南非共和國科學技術院：納米科學與納米技術十年研究計劃（英文版）（28頁）.pdf

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1、NAN OS CIE NC E ANDNAN OT E C HNOLOG Y1 0 Y E A R R E S E A R C H P L A NConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 110/26/09 8:54:26 AMConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 210/26/09 8:54:36 AMWe believe that nanotech is the next great technology wave,the nexus of scientifi c innovation that revolutio

2、nizes most industries and indirectly affects the fabric of society.Historians will look back on the upcoming epoch with no less portent than the Industrial Revolution.Steve Jurvetson,Partner,Draper Fisher JurvetsonWe believe that nanotech is the next great technology wave,the nexus of scientifi c in

3、novation that revolutionizes most industries and indirectly affects the fabric of society.Historians will look back on the upcoming epoch with no less portent than the Industrial Revolution.Steve Jurvetson,Partner,Draper Fisher Jurvetson15 mv/s10 mv/s5 mv/s100 x10-90-100 x10-9Current/AA nanometre is

4、 a unit of length in the metric system,equal to one billionth of a metre(i.e.,10-9 m or one millionth of a millimetre).Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 310/26/09 8:54:44 AMTABLE OF CONTENTSSection PageForeword Minister 2Foreword Director-General 31.Background 42.Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

5、4 2.1 Scope of Research:Nanoscience versus Nanotechnology 4 2.2 Purpose of the Research Plan 53.Integration with Other National Strategies and Initiatives 7 3.1.Contribution to Grand Challenges 7 3.1.1.Farmer to Pharma 7 3.1.2.Space Science and Technology 7 3.1.3.Energy Security 7 3.1.4.Global Chang

6、e Science 8 3.1.5.Human and Social Sciences 8 3.2.Mechanisms for Integrating Nanotechnology with Other Strategies and Initiatives 84.Key Initiatives:Capacity Development and Innovation 11 4.1.Equipment Acquisition 11 4.2.Institutional Arrangement for Research and Innovation 11 4.3.Human Capital Deve

7、lopment 11 4.4.Nanotechnology Flagship Projects 115.Challenges and Research Questions for the Social Clusters 13 5.1.Water 13 5.1.1.Supply of Clean Water 13 5.1.2.Water Scarcity and Access to Water 13 5.1.3.Water Pollution 14 5.2.Energy 14 5.2.1.Alternative Sources of Energy 14 5.2.2.Effective Distr

8、ibution of Energy 14 5.3.Health 156.Challenges and Research Questions for the Industrial Cluster 17 6.1.Chemical and Bio-Processing 17 6.1.1.Titanium Beneficiation Initiative 17 6.1.2.Fluoro-Chemical Expansion Initiative 17 6.2.Advanced Materials and Manufacturing 17 6.3.Mining and Minerals 18 6.3.1

9、.Mineral Beneficiation 187.Expected Outcomes 198.Summary and Conclusion 209.References 22N anoscie nce And N anote chnologyiv1 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 410/26/09 8:54:45 AM1Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 510/26/09 8:54:48 AMNaledi PandorMinister

10、Foreword by the Minister of Science and TechnologyNanotechnology is a new multidisciplinary fi eld that holds the potential to revolutionise the global economy in the 21st century.Our National Nanotechnology Strategy not only advances the national technology missions that were identifi ed in the Nat

11、ional R&D strategy,but also strengthens the integrated industrial focus of government.There is little doubt that nanotechnology has an extraordinarily important role to play in shaping our future.This nanotechnology research plan will guide our development efforts,so that we will be able to improve

12、access to affordable and quality primary health care by developing a nano-drug-delivery-system for TB and HIV/AIDS treatment,improve access to environment-friendly alternative energy sources by the development of an improved solar-energy technology,and establish at least two new nanotechnology indus

13、tries.I would like to appeal to every research institution to familiarise itself with the research plan and use it to inform its own nanotechnology research strategy.It gives me great pleasure to present the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 10-Year Research Plan.Naledi PandorMinister of Science and Te

14、chnologyN anoscie nce And N anote chnology21 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 210/26/09 8:54:49 AMForeword by the Director-General of Science and TechnologyI am delighted to present the Nanoscience and Nanotech-nology 10-Year Research Plan.The approval of the N

15、ational Nanotechnology Strategy in 2005 was an important milestone in our quest to use nanotechnology to address a wide range of social and economic challenges in South Africa.Since then the Department has been hard at work establishing a series of programmes to help advance the objectives of the st

16、rategy.The establishment of the Nanotechnology Innovation Centres based at Mintek and the Council for Scientifi c and Industrial Research(CSIR)are the most signifi cant steps taken to help advance nanotechnology innovation.These are complemented by programmes focusing on human capital development an

17、d on growing the nanoscience and nanotechnology research base.South Africas National Nanotechnology Strategy has been hailed by the science community as one of the best in the world,given its focus on socio-economic development.It aims to use nanotechnology to address the countrys challenges in the

18、areas of water,health and energy,as well as to give a competitive edge to some of the countrys strategic industries(mining and minerals,advanced materials and manufacturing,and chemicals and bioprocessing).To effect the desired social and industrial development and expedite the realisation of the en

19、visaged positive impact of nanotechnology,it has been necessary to identify the specifi c challenges nanotechnology is to address in each of these areas,enabling a solution-oriented research approach.The Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 10-Year Research Plan has been developed to ensure the successful

