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From a few meters up to 10 m in most cases Temporal resolution From daily to weekly Data type/Spectral range SAR Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Inputs S

250、atellite data sources SAR satellites(C,X bands)Other data sources Not applicable Page 36 5.1.3 Post-Construction Operations Description Built infrastructures can suffer from natural phenomena(e.g.ground deformation,vegetation encroachment,extreme weather events,natural hazard)or anthropogenic activi

251、ties(e.g.construction works in the vicinity of existing infrastructures).In this document,post-construction operations refer to the monitoring of the state(mainly the structural health)of existing infrastructures once their construction is completed.Overview of user needs Users need to ensure the pr

252、otection of their infrastructures,to optimise maintenance operations and possibly to extend the infrastructure lifecycle within safety margin.To achieve this,they need to monitor aging damages,to improve maintenance effectiveness in terms of planning and cost reduction,reduce risks notably from more

253、 frequent extreme weather events and predict possible failures(RD11RD22RD23).GNSS contribution and related requirements Concerning GNSS,the stability of built infrastructure can be monitored via high-precision GNSS methods,e.g.by post-processing of static relative GNSS observations at field control

254、points(established directly into or in the vicinity of the object)with station data from local or global CORS networks.In addition,GNSS data may be utilised to feed various smart sensors,mounted into the infrastructure body for real-time stability monitoring(see RD1).EO contribution and related requ

255、irements As far as Earth Observation is concerned,it is considered very cost-effective for monitoring infrastructure on a large scale and with high frequency(RD12).For the gathering of EO-related requirements,several operational scenarios have been considered.They are described in the table below.Ta

256、ble 14:Operational scenarios for“Post-Construction Operations”Operational Scenario Description Ground deformation monitoring(to assess risk on structural health)Monitor ground stability of the infrastructure location and of its surrounding to detect slow ground subsidence(30mm per year)likely to cau

257、se structural damages to the infrastructure.Vegetation encroachment monitoring Detect areas with vegetation encroachment on the infrastructure,or with a risk for vegetation encroachment(e.g.due to vegetation growth),for maintenance scheduling purposes.Land cover/land use change monitoring(in the sur

258、roundings)Monitor changes of Land cover/Land use in the vicinity of the infrastructure likely to put at risk the safety/efficiency of operations or requiring specific inspection or maintenance operations.The satellite-based SAR interferometry solutions mentioned in section 0 which enable the detecti

259、on of mm-level ground movements can also be used for the monitoring of infrastructure stability.These solutions support the identification of recent ground movements as well as the identification of trends Page 37 over long periods thanks to the analysis of existing satellite data archives16.The ana

260、lysis of optical imagery also enables to identify areas where a risk of vegetation encroachment exists17.The use of optical and SAR imagery supports the detection of land cover/land use changes(e.g.new constructions)in the vicinity of existing infrastructures.The characteristics of the data needed b

261、y service providers to deliver services and products to end-users are described in the tables hereafter.16 According to RD12 detailed and historical ground motion information is difficult(or even impossible)to obtain without satellite data archives.17 This mainly concerns line infrastructures Page 3

262、8 Table 15:EO Requirements for“Post-Construction Operations”(ground deformation monitoring)ID TBC Application Post-Construction operations Users Infrastructure owners and/or operators User Needs Operational scenario Ground deformation monitoring(to assess risk on structural health)Monitor ground sta

263、bility of the infrastructure location and of its surrounding to detect slow ground subsidence(30 mm per year)likely to cause structural damages to the infrastructure.Size of area of interest Local scale(1-2 km)for localised infrastructures From local to national scale(Extent of line infrastructure,f

264、rom 10 to 1000+km)Extent in the range of 5-10 km for extended infrastructures Scale Ability to detect ground movements of a few mm per year Frequency of information 6-monthly to yearly Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Provide continuous monitoring after

265、 construction to inform on potential ground deformation larger than expected.How the service works Automatic data processing of ground motion data and ancillary data to assess the level of risk over each infrastructure.Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From 1 m up to 20 m

266、 for localised or line infrastructures From 5 m up to 20 m for extended infrastructures Temporal resolution Monthly in general Data type/Spectral range SAR Other(if applicable)Availability of historical data since the end of the construction is required to assess ground deformation.Service Inputs Sa

