駱志平-核電廠和研究設施中放射性廢物最小化實踐.pdf

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1、Prof.LUO ZhipingDepartment of Nuclear Safety and Environmental Engineering TechnologyChina Institute of Atomic EnergyShanghai,20250318 1Overview of Radioactive Waste Minimization 01Current Status and Practices02Problems and Challenges03Future Prospects042Overall ObjectiveReduce the volume and radioa

2、ctivity of solid radioactive waste to levels as low as reasonably achievable through source control,recycling,optimized treatment,and management,based on Cost-Benefit Analysis.Basic Principles Safety:Fundamental prerequisite Waste Disposal:Core focus A p p r o a c h:I n t e g r a t e d t e c h n i c

3、 a l&management measures Priorities:Source control;Full-process m a n a g e m e n t;A c c o u n t a b i l i t y a t a l l levels;Continuous improvement3Objective and Principle 1 Overview of Radioactive Waste Minimization IAEA Framework for Full Lifecycle Minimization4The U.S.:From Regulation to Prac

4、tice1.RCRA Legislation(1976)“Waste Minimization Outline”Required2.EPA Waste Minimization Timing Evaluation Manual(1988）Minimization=Source reduction+Recycling3.Extended ImplementationWith the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)issuing facility-level directives and subsequent reports(e.g.,the 2003 CRP Repo

5、rt No.143),further refining practices in laboratories and small-scale units.1.Foundation Stage(19921995)TECDOC-652:Minimization and Segregation of Radioactive Waste.Technical Report No.377:Minimization of Waste from Nuclear Power Plants and the Back End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle.2.Deepening Stage(19

6、992001)TECDOC-1115:Minimization of Waste from Uranium Purification,Enrichment,and Fuel Fabrication.TECDOC-1130:Recycling and Reuse of Materials and Components.Technical Report No.401:Methods for Waste Minimization in Decontamination and Decommissioning.3.Systematization Stage(20072009)Technical Repo

7、rt No.4:Design Stage Considerations for Waste Minimization.Nuclear Series N.NW-G-1.1:Policies and Strategies for Radioactive Waste Management.1 Overview of Radioactive Waste Minimization Chinas Evolution of Minimization Regulations51996201020172003201420201.Establishing the Framework(1996)Principles

8、 of“Reduction,Resource Recovery,and Harmless Disposal”.2.Legislative Developments(2003 Onward)The Basic Standards for Ionizing Radiation Protection and Radiation Source Safety（GB18871-2002）The Radiological Pollution Prevention and Control Law(2003)In 2006,China joined the Joint Convention,committing

9、 to internationally low waste generation.3.Deepening Industry Guidelines (2014 Onward)Set quantitative targets(2014):e.g.,55 m/year per unit for inland plants,50 m/year per unit for coastal plantsProcess Promotion:Recycling Volume reduction Safe disposal.The Nuclear Safety Law(2017)Raise the safety

10、of radioactive waste to the national safety level and establish a whole chain risk prevention and control system.1 Overview of Radioactive Waste Minimization 6CategoryOperational PhaseDecommissioning PhaseGasHydrogen-bearing gas:contains Kr/Xe/I,high activityAerosols/Dust:low activityOxygen-bearing

11、gas:low activityBuilding exhaust:very low activityLiquidProcess wastewater:high activityDecontamination wastewater:low activityChemical wastewater:high activityFloor drainage:low activityConventional island drainage:normally non-radioactive SolidWet waste:high activityWaste metal:mostly low activity

12、Dry waste:Wipes,metal parts Concrete:Demolition debrisSpecial waste:activated metals,high activitySludge:Sediments,low activityTreatment Features High-activity waste exist Primarily low-activity waste Detailed classification required Large-scale dismantling Incineration/compaction for volume reducti

13、on Potential for metal recycling2 Current Status and Practices7Annual Waste Package Generation(m/PWR Unit)CountryUnited StatesFranceJapanSpainBelgiumSouth KoreaMedian Annual Waste Package Generation 20848462352Optimal Level 74563021112 Current Status and PracticesStatistical Overview Based on EPRI D

14、ata,U.S.nuclear power plants(104 units)produce approximately 28,000 m of untreated solid radioactive waste annuallyabout 270 m per unit(Before treatment)with over 90%being low-level dry solid waste.After treatment,much lower.8Statistical Overview The amount of solid radioactive waste produced by eac