20、 implementation of the National Nanotechnology Strategy by steering research efforts to deliver on the goals of the strategy,guiding and helping consolidate our efforts to ensure that we move expeditiously to harness the benefi ts of nanotechnology.It does this by identifying key challenges and rele

21、vant research questions in each of the strategic areas.I encourage the nanoscience and nanotechnology research community to align their research efforts to this plan and forge further institutional collaborations to effect optimum results,and assure them that the Department will continue to support

22、all endeavours aimed at realising the objectives of the National Nanotechnology Strategy.Phil MjwaraDirector-GeneralPhil MjwaraDirector-General of Science and Technology3Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 310/26/09 8:54:50 AM1.BackgroundThe development of nanoscience and nanotechnology in South

23、Africa is motivated by the potential advantagesthis emerging area of research holds for addressing some of the social and economic challenges thecountry faces.It is for this reason that the NationalNanotechnology Strategy1 focuses on the develop-ment of nanotechnology around two clusters,namelythe S

24、ocial Cluster and the Industrial Cluster.The Social Cluster aims to take advantage of nano-technology to address some of the countrys social challenges in the areas of water,health and energy.The Industrial Cluster,on the other hand,focuses on taking advantage of this area of research to enhance the

25、 competitiveness of some of the countrys indus-tries.Industrial areas identified in the strategy are mining and minerals,chemical and bio-processing,and advanced materials and manufacturing.This research plan,therefore,seeks to identify research questions that should be addressed for the research ou

26、tputs,that are necessary to tackle challenges in the aforementioned areas,to be attained.In addition,the plan also seeks to help contribute to the creation of an enabling environment for the realisation of strategic objectives which include:supporting long-term nanoscience and nano-technology resear

27、ch;developing human capital and supporting infra-structure;supporting the creation of new and novel devicesfor application in various areas;stimulating new developments in technology missions.2.Nanoscience and Nanotechnology2.1 Scope of Research:Nanoscience versus Nano-technologyNanoscience2 is the

28、fundamental study of phenomena at the nanoscale,typically,but not exclusively,below 100 nanometres in one or more dimensions where the onset of size-dependent phenomena often produces novel properties leading to novel applications.Nano-technology is the ability to create and control objects on this

29、same scale with the goal of preparing new materials that have specific properties and,therefore,functions.Nanotechnology2,therefore,canbe regarded as the engineering of functional systems at molecular scale;that is,using the properties of na-noscale materials that differ from the properties of in-di

30、vidual atoms,molecules,and bulk matter,to create improved materials,devices and systems that exploit these new properties.Although current nanotechnology research is pri-marily exploratory,and it may take years to realisemany of the goals envisioned,the prospect ofsignificant applications is high.Th

31、e research efforts as outlined in this research plan will contribute to all the components of the innovation value chain,from basic research through to product development and manufacturing.The basic and applied research will be conducted at higher education institutions,including both traditional u

32、niversities and universities of technologies and,to some extent,at the national research facilities.This is expected to contribute significantly to the strategic objective of developing human capital.It is anticipated that the research outputs from these institutions will not be restricted only to p

33、ublications and student theses,but will also result in the formulation and conceptualisation of products and processes for manufacturing and commercialisation.The development and innovation component of the value chain will be addressed at nanotechnology innovation centres and science councils.Resea

34、rch activities at universities and innovation centres will not be mutually exclusive,but complementary in nature,each with a clear mandate.Nanotechnology is manufacturing with atoms.William Powell1 Please refer to page 22 for more information.2 Please refer to page 22 for more information.N anoscie

35、nce And N anote chnology41 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 410/26/09 8:54:50 AMNATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY STRATEGYIMPLEMENTATION PLANResearch PlanAdvisory Board&Standards CommitteeAwareness PlanDriverKey PillarsResearch CapacityPublic AwarenessHuman CapitalProduc

36、ts&ProcessesFigure 1.Schematic representation of the contextual relationship between the research plan,the implementation plan and the overall strategy.2.2 Purpose of the Research PlanTo ensure the successful implementation of the strategy,a 10year plan for implementation of the strategy has been de

37、veloped.The plan identifies programmes to be pursued for the advancement of this area of research.Furthermore,it calls for the development of a research plan to focus research on the attainment of strategic goals.This research plan,therefore,is a key component of the implementation of the National N

38、anotechnology Strategy.Figure 1 shows the contextual relationship between the research plan,the implementation plan and the overall strategy.The purpose of the research plan is to:provide strategic foresight for nanoscience andnanotechnology research in South Africasteer research efforts to deliver

39、on the goals of thestrategy;ensure high-impact research in nanoscience/nanotechnology in the areas identified in the strategy;help advance the goals of other national stra-tegies,such as the metals sector development strategy,and the Department of Science and Technologys(DST)10-year Innovation Plan;

40、facilitate the development of human capital in nanotechnology and nanoscience;stimulate credible research outputs such as publi-cations and patents;innovative products,and processes.5Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 510/26/09 8:54:50 AM“Nanotechnology is probably,as a phenomenon,the single mos

41、t important new emerging force in technology.”Charlie Harris,CEO,Harris&Harris GroupN anoscie nce And N anote chnology61 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 610/26/09 8:54:53 AM3.Integration with Other Strategies and InitiativesThe implementation of the Nanotechno

42、logy Strategy should focus on making a significant contribution towards the realisation of the goals of South Africas National System of Innovation(NSI).This necessitates the meaningful integration of nanotechnology re-search with relevant programmes developed to drive the NSI,including the five Gra