267、tellite data sources SAR satellites(C,L,X bands)Other data sources Not applicable Page 39 Table 16:EO Requirements for“Post-Construction Operations”(vegetation encroachment monitoring)ID TBC Application Post-Construction operations Users Infrastructure owners and/or operators User Needs Operational

268、scenario Vegetation encroachment monitoring Detect areas with vegetation encroachment on the infrastructure,or with a risk for vegetation encroachment(e.g.due to vegetation growth),for maintenance scheduling purposes.Size of area of interest Buffer area of up to 50 m width each side of the line infr

269、astructure.Scale Not applicable Frequency of information Every 3-6 months Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Identify zones in the buffer area where changes in vegetation constitute a threat to the safety and/or efficiency of the infrastructure.How the se

270、rvice works Automatic processing of optical satellite imagery to derive vegetation geo-analytics.Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From a few dozens of cm up to 20 m Temporal resolution From quarterly to 6-monthly Data type/Spectral range Optical Visible,NIR Other(if appl

271、icable)Not applicable Service Inputs Satellite data sources VHR/HR Optical satellites Other data sources Not applicable Page 40 Table 17:EO Requirements for“Post-Construction Operations”(land cover/use change monitoring)ID TBC Application Post-Construction operations Users Infrastructure owners and/

272、or operators User Needs Operational scenario Land cover/land use change monitoring(in the surroundings)Monitor changes of Land cover/Land use in the vicinity of the infrastructure likely to put at risk the safety/efficiency of operations or requiring specific inspection or maintenance operations.Siz

273、e of area of interest Local scale(1-2km)for localised infrastructures Buffer area of up to a few hundreds m width each side of the line-infrastructure 5-10 km for extended infrastructures Scale Not applicable Frequency of information 6-monthly to yearly Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Pro

274、vider Offer What the service does Highlight where natural or human induced changes can be a threat to the safety and/or efficiency of the infrastructure.How the service works Automatic processing of radar and optical satellite imagery to derive the land cover/land use classes.Service Provider Satell

275、ite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From 1 m up to 20 m Temporal resolution Monthly in general Data type/Spectral range Optical/NIR/SAR Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Inputs Satellite data sources VHR/HR optical satellites,SAR satellites Other data sources Not applicable Page 41 5.1.4

276、 Environmental impact assessment of infrastructures Description Environmental impact assessment(EIA)of infrastructures consists in assessing and characterising the impacts caused by infrastructures on their environments,either during or after the construction phase of these infrastructures.Most proj

277、ects even require that an environmental impact assessment is performed before the construction starts(see RD29).Overview of user needs Environmental impacts can be very diverse,ranging from ground deformation,air and water pollution and impact on the environmental dynamics and ecosystems.EIA are oft

278、en performed to follow legal obligations.Indeed,depending on local/regional/national,infrastructures owners and operators or construction companies may have to justify that their infrastructures do not have any impact on the environment,or that these ones are understood and mitigated.In addition,pub

279、lic administration may have to assess the impact of infrastructures on the environment for controlling purposes.EO contribution and related requirements Earth Observation can support the analysis of the impact of existing infrastructures on the environment and ecosystem in their surroundings,includi

280、ng during the construction phase.Indeed,thanks to its ability to provide an assessment not only of the site but also of its surroundings,it enables to better understand the interactions between complex ecosystems.Relevant EO-based products and services include pollution monitoring(air,water,soil),ve

281、getation and biodiversity monitoring,etc.For instance,multispectral and hyperspectral data support the detection of subtle stress invisible to the human eye in vegetation and water bodies.Moreover,the existence of satellite data archives(up to a few decades sometimes)enables to understand if changes

282、 are caused by the presence of infrastructure of if they had already started before the infrastructure exists(RD1RD29).Another example of use is satellite-based SAR interferometry which can detect ground subsidence of a few millimetres per year and can therefore be used to assess if construction ope

283、rations cause ground movements in their surroundings18.For the gathering of EO-related requirements,several operational scenarios have been considered.They are described in the table hereafter.Table 18:Operational scenarios for“Environmental impact assessment of infrastructures”Operational Scenario