15、h unit of nuclear power plants in operation in China has gradually decreased from the level of 60m3 in 2010 to the level of 50m3 in recently constructed units.Improved.Still a gap from the advanced international level.TypeKey Waste CompositionMain Treatment MethodsFinal Solid Waste(m/unit)CNP-650Ion

16、 exchange resinsConcentratesFilter cartridgesDry wasteSedimentResins&Concentrates:Cement solidification Filter cartridges:Cement fixation Dry waste:Primary compactionSediment:Air drying and decay84111.5M31063.579.2Hualong One36.1CFR600-144.72 Current Status and Practices9 Leak-Proof Design Ingress R

17、eduction System MatchingFacility Design Improvements Reduction StrategyPreventive MeasuresInflow Control Secondary Contamination Prevention High Conductivity Water Isolation Interception technologies Treatment Simplification Avoid Contamination from Additives Precise Decontamination Fully Enclose Bu

18、nds Rapid Runoff Steel Cladding or Epoxy Coatings 2.1 Practices:Source Control2 Current Status and Practices10Purpose and Benefits:Sorting is a critical step to achieve waste minimization by enabling the classification of waste for appropriate treatment and disposal.It allows for the segregation of

19、exempt waste,thus reducing the overall volume that needs to be managed and generating economic benefits.Definition(IAEA,2007):Waste sorting is defined as the process of separating or maintaining the separation of various waste typesbased on their radioactive,chemical,and/or physical propertiesto fac

20、ilitate handling and treatment.This process specifically applies to solid radioactive waste.2.2 Practices:Waste Sorting2 Current Status and PracticesMembrane Separation TechnologiesUF-RO system operating at a feed pH of 10 has achieved a decontamination efficiency of 99.94%with a volume reduction fa

21、ctor of 12.5.Research on composite technology combining inorganic adsorbents with ultrafiltration membranes for treating low-level radioactive wastewater.Heat Pump Evaporation Technology:Developed a pilot heat pump evaporation system for low-level radioactive waste liquid.With a purification factor

22、reaching 105 and energy consumption of only 4045 kWh per ton(94%energy conservation),a single unit can treat approximately 105 m of wastewater annually.2.3 Advances in Minimization Technologies in China：Volume Reduction Techniques for Wastewater2 Current Status and Practices2.4 Advances in Minimizat

23、ion Technologies in China：Efficient Volume Reduction and Stabilization of Solid WasteSteam Reforming Pyrolysis IncinerationPlasma MeltingSpecial Cement SolidificationWet Oxidation2 Current Status and Practices2.5 Good practice:Improvement of cement solidification techniques2 Current Status and Pract

24、ices TES system reconstruction in Qinshan NPP:The project completed in 2018 increased the packaging volume ratio of radioactive solid waste from 41%44%to 95%,and the output of solid waste decreased by about 54%.It is estimated that by the end of its life,it can directly reduce about 5073m3 of radioa

25、ctive solid waste and save 507.3 million yuan in disposal cost(estimated at 100,000 yuan per cubic meter).2.5 Good practice:Treatment of resin and organic liquid waste by supercritical water oxidation2 Current Status and PracticesThe thermal test proves that it meets the needs of organic waste liqui

26、d treatment and will be put into operation.Extend to waste resin.廢萃取廢萃取劑、廢劑、廢樹脂樹脂廢機油、廢樹脂、廢機油、廢樹脂、去污廢液等去污廢液等污溶污溶劑、劑、廢樹廢樹脂脂高濃有高濃有機廢水機廢水2.5 Good practice:Metal smelting2 Current Status and Practices China Nuclear Uranium Mining Radioactive Contaminated Metal Melting and Processing Center(Honghua Compan

27、y)was established in 2004 with the approval of the Ministry of Environmental Protection.The specific activity of the melted metal can be reduced to below 1Bq/g,which meets the exemption standards.The annual processing capacity is 5,000 tons.In 2020,started the first scrap metal smelting project of N

28、PPs,and processed 300 tons of low and medium level radioactive scrap metal.2.5 Good practice:Exemption of waste resin in NPPs2 Current Status and Practices放射性核素放射性核素免管濃度免管濃度Bq/g放射性核素放射性核素免管濃度免管濃度Bq/g3H10060Co0.114C195Zr155Fe100095Nb163Ni100110m Ag0.190Sr1124Sb1051Cr100131I1054Mn0.1133I1059Fe1134Cs0.