43、nd Challenges identified in the 10-year Innovation Plan.Because it is multidisciplinary,nanotechnology has the potential to contribute to the advancement of each of the Grand Challenges.3.1 Contribution to the Grand Challenges3.1.1 Farmer to PharmaBio-nanotechnology(BioNano),which combines nanotechn

44、ology with biotechnology,can be used to develop the untapped potential of the biotechnology industry in South Africa.The 2003National Biotechnology Survey indicated thatonly 10 percent of all South African biotech-nology companies are estimated to be conductinginnovative,cutting-edge research and de

45、velop-ment(R&D),with the majority being involved in new applications of low-technology modern biotechnology.Global developments in BioNano could encourage the advancement of current biotechnology R&D activities in South Africa.In addition to current applications of nano-technology in such areas as p

46、harmaceuticals and medicine,this novel and multidisciplinary science is benefiting food science and food technology.3.1.2 Space Science and TechnologyTo date,South Africa has been primarily a consumer of space technologies.There is a need to develop systems and subsystems to support our requirements

47、 and to grow the local space-technology industry.The multidisciplinary nature of nanotechnology means it has the potential to make significant contributions to,and even achieve,technological breakthroughs in all the critical areas,namely the space sciences,earth observation,communication,navigation

48、and eng-ineering services.The increasing use of satellite-based services requires the development of more efficient,more economical and more resilient space tech-nologies and systems in future.The potential short-to medium-term applications of nanotech-nology,which could lead to significant improve-

49、ments in several areas of space technology,include lightweight construction and functional materials,improved systems and components for energy production and storage,data processing and transmission,sensor technology,as well as life-support systems.On the other hand,space science research could als

50、o offer potential spin-offs as a nanotechnology research instrument,for example:particle inter-actions or self-organisation phenomena under-microgravity that could be used for the modelling and optimisation of terrestrial processes within the range of nanotechnology.Examples of more visionary applic

51、ations are those of molecular nanotechnology in space,thereclamation of other planets by raw-material extraction and material synthesis,and the establishment of a space elevator on the basis of ultra-strong nanomaterials,or the extreme miniaturisation and integration of space systems.3.1.3 Energy Se

52、curityThe greatest energy challenge in South Africais access to affordable,safe,clean and reliableenergy.By bringing together all the fundamental sciences such as physics and chemistry,forexample,nanotechnology has already demonstra-ted possible solutions to this challenge.Molecular nanotechnology(M

53、NT),which is thedesign and construction of macroscopic materialsat molecular level,will play a major part in solving the issues of both sustainable resource-extraction and by-product mitigation.7Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 710/26/09 8:54:54 AMFor energy,the broad categories of MNT applica

54、tion include:more efficient energy usage(non-thermal energy usage via nanostructured devicessuch as fuel cells;molecularly-tailored cata-lysts for selectivity and by-product elimina-tion;high-strength materials for decreased transportation costs;electricity storage andelectrosynthesis for portable p

55、ower sources,and for chemical fuel generation;distribu-ted fabrication to minimise transporta-tion infrastructure);solid-state energy generation(solar power for photovoltaics and artificial photosyn-thesis;thermoelectric conversion for direct solid-state transformation of thermal gra-dients into ele

56、ctricity).Nanotechnology may also hold the key to developing a viable hydrogen economy by est-ablishing new technologies for the production and storage of hydrogen fuel using nanostruc-tured materials,such as semiconductor,carbon-based or polymeric nano-materials.3.1.4 Global Change ScienceWorldwide

57、,greenhouse gases and otheremissions are believed to be responsible for altering the earths climate.The projected effects of climate change in Africa include the increased occurrence of malaria,schistosomiasis(bilharzia)and other vector-borne diseases.Urgent re-sponses are required,including researc

58、h intoprevention and early warning systems;field detection and treatment;public health infra-structure requirements and treatment regimes.The major role that nanotechnology could play in global change science is to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.3.1.5 Human and Social Scienc

59、esWith South Africa striving to become an innovative society,it is essential to support the publics understanding of,and engagement with,science.Science,engineering and technology(SET)practitioners need to be mindful that members of the public are not merely passive recipients of science and technol

60、ogy,but are important players in processes that shape the focus and patterns of science,technology and development3.As a new and,in some way,unknown field of science,nanotechnology has many challenges associated with it.The effects of certain applications and nanomaterials are unknown3.Ethical issue

61、s and risks might accompany the many benefits that nanotechnology promises.Well-constructed awareness programmes that cover the benefits,risks and ethical issues ought to be implemented.The Human and Social Sciences Grand Challenge may provide an excellent platform for scientists,lawyers,psychologis

62、ts,etc.to come together and work through the challenges associated with nanotechnology-and nanoscience-related applications and materials.3.2 Mechanisms for Integrating Nanotechnology with Other Strategies and InitiativesBecause of its multidisciplinary nature,nanotechnology is a stand-alone platfor

63、m technology with the potential to revolutionise many research applications and industries.However,within the context of integrating nanotechnology with other national strategic initiatives,it can also be viewed as a cross-cutting technology platform.It is evident therefore that a logical mechanism

64、for integrating nanotechnology with other strategies and initiatives directed at promoting the objectives of the National System of Innovation(NSI)is the creation of nanotechnology platforms.In this context,a 3 Please refer to page 22 for more information.“Nanotechnology is the base technology of an