284、Description Ground motion monitoring(caused by works during the construction phase,e.g.in case of tunnel digging)Monitor the area surrounding the infrastructure to detect if construction works induce ground instability likely to cause structural damages to neighbouring infrastructures.Air and water

285、pollution assessment Monitor the presence of pollution(air pollution/water pollution)in the vicinity of the infrastructure and assess whether pollution is caused by the infrastructure.Biodiversity loss assessment Monitor whether the presence of the infrastructure induces biodiversity loss in the vic

286、inity of the infrastructure.The characteristics of the data needed by service providers to deliver services and products to end-users are described in the tables hereafter.18 For example,monitoring of stability of urban infrastructure in the context of tunnelling projects has been successfully demon

287、strated(RD11).Page 42 Table 19:EO Requirements for“Environmental impact assessment of infrastructures”(ground motion monitoring)ID TBC Application Environmental impact assessment of infrastructures Users Infrastructure owners and/or operators,Construction and public works companies,Public authoritie

288、s.User Needs Operational scenario Ground motion monitoring(caused by works during the construction phase,e.g.in case of tunnel digging)Monitor the area surrounding the infrastructure to detect if construction works induce ground instability likely to cause structural damages to neighbouring infrastr

289、uctures.Size of area of interest Up to 100 km Scale To be defined Frequency of information From weekly to monthly Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Provide information on ground displacement in the surroundings of the infrastructure.The risk assessment c

290、an take different forms depending on what users need(e.g.map,reports).How the service works Generation of displacement measurements using differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar(DinSAR)techniques.Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From 1 m up to 10 m Temporal

291、resolution Weekly in general Data type/Spectral range SAR Other(if applicable)Availability of historical data is required to establish the“reference”ground instability assessment.Service Inputs Satellite data sources SAR satellites(C,X bands)Other data sources Not applicable Page 43 Table 20:EO Requ

292、irements for“Environmental impact assessment of infrastructures”(Air and water pollution assessment)ID TBC Application Environmental impact assessment of infrastructures Users Infrastructure owners and/or operators,Construction and public works companies,Public authorities.User Needs Operational sce

293、nario Air and water pollution assessment Monitor the presence of pollution(air pollution/water pollution)in the vicinity of the infrastructure and assess whether pollution is caused by the infrastructure.Size of area of interest Up to 100 km Scale Not applicable Frequency of information From daily t

294、o weekly Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Provide reports/alerts on air/water quality in the surroundings of the infrastructure.How the service works Estimation of pollutant concentrations based on modelling and satellite-based measurements Service Prov

295、ider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From 10 m up to 100 m Temporal resolution From daily to sub-daily Data type/Spectral range Optical(Spectrometer)Other(if applicable)Historical data is required to understand the initial conditions on the site Service Inputs Satellite data sources Mul

296、tispectral and Hyperspectral satellites.Spectrometer sensor.Other data sources Not applicable Page 44 Table 21:EO Requirements for“Environmental impact assessment of infrastructures”(biodiversity loss assessment)ID TBC Application Environmental impact assessment of infrastructures Users Infrastructu

297、re owners and/or operators,Public authorities.User Needs Operational scenario Biodiversity loss assessment Monitor whether the presence of the infrastructure induces biodiversity loss in the vicinity of the infrastructure.Size of area of interest Up to 100 km Scale Not applicable Frequency of inform

298、ation Yearly in general Other(if applicable)Not applicable Service Provider Offer What the service does Provide report/alerts on biodiversity losses.How the service works Estimation of biodiversity indexes based on the analysis of different types of information(land use/land cover,vegetation type,et

299、c.)Service Provider Satellite EO Requirements Spatial resolution From 1 m up to 10 m Temporal resolution Monthly in general Data type/Spectral range Optical and SAR Other(if applicable)Historical data is required to understand the initial conditions on the site Service Inputs Satellite data sources

300、Multispectral and SAR satellites Other data sources Not applicable Page 45 5.1.5 Pipeline Monitoring Description“Pipeline monitoring”refers to the monitoring of the evolution of the state of pipelines and their surroundings with the objective to detect problems related to the natural aging of the in