29、158Co1137Cs0.1 GB27742-2011 gives the concentration level of radionuclide exemption activity in materials,based on the IAEA safety standard RS-G-1.7.Representative sampling method:using special sampling tools,samples are collected by 3-point method.The columnar samples at each point are divided into

30、 three layers for stratified sampling,with a total of 9 collection points in a single barrel.9 samples were mixed evenly and monitored as representative samples of the waste bucket.2.5 Good practice:Exemption of waste resin2 Current Status and Practices Exemption of tens of m3 waste resin conducted

31、for times.Potential disposing approaches after exmption:(1)Waste resin regeneration(activation)process,(2)Hazardous solid waste landfill disposal,(3)Cooperative disposal in cement kilns.2.5 Other good practices2 Current Status and PracticesSpecific measuresManagement optimizationEstablish radioactiv

32、e waste management institutions,formulate policy objectives,and coordinate the process.Technological improvementOptimize the cement curing formula(concentration/resin inclusion ratio);Small pore water filter improves water quality(activated product)Equipment upgradeReplace flange gasket(silver remov

33、al);Construction of incineration device(high volume reduction of combustible waste);Super compaction device for dry waste(secondary volume reduction)Recovery and reuseMetal frame of ventilation filter recycling;Waste cotton-padded jacket is converted into decontamination wiping cloth.Volume reductio

34、n technologyMulti-filter cement fixation(container utilization ratio);Optimization of wet waste mixing process(filling rate);waste managing process optimization(wastewater/waste gas)Pollution control and preventionMaterial control in control area(packaging materials);Clean the collection pit/tank re

35、gularly(the filter is blocked)3 Problems and Challenges19Minimization of radioactive waste are affected by many economic and social factors,such as the operating cost of nuclear power plants,the construction and operation of waste disposal facilities,the allocation of social resources,public awarene

36、ss and so on.Only sufficient Cost-Benefit Analysis（CBA)can effectively promote radioactive waste minimization.3 Problems and ChallengesOperation and decommissioning processDecontamination technology,devices and materials Personnel cost and safety issuesDuration Secondary wasteWaste degradation Dispo

37、sal cost Social benefitMediumLow Extr-lowExemptedNot worth decontamination?3 Problems and ChallengesR&D of incineration technologyFacilities and equipment Personnel cost and safety issuesDurationEnvironmental protection costDisposal cost Social benefitFor extremely low/low level radioactive wastes,v

38、olume reduction or direct disposal?Combustible waste22 Recycling involves processing used materials to convert harmful substances into benign raw materials.Reuse refers to directly using waste as a product or refurbishing/re-manufacturing it,or incorporating it as a component in new products.Key Que

39、stions:Are the application scenarios of recycling safe,environmentally friendly and reliable?How to manage and promote recycling activities effectively?3 Problems and Challenges23Key Issues:Progress in sampling and measurement technology How to effectively implement the exemption activityScientific

40、understanding,effective promotion Public cognition3 Problems and Challenges243 Problems and ChallengesExtr-low level radioactive waste disposal siteMedium and low level radioactive waste disposal siteMedium-level radioactive waste disposal siteHigh level radioactive waste disposal siteemporary stora

41、ge of special waste253 Problems and Challenges1.Technological innovation promotion2.Strengthen infrastructure construction3.Emphasis on market-oriented mechanism4.Develop life cycle management5.Scientific understanding,safety supervision4 Future Prospects261342Radioactive Waste MinimizationTechnolog

42、ical Innovation and Engineering BreakthroughsSocial Collaboration and Public ParticipationPolicy System Improvement and Management UpgradesCross-disciplinary Integration1.Waste volume reduction and solidification treatment 2.High level radioactive waste treatment technology 3.Medium depth disposal 4

43、.The promotion of exemption and recycling 5.Scientificly promotion1.Increased transparency 2.Exploration of community co-governance mechanism 3.International cooperation1.Improve and refine the standard system.2.Market-oriented mechanism to promote 3.Strengthen management in the whole life cycle1.Breakthrough in materials science 2.Energy saving and emission reduction technologies 3.Ecological restoration technologyThank you!27