65、 industrial revolution in the 21st century.Those who control nanotechnology will lead the industry.”Michiharu Nakamura,Executive VP at HitachiN anoscie nce And N anote chnology81 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 810/26/09 8:54:55 AMTechnology Platform(TP)would

66、be a collaborative research and development consortium comprising multi-disciplinary expertise to:foster effective public-private partnerships be-tween research communities to deliver intellec-tual property(IP)that can be commercialised;support the development of local technological capabilities in

67、general.The mechanisms and instruments of the Technology Innovation Agency(TIA)will be used to achieve these goals.As a TP,nanotechnology will assume different roles for different technology-related goals.The examples below are of different roles nanotech-nology TPs can assume for different technolo

68、gy-re-lated goals(Figure 2).Technology Integration forProduct DevelopmentNano-encapsulationTechnologyPlatform XClinical TrialsManufacturing(A)Drug DeliveryTechnology Integration forProduct DevelopmentManufacturingTechnologyPlatform CTechnologyPlatform BAdvancedNanomaterials(B)Space TechnologyFigure

69、2:Conceptual model of the different roles nanotechnology can play as a Technology Platform(shaded)within a given centre of competence:(a)nano-encapsulation TP for a drug-delivery system,and(b)advanced materials TP for a space application,and for the manufacturing of satellites.In Figure 2,the indivi

70、dual pillars represent TPs and the triangular sections represent the technology-integration-for-product-development mechanism.The apex is the actual product.The nanotechnology TPs are the shaded pillars.In both(a)and(b)one of the TPs would be a manufacturing platform,whereas in(a)another the TP woul

71、d be a clinical trials platform.A nanotechnology platform will be established in consultation with stakeholders such as:the Department of Science and Technology(DST)Programme 2-Research,Development and Innovation(RDI);the National Nanotechnology Innovation Centres(NICs);national facilities;universit

72、ies;and industry.Once established,the Nanotechnology TP will be an enabling entity within a given centre of competence(COC)to commercialise any TP-generated IP.Again,the instruments and mechanisms of the TIA will be implemented to achieve this goal.In this context,a COC is defined as a collaborative

73、 network/consortium for the commercialisation oftechnology comprising participants with multi-disciplinary expertise,and each with a specific role,but relying on harnessing the resources,capabilitiesand synergies of all,in pursuit of a clear researchobjective and product/service with commercial and/

74、orpublic-good potential.9Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 910/26/09 8:54:55 AMNanotechnology is an idea that most people simply didnt believe.Ralph MerkleN anoscie nce And N anote chnology1 01 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 1010/26/09 8:54:58 AM4.Key In

75、itiatives:Capacity Development and InnovationIn creating an enabling environment for the develop-ment of this field of science,the DST has put in placea series of programmes focused on positioning uni-versities and other research institutions to conduct world-class nanoscience and nanotechnology res

76、earch and enhance capacity-building.The programmes includethe acquisition of equipment,institutional arrange-ment for research and innovation,human capital development,and nanotechnology flagship projects.4.1 Equipment AcquisitionThe National Nanotechnology Equipment Programme(NNEP)focuses on the ac

77、quisition of equipment and facilities necessary for research into nanoscience and nanotechnology.In addition,researchers canalso access funding through the National EquipmentProgramme.The National Research Foundation(NRF)manages these programmes.4.2 Institutional Arrangement for Research and Innovat

78、ionTo advance nanotechnology research,Nanotechnology Innovation Centres have been established at Mintek and at the CSIR.These multi-user national facilities are expected to play a significant role in promoting nanotechnology research,with their primary focus leaning more towards the higher end of th

79、e innovation value chain,namely the development of commercial products and processes.They will house some of the advanced equipment necessary for advanced research in the field and conduct research in line with the focus of the National Nanotechnology Strategy.Being national facilities,these Centres

80、 are accessible to all stakeholders.Focusing on the lower end of the innovation value chain,and in creating a platform for the generation of knowledge in the field of nanoscience,it is necessary that nanoscience,as a prerequisite to nanotechnology,be given long-term sustainable support.This will be

81、done through the establishment of Nanoscience Centres.Such centres will be equipped with basic and necessary infrastructure and provide final-year undergraduate,honours,masters and doctoral students with basic teaching and training in nanoscience to prepare them adequately to pursue research careers

82、 in nanotechnology,or find employment in related industries.The Centres critical contribution will be the development,initially,of nanoscience curricula and,subsequently,accredited qualifications in this field,with the focus being on the areas identified in the National Nanotechnology Strategy.4.3 H

83、uman Capital DevelopmentAs part of the DSTs research-chairs initiative(South African Research Chairs Initiative),targeted research chairs in the field of nanoscience have been established.Among others,the research chairs will focus on increasing the level of research activity in the field,thus contr

84、ibuting significantly to the development of human capital.The Bilateral and Multilateral Collaborations on Nano-technology,such as the India-Brazil-South Africa forum(IBSA),South Africa-France,and South Africa-Argentina collaborations,will be exploited for the development of expertise and skills tra

85、ining in the identified research areas.Other DST initiatives are also used,such as Student Support Programmes to advance the development of human capital by fast-tracking high-end skills development in nanoscience and nanotechnology.4.4 Nanotechnology Flagship ProjectsNanotechnology flagship project