301、frastructure(e.g.structural deformation,leakages)and to assess the risks likely to threaten the infrastructure,whatever they are natural(e.g.vegetation encroachment)or anthropogenic(e.g.new construction in the vicinity of a pipeline).Overview of user needs Users need to detect anomalies(e.g.leakages

302、)when they occur in the pipeline corridor,and to optimise maintenance operations by identifying zones at risks along the pipeline and concentrating monitoring activities(e.g.on-site inspections)where more appropriate.GNSS contribution and related requirements For above-ground pipelines,GNSS provides

303、 methods for stability monitoring similar to post-construction operations,while for underground assets it may feed high-accuracy positioning data into ground-penetration radars(GPRs)to map and detect leakages and other faults.(see RD1).RTK(Real-Time Kinematic)network,which uses GNSS for real time an

304、d cm-level positioning,is of key value for pipeline monitoring thanks to its horizontal accuracy of 1-2 cm and vertical accuracy of 2-5 cm.(see RD3).EO contribution and related requirements As far as Earth Observation is concerned,InSAR ground deformation monitoring supports the identification of zo

305、nes where ground subsidence puts the infrastructure at risk.The processing of satellite images with change detection algorithms enables the identification of vegetation encroachments and third-party interferences.Page 46 5.1.6 Data Centre Description A Data Centre is a dedicated space within a build

306、ing,or a group of buildings which houses computer systems and associated components offering remote processing and storage capacity to their end-users through telecommunication networks.Overview of user needs For their daily operations,data centres need to be provided with an accurate and reliable t

307、iming and synchronisation source.The need relates to the following use cases19:Enterprise applications:professional tools such as distributed transactional applications,databases,artificial intelligence,big data,and machine learning require precise T&S to work efficiently.In addition,enterprise secu

308、rity tools(e.g.SIEM,IDS/IPS,PKI)also require precise time for ordering logs,checking certificate validity as well as identifying and preventing online attacks(sequence of event);Manufacturing:robotics and automated operations require precise T&S across different digital systems to provide a converge

309、d network with audio/video streaming and real-time control flow.As a matter of example,the Time Sensitive Network(TSN)standard has been developed to enable a more reliable and efficient automation as well as a standardisation of the processing of global packets of information within the same industr

310、y;Media&Entertainment:the broadcasting industry requires synchronicity between audio and video feeds to prevent“lip-sync”errors.Also,the e-sport and gaming require time synchronisation to ensure chronological order of play in multi-player games.GNSS contribution and related requirements GNSS contrib

311、utes to the provision of T&S to data centres for both aspects(see RD4):Timing:GNSS provides a direct and accurate access to a prediction of Coordinated Universal Time(UTC);Synchronisation:As mentioned in RD4,synchronisation can be achieved in two different ways,i.e.either synchronisation between rec

312、eivers at different locations can be established and maintained using GNSS reference time,or a master clock synchronised itself using the time provided by GNSS can redistribute this time to the slave clocks disseminated within the systems.On-premise GNSS receiver use is assessed as the most accurate

313、 T&S solution(sub-micro second precision)but it can be costly to setup and challenging to manage for IT support teams.“Time as a Service”(TaaS)concept has emerged to answer such a drawback and provides an acceptable level of precision for most of the data centre services(microsecond level).However,T

314、aaS is for the time being only available in some specific locations and could generate multiple dependencies to the TaaS service provider.19 Source:ITSF webinars(https:/ 47 5.1.7 Digital Cellular Network(DCN)Description A digital cellular network(DCN)also referred to as“mobile network”is a communica

315、tion network where the link to and from end nodes is wireless.The network is distributed over land areas called“cells”,each cell being served by at least one fixed-location transceiver.The fixed-location transceiver generally consists of three“base stations”which provide the cell with the network co

316、verage for the transmission of voice,data,and other types of content.As mentioned in RD4,Digital cellular technology is constantly evolving as the demand for broadband data speeds continually increases.Europes digital cellular infrastructure comprises of a blend of GSM,UMTS,LTE and more recently 5G

317、deployments.LTE technology,the latest commercially available standard fully deployed,is the prominent technology and is increasingly reliant on precise timing information as it evolves into LTE-Advanced.Due to the number of LTE based base stations deployed in Europe and its dependency on accurate sy

