割草機排放測試：PEMS試點及未來監測計劃.pdf

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1、Lawnmower Emissions PEMS Pilot Testing and Upcoming Surveillance ProgramDavid Chou,Kaishan Zhang(AQPSD)John Karim,Stephanie Maalouf(MSLD)OSAR Annual ConferenceMarch 13-14.20241OutlineBackground and ObjectivesEquipmentPreparation and Data CollectionResultsConclusionsNext Steps2Background3PEMS are wid

2、ely applied for on-road vehicles and off-road diesel equipmentCurrent PEMS may not be applicable for small off-road engines(SORE)as it requires a complex set-up Emissions of reactive organic gases(ROG)and oxides of nitrogen(NOx)from SORE becomes increasing importantSORE emissions have a direct healt

3、h impact to the local communities and the lawn and garden workers Objectives Evaluate the technical challenges associated with PEMS measurement of SORE Compare real-world emissions vs.emission standards Compare real-world emissions vs.SORE2020 emission factor Understand the operating cycle for lawn

4、mower(idling,stop-and-go)4Equipment 2005 new Honda walk-behind lawn mower 4.4 hp(4-stroke and carbureted)PEMS and auxiliary unitsAVL 493 Gaseous PEMS(1065 PEMS with NDUV analyzer for NOx and NDIR analyzer for CO and CO2)AVL heated FID for measuring THC(part of the AVL 493 gaseous PEMS)AVL PM PEMS wi

5、th Micro soot sensor and gravimetric filter methodsEco Physics PEMS(CLA analyzer for NOx)ECM sensor for NOx ECM sensor for CO2and COAVL PLUtron(Fuel mass flow meter with CO2 measurement)RPM meter5“Dry Run”at ARB Parking Lot6Practice Run at a local residence PreparationTesting at Glendora High School

6、7Field testing lasted about one hourIncludes idling time,stop and go Generator used for power supplyReal-World Measurements Video Clip89010020030040050060000.10.20.30.40.50.60500100015002000Glendora High School(CO2)*Cumulative CO2CO2CO2(g/s)Cumulative CO2(g)Time(s)*CorrectedCO2100246810121400.010.02

7、0.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.10500100015002000Cumulative THCTHCTime(s)*Corrected THCTHC(g/s)Glendora High School(THC)*Cumulative THC(g)1100.20.40.60.811.21.400.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070500100015002000Glendora High School(NOx)*Cumulative NOxNOxNOx(g/s)Cumulative NOx(g)*CorrectedTime(second)

8、Correlation of NOx Measurement12-800-30020070012000500100015002000250030003500AVL(NDUV)ppmEcophysics(Chem)ppmTime NOx ppmECM SensorECOPHYSICS NOx AnalyzerAVL Gas PEMS 493-800-400040080012000500100015002000250030003500AVL(NDUV)ppmECM NOx Sensor ppmNOx ppmTimeCorrelation of NOx Measurement(contd)13R=0

9、.4705-400-2000200400600800-2000200400600800Ecophysics/Chem vs.AVL/NDUVAVL/NDUV(ppm)Ecophysics/Chem(ppm)R=0.3669-400-20002004006008001000-600-400-2000200400600800ECM NOx Sensor vs.AVL/NDUVAVL/NDUV(ppm)ECM NOx Sensor(ppm)1402468101214HCNOxPEMS vs.Zero-Hour EF from SORE2020PEMSSORE2020g/bhp-hr024681012

10、1416PEMS(HC+NOx)Emission Stds(HC+NOx)PEMS vs Emission Standardsg/bhp-hrComparing PEMS Emissions vs.SORE2020 EF and Emission StandardsConclusions15 Based on a new 2005 lawn mower with 4.4 hp:PM HC test data is 111%higher than the HC EF from SORE2020 PEMS NOx test data is 56%less than NOx EF from SORE

11、2020 PEMS test data(HC+NOx)is about 15%higher than the emission standards The PEMS units,though producing reliable results,are bulky and cumbersome for small off-road equipment and reliable mini-PEMS is needed for future study Reasonable correlation in NOx reading from different measurement systemsU

12、pcoming Surveillance Program Develop an in-use surveillance test plan for in-use lawnmowers(n=16)Testing include:Diurnal Test(SHED)-evaporative Running Loss(SHED)-evaporative Engine Dynamometer-exhaust PEMS-exhaust May expand the in-use surveillance test plan for other off-road gasoline equipment(e.

13、g.,other lawn and garden equipment,recreational vehicles,and recreational marine vessels)16Acknowledgements17 MSLD Portable Emissions Measurement Section George Gatt,Tony Nassar Aerosol Analysis&Method Evaluation Section Noriko Nishino Project Planning&Data Analysis Section Tin Truong Testing Operations Support Section Juan Aguirre,Cesario Carrillo Testing Operations&Project Support Section Linda Davis AQPSD Off-Road Gasoline Inventory Section Butch Cordero ASD South Facilities&Health and Safety Section Tola Perkins