86、s serve to demonstrate the benefits of nanotechnology within a reasonable timeframe.Implemented through the NRF,the nanotechnology Flagship Programme offers researchers the opportunity to formulate and pursue projects from the broad clusters identified in the strategy.Examples of these projects incl

87、ude the use of nanotechnology in water treatment,super capacitors and fuel-cell development,and nano-architecture in the beneficiation of platinum-group metals.11Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 1110/26/09 8:54:59 AM“We think that the biggest breakthroughs in nanotechnology are goingto be in t

88、he new materials that are developed.”Troy Kirkpatrick,GE Global ResearchAll these programmes have enabled a significant amount of nanoscience research to be done in South Africa and they continue to generate human capital with the necessary skills to conduct research in this field.The programmes hav

89、e created a climate that is conducive to the undertaking of focused research,aimed at delivering solutions to the challenges the country faces,as identified in the strategy.Based on that,this research plan was developed to articulate research questions to be pursued in directing research in this fie

90、ld to focus on delivering on identified strategic areas in the Social and Industrial Clusters.For each of these clusters,many research questions are to be pursued.N anoscie nce And N anote chnology1 21 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 1210/26/09 8:55:01 AM5.Cha

91、llenges and Research Questions for the Social ClusterChallenges specific to the Social Cluster and hence research questions aimed at addressing those challenges have been identified as follows:5.1 WaterMany different water treatment technologies(chemical and biological,active and passive)already exi

92、st for removing various contaminants from water and achieving different levels of quality,depending on the technology used and the water quality that is required.Each treatment technology,however,has its own limitations,such as being energy intensive and generating by-products with unintended impact

93、s on the environment and human health.Nanotechnology could assist in meeting the need for safe and affordable water through relatively inexpensive water purification and the rapid and low-cost detection of impurities4.The application of nanotechnology in water treatment may vary depending on the sca

94、le(local portable systems for central regional treatment facilities)and the quality of water required.5.1.1 Supply of Clean WaterOne of the very significant challenges is that a large number of South Africas rural communities and informal settlements located near industrial areas need to have access

95、 to clean water.In most instances,the water to which the community has access is heavily contaminated,resulting in water-borne diseases such as cholera being widespread.This makes the provision of clean water,particularly to rural and arid areas,a real and serious challenge.This necessitates the dev

96、elopment of low-cost and portable filters and purifiers.Addressing this challenge could be assisted by nanotechnology research into the:development of water purification modules;development of biodegradable,stimuli-dependent nanoparticles for the delivery of agents that are used in water treatment;d

97、evelopment of sensors for the detection of pathogens/chemical pollutants in water;development of techniques to remove pathogens/chemical pollutants and particulate matter in water;preservation of water cleanliness to ensure that water treated in bulk can remain uncontaminated for a long time.5.1.2 W

98、ater Scarcity and Access to WaterAs do most countries in the world,South Africa faces the challenge of diminishing water resources.Therefore,it is necessary to explore other means of getting potable water,such as the desalination of sea water.The cost of desalinating sea water using existing technol

99、ogies is very high,therefore the challenge is to take advantage of nanotechnology in developing alternative and cost-effective means of doing so.To enable the exploration of other possible sources of drinking water,we need to explore how nano-technology can help to:develop alternative and cost-effec

100、tive systemsfor the desalination of sea water;create appropriate conditions for rain(such as cloud seeding);develop techniques for the maintenance of water levels in dams and rivers(i.e.prevent or minimise water evaporation);develop techniques for harvesting and pre-serving rain water(including exce

101、ss rain);develop systems for water recycling at a pointof usage;effect an improvement in the portability of water.4 Please refer to page 22 for more information.13Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 1310/26/09 8:55:01 AM5.1.3 Water Pollution Industrial effluent has been the main source of destruc

102、tion of wetlands.To protect the environment,including the countrys wetlands,it has become necessary to investigate cost-effective and efficient means of treating industrial effluent.The challenge is to ensure the sustainable protection of the environment.In addition,industrial waste streams such as

103、those from mines,are responsible for,among other things,the contamination of ground water.With some communities relying on ground water as their source of water,it is necessary to ensure the remediation of such water sources by using nanoparticles.The remediation of waste streams would not only stop

104、 ground water contamina-tion,but also ensure environmental protection.The research focus in this area should be on how nanotechnology can be used to:develop sensors for the detection of pollu-tants;develop systems for the removal of pollutants(for recovery and/or inactivation);beneficiate effluent;m

105、inimise contaminants through the use of nanoparticles;recover water from diluted mine effluent.5.2 EnergyOngoing developments around the country have put a great deal of strain on existing energy sources.It has become necessary therefore to look elsewhere for alternative sources of energy.In additio

106、n,the effective and efficient distribution of energy is also a major challenge.As such,research questions in the area of energy should aim to address these challenges.Research could possibly focus on the following things:5.2.1 Alternative Sources of EnergyTo determine how nanotechnology can helpaddr

107、ess this challenge,research should explore:How nanotechnology can be used to develop new sources of energy;How nanotechnology can be used to dev-elop/improve existing renewable sources of energy;How nanotechnology can be used to effect the production of cleaner and environmentally-friendly energy;Ho

108、w nanotechnology can be used to effect an improvement in the generation and use of energy;How nanotechnology can be used to develop high-capacity energy storage devices;How solar energy can be applied to produce hydrogen fuel;The use of nanotechnology in the efficient production of hydrogen by water