318、nchronisation,the digital cellular segment is the Time&Synchronisation markets major economic driver(see RD4).Overview of user needs Telecommunication operators require accurate and consistent time and frequency at distant points of their networks to meet increasingly demanding broadband requirement

319、s(see RD1).GNSS contribution and related requirements GNSS is used to provide consistent frequency and time alignment between all base stations within the network(as a primary source of timing information or as a redundancy solution).There are two mobile wireless synchronisation approaches,depending

320、 on whether networks employ time or frequency division duplexing.Frequency division(such as WCMDA)uses the same equipment and approaches employed in fixed line circuits.Time division(such as CDMA,WiMax and LTE)requires frequency accuracy,phase alignment and(in some case)time alignment between all ba

321、se stations within the network.It is unable to rely on traditional circuit-based approaches as there is no time or phase relationship between the terminating points on the clock circuit.The Timing&Sync system shall provide a Timing accuracy of 30 ns to UTC,a Phase Sync accuracy of less than 65 ns an

322、d a Freq Sync accuracy of 1.10-11(RD24RD25RD55).3G is using synchronisation from the derivate of timing acquisition from GNSS external source and sometimes combined with a frequency distribution along the backhaul network to supply the Radio Access Network(RAN)from eNB.Requested frequency accuracy i

323、s 5ppb.Timing need is for LTE-TDD(Time-Division Duplex).For extension of LTE-A service extending throughput to 100 Mb with Coordinated Multi-Point(CoMP)transmission and reception requirement reaches 0.5 s accuracy requirement for cells extend 95%),including in harsh environments All Performance(Avai

324、lability)RD15 RD16 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-0080 The PNT information shall be transmitted in two or more bands(E1,E5,E6)thus enabling dual or triple frequency RTK and PPP solutions.All Function(Multiple Frequencies)RD42 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-0130 Galileo precise orbit and clock corrections shall be available in

325、a similar way as GPS/GLONASS are provided in the IGS Real Time Service All Coverage RD48 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-0150 Documentation related to reference systems,needed data for the compliance to the INSPIRE directive(transformation from GTRF to ETRF2000)shall be available at the GSC portal.All Functional R

326、D48 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2101 The PNT solution shall provide 10 to 80 mm horizontal accuracy Construction Surv.Machine based Set out,trajectory,machine control Performance RD15 RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2102 The PNT solution shall provide 3 mm vertical accuracy Construction Surv.Machine based Performance RD

327、56 Page 62 ID Description Specific Application Type Source Set out,trajectory,machine control EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2107 The PNT solution shall be available regionally or locally Construction Surv.Machine based Set out,trajectory,machine control Functional RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2108 The PNT solution shal

328、l be available in urban canyon with a 95%probability Construction Surv.Machine based Set out,trajectory,machine control Functional RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2109 The PNT solution shall be available under canopy with a 95%probability Construction Surv.Machine based Set out,trajectory,machine control Func

329、tional RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2110 The PNT solution shall be available with a TTFF of 10 s or less Construction Surv.Machine based Set out,trajectory,machine control Performance RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2111 The PNT solution shall be available with an update rate of 10 Hz min Construction Surv.Machine b

330、ased Set out,trajectory,machine control Performance RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2112 The PNT solution shall be provided with high integrity requirements Construction Surv.Machine based Set out,trajectory,machine control Functional RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2115 The solution shall provide PNT information that

331、is trustable Medium level(to be understood as robustness to spoofing)Construction Surv.Machine based Set out,trajectory,machine control Functional RD42 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2201 The PNT solution shall provide 1 to 5 m horizontal accuracy Construction Surv.Machine based Vehicle tracking,Asset management

332、Performance RD15 RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2202 The PNT solution shall provide m level vertical accuracy when applicable Construction Surv.Machine based Vehicle tracking,Asset management Performance RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2207 The PNT solution shall be available regionally or locally Construction Surv.Ma

333、chine based Vehicle tracking,Asset management Functional RD56 EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2208 The PNT solution shall be available in urban canyon with a 95%probability Construction Surv.Machine based Vehicle tracking,Asset management Functional RD56 Page 63 ID Description Specific Application Type Source EUSPA-GN-UR-SURV-2209 The PNT solution shall be available under canopy with a 95%probability Constructio