109、 electrolysis;How nanotechnology can be used for hy-drogen purification;How nanotechnology can be used in both catalysis and fuel cell research.In South Africa,the development of the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor(PBMR)technology will benefit significantly from nanotechnology research and applications.5

110、.2.2 Effective Distribution of EnergyEnergy distribution,particularly to rural communities,has become a serious challenge.A lack of adequate infrastructure is one of the primary reasons for there being difficulty in distributing energy to such parts of the country.Therefore,it is necessary to invest

111、igate the possibility of nanotechnology providing other(and of more effective)means of distributing energy or distributed onsite power generation.This is the basic research question in this area.“Nanotech-when applied to medicine-can and will change our lives”NanoNews-NN anoscie nce And N anote chno

112、logy1 41 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 1410/26/09 8:55:01 AMSpecifically,the research questions would include the use of nanotechnology to develop portable and efficient energy sources.5.3 HealthSouth Africa is facing serious challenges regarding the health

113、of its people.The country has a high rate of HIV-infection,which is accompanied by opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis TB.This is placing a tremendous burden on the national health infrastructure and is draining resources that ought to be used in addressing other diseases that are also imp

114、ortant and growing in urgency.These diseases include diabetes,cancer,heart disease,malaria,arthritis,and asthma.New solutions are urgently needed to adequately manage these diseases.Relevant research questions in this area would explore the following,among other things:The use of nanotechnology in t

115、he development of point-of-care diagnostic kits.Point-of-care diagnostic tools are necessary when medical practitioners need to confirm diagnosis during a consultation,thus enabling the rapid identification of pathogens and application of appropriate therapy.Such instances include cases where patien

116、ts are suffering from infectious diseases that have a rapid disease progression such as meningitis(which can lead to fatality or disability in infants and children),and Ebola(which causes quick and painful death in its patients).Point-of-care diagnostics are also crucial in the management of HIV and

117、 TB,because these conditions require rapid detection and treatment to improve the life of the infected patient,and prevent the spread of these infectious agents.Rapid diagnostic kits for HIV are currently available;however,they have proved not to be selective as they sometimes give false results.The

118、refore,selective/specific diagnostic tools for HIV are urgently needed.In the case of TB,the current testing methods have a long turn-around time,which makes it difficult for doctors to provide timely and appropriate therapy.In addition,specialised technicians are needed to perform the tests and spe

119、cialised pathologists to interpret the results.The development of rapid diagnostic kits for TB would enable doctors to quickly confirm the diagnosis of TB and therefore administer timely treatment.Therefore,rapid diagnostic kits that are simple and user friendly would be beneficial in several instan

120、ces in the management of infectious diseases.Point-of-care diagnostic kits are also important for the early detection of cancers as this would improve chances of successful therapy;The use of nanotechnology in the development of new forms of therapy.HIV-positive patients as well as patients who suff

121、er from TB normally take large doses of many tablets regularly and over extended periods.The pills have toxic side-effects.This sometimes leads to therapy fatigue among patients and therefore non-compliance with the treatment regimen.This results in the emergence of multi-drug-resistant organisms.Th

122、erefore,new drug formulations that would reduce drug dosage as well as the frequency of consumption are needed.Drug delivery systems that would allow the targeted release of therapeutic agents to the diseased site would further reduce the general toxicity that is caused by the systemic circulation o

123、f drugs.Drug-delivery systems that would allow drugs to cross the physiological barriers(such as the blood-brain barrier,and the blood-ocular barrier)are also needed.These would enable treatment of,for example,cerebral TB,cerebral malaria,meningitis,as well as other diseases that are localised in th

124、e brain,and neurodegenerative diseases that are localised in the eye.The CSIR is developing a nanoparticle-encapsulated drug-delivery system for TB treatment.New materials that would be used as implants in tissue replacement also need to be developed.They must be bio-compatible to minimise injury to

125、 the patient.The mechanism of tissue regeneration also needs to be explored;15N anoscie nce And N anote chnology1 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 1510/26/09 8:55:01 AMUsing nanotechnology to improve surgical pro-cedures.Current methods of performing surgery ar

126、e invasive and cause most patients a great deal of pain during the recovery period.Highly specialised surgeons are required to perform them.New surgical tools need to be developed toimprove on current surgical procedures,andnew procedures need to be developed to reducethe invasiveness of surgery,and

127、 reduce the com-plexity of surgical procedures;The development of nano-biosensors for in situ detection of glucose levels in diabetes therapy;The ability to functionalise nano-particles in a simple and efficient manner to confer versatility for biomedical applications.“Solar cells and most modern di

128、splays are examples of organic hybrids.But as we move to a renaissance in medicine with nanotech,matter becomes code.”Steve Jurvetson,Managing Director,Draper Fisher JurvetsonN anoscie nce And N anote chnology1 61 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 1610/26/09 8:5

129、5:03 AM6.Challenges and Research Questions for the Industrial ClusterThe focus of the Industrial Cluster is on enhancing the competitiveness of some of South Africas industries.Identified industries include those of(i)mining and minerals,(ii)chemical and bio-processing and(iii)advanced materials and

130、 manufacturing.6.1 Chemical and Bio-ProcessingThe Sector Development Strategy:Chemicals5 identify key strategic challenges that the chemical sector faces.Of the key action programmes identified to address these challenges,the following are where nanotechnology research can assist:6.1.1 Titanium Bene

131、ficiation InitiativeThe goal of this initiative is to convert an initial target of 20 percent of exported titanium-based minerals and by-product feedstock such as zircon to high-value-added products(e.g.TiO2).To help advance this goal,the following research questions will be pursued:The use of nanot

132、echnology to convert titanium-based minerals to titanium dioxide;The use of nanotechnology in the cost-effective production of ultra-pure zirconia for application in various areas(e.g.ceramic tiles).6.1.2 Flouro-chemical Expansion InitiativeThe goal of this initiative is to expand the size of the fl

133、uoro-chemical industry in South Africa by building a world-class,high value-added fluorine-based industry with associated down-stream fine-chemical synthesis operations.This goal can be achieved largely through the beneficiation of fluorspar(CaF2),the primary mineral feedstock for fluorine chemistry

134、.To help advance this goal,the following research focus areas will be pursued:the use of nanotechnology in the development of fluorine-based fine-chemical products for various applications(e.g.electronic chemicals,medical,cosmetics,etc.);the use of nanotechnology in the beneficiation of fluorspar to

135、 crude and pure hydrogen fluoride(HF),fluorine(F2)and fluoro-chemical products.Furthermore,the competitiveness of our chemical industries can be enhanced through the improvement of some of the processes,such as cleaner production.Also,functionalisation of some of the products(e.g.catalysts)to effect

136、 better performance can serve to confer much-needed competitiveness.As such,research questions in this area should be geared towards addressing these issues.Examples of such research questions include the use of nanotechnology in the synthesis of nanocatalysts necessary for cleaner production(in che

137、micals manufacturing).6.2 Advanced Materials and ManufacturingThe Advanced Manufacturing Technology Strategy(AMTS)6 identifies the following as potential lead projects for the advancement of its strategic goals and objectives.To effect synergy,nanotechnology research in this area will also focus on

138、advancing delivery on these lead projects,which include the following:aluminium,magnesium and titanium light metals development;coating technology innovation,including paints and thin films;platinum beneficiation;high-performance magnesium alloys;high-performance textiles;5 Please refer to page 22 f

139、or more information.6 Please refer to page 22 for more information.17Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 1710/26/09 8:55:04 AMthe optimisation of the three current processes used to extract Al and other by-products from coal ash;the production of TiO2 sponge recovered from slag with new technolog

140、y.Research in these areas would also serve to advance the objectives of the Metals Sector Development Strategy7 of the Department of Trade and Industry,particularlywith regard to the promotion of the beneficiationof metals,which is one of the identified key actionprogrammes.In addition to the benefi

141、ciation of metals for industrial applications,the development of advanced materials will also address drug delivery and space industries,as already noted.6.3 Mining and Minerals6.3.1 Mineral BeneficiationInsufficient beneficiation along the value chain,particularly on downstream industries7,has been

142、 identified as one of the key strategic challenges within the metals sector that retard the economic aspirations of government.To address this challenge,a key action programme that has been identified is the promotion of the beneficiation of metals.In line with this key action plan,research question

143、s aimed at mineral beneficiation will be pursued.Such research should explore:the preparation of high-value end-products(such as catalysts and electrocatalysts)using the platinum group metals(PGMs);how to convert mined silicon into nano-particles directly from the extracted mineral in a cost-effecti

144、ve process;how bio-compatible minerals can be used to provide health solutions.“Were very optimistic that nanotechnology can markedly improve cancer therapy.”James Baker7 Please refer to page 22 for more information.N anoscie nce And N anote chnology1 81 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 N

145、anometre Pitch Layout.indd 1810/26/09 8:55:06 AMTable 1:Expected OutcomesEXPECTED OUTCOMESSocial DevelopmentImprove access to affordable and quality primary health care by the development of a:point-of-care diagnostic kit for the diagnosis of TB and HIV/AIDS nano-drug-delivery-system for TB and HIV/

146、AIDS treatment.Access to safe,affordable good quality water by the development of a low-cost:water filter and portable water-pollutant sensor.Access to environment-friendly alternative energy sources by the development of:an improved solar energy technology.Economic GrowthDevelopment of a knowledge-

147、based economy,contribution to job creation,increased foreign investment in nano-technology R&D,in particular the health as well as the mining and minerals sectors:mass production and export of gold nanoparticles at least one improved exportable process for the beneficiation of metals and minerals,in

148、 particular the platinum-group metalsestablishment of at least two new nanotechnology industriessignificant job creation within the nanotechnology sector10 patentsat least three TPs.Human CapitalDevelopmentHuman capital development will be required for the sustainable development and growth of nanot

149、echnology in South Africa.This will be achieved by an indirect contribution via the implementation of nanoscience and nanotechnology research across the entire value chain,which will deliver:400 masters degree and 50 doctoral students150 publications.As indicated in Figure 1,this Research Plan is an

150、 enabler of the Implementation Plan,which provides a detailed listing of the timelines and projected outcomes of the National Nanotechnology Strategy over the next 10 years.7.Expected OutcomesWhilst most of the research would have a long-term focus,it is anticipated that,within a 10-year timeframe,t

151、his research plan will guide research in nanoscience and nanotechnology in order for it to make a significant contribution to:(i)social development;(ii)economic growth;and(iii)human capacity development.Table 1 lists some of the expected contributions in these areas.Progress in identified research p

152、rojects will be monitored on an ongoing basis through annual progress reports.19Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 1910/26/09 8:55:06 AMThe following(Table 2)is the summary of research questions identified and discussed herein:Table 2:Summary of Research QuestionsSTRATEGICFOCUS AREASPECIFIC OPPO

153、RTUNITY/CHALLENGEFOCUS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONSWaterSupply of clean waterThe development of water purification modulesThe development of biodegradable,stimuli-dependent nanoparticles for the delivery of agents that are used in water treatmentThe development of sensors for detection of pathogens/chemica

154、l pollutants in waterThe development of techniques to remove pathogens/chemical pollutants and particulate matter in waterPreservation of water cleanlinessWater scarcity and access to waterDevelopment of techniques and processes for water desalinationCreation of appropriate conditions for rain(such

155、as cloud seeding)Development of techniques for maintenance of water levels in dams and rivers(i.e.prevention or minimisation of water evaporation)Development of techniques for rain water harvestingDevelopment of systems for water recycling at a point of usageEffect improvement in water portabilityWa

156、ter pollution/effluent treatmentDevelopment of sensors for pollutant-detectionDevelopment of systems for removal of pollutants Industrial effluent beneficiationMinimisation of contaminants through the use of nanoparticlesRecovery of water from dilute mine streamsEnergyAlternative sources of energyDe

157、velopment of new sources of energyDevelopment or improvement of existing renewable sources of energyProduction of cleaner and environmentally-friendly energyImprovement in generation and use of energyDevelopment of high-capacity energy-storage devicesUsing solar energy to produce hydrogen fuelEffici

158、ent production of hydrogen by water electrolysisHydrogen purificationCatalysis and fuel cells researchEffective distribution of energyDevelopment of mobile energy sources“There is a full court press in every advanced nation in the world to leverage nanotech with economic muscle.”Arden Bement8.Summar

159、y and ConclusionThe Research Plan provides guidance in terms of research focus.The identified research questions therefore are by no means exhaustive.Furthermore,whilst this research plan focuses on the research necessary for the advancement of some of the national goals,research aimed at knowledge

160、generation would also be highly encouraged.As such,the focus of nanoscience and nanotechnology research will not be exclusively confined to research identified herein.Furthermore,the DST will put in place mechanisms for determining health,safety,environmental and risk issues associated with nanotech

161、nology research and application using internationally-accepted best practice3.This effort will be aimed at ensuring that nanotechnology research,including that prescribed in this document,is done in accordance with international best practice.3 Please refer to page 22 for more information.N anoscie

162、nce And N anote chnology2 01 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 2010/26/09 8:55:06 AMSTRATEGICFOCUS AREASPECIFIC OPPORTUNITY/CHALLENGEFOCUS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONSHealthDevelopment of point-of-care diagnostic kitsDevelopment of new forms of therapyImprovement of su

163、rgical proceduresDevelopment of nanosensors for in situ detection of glucose levels in diabetes therapyFunctionalisation of nanoparticles to confer versatility for biomedical applicationsChemical and Bio-ProcessingTitanium Beneficiation InitiativeConversion of titanium-based minerals to titanium dio

164、xideCost-effective production of ultra-pure zirconia for application in various areasFluoro-chemical Expansion InitiativeProduction of fluorine-based fine chemical products for various applicationsBeneficiation of fluorspar to crude and pure hydrogen fluoride(HF),fluorine and fluoro-chemical product

165、sImprovement of catalysts to achieve supported narrow metal crystallite-size distribution,which can be varied over wide crystallite-size rangeSynthesis of nanocatalysts necessary for cleaner production(in manufacturing of chemicals)Application of meso-and micro-porous materials as nanostructure cata

166、lyst-carriers for cleaner processingAdvanced Materialsand ManufacturingAdvancing strategic goals of AMTSAluminium,magnesium and titanium light-metals developmentCoating technology innovationPlatinum beneficiationProduction of high performance magnesium alloysProduction of high performance textilesOp

167、timisation of three processes to extract aluminium in other by-products from coal ashProduction of TiO2 sponge recovered from slag with new technologyMining and MineralsMineral beneficiationPreparation of high-value end-products using PGMsConversion of South Africa-mined silicon into nanoparticles d

168、irectly from the extracted metal in a cost effective processThe use of bio-compatible metals to provide health solutions21Concept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 2110/26/09 8:55:06 AM9.ReferencesThe National Nanotechnology Strategy;1.Department of Science and Technology.Working Defi nition TC/229,2.I

169、nternational Standards Organization.Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies(2004).3.The Royal Society&The Royal Academy of Engineering.National Science and Technology Council(2007).The National Nanotechnology Initiative:Strategic Plan.United.4.States of America,Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science,Engineering

170、 and Technology.Sector Development Strategy:Chemicals(2005).5.Department of Trade and Industry.A National Advanced Manufacturing Technology Strategy for South Africa;6.Department of Science and Technology.Metals Sector Development Strategy(Draft)(2006).7.Department of Trade and Industry.N anoscie nc

171、e And N anote chnology2 21 0 Y e a r R e s e a r c h P l a nConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 2210/26/09 8:55:13 AMConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 2310/26/09 8:55:20 AMDEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYBuilding 53,Meiring Naude Road,Scientia Campus,(CSIR)South Gate Entrance,Brummeria,Pretoria,0001,South Africa.Tel.+27(12)843 6300,Fax.+27(12)349 1030NANOSCIEN C E A N DNANOT EC H N O L O G Y1 0 Y E A R R E S E A R C H P L A NConcept 02 Nanometre Pitch Layout.indd 2410/26/09 8:55:28 AM