世衛組織：2000-2025年全球煙草使用流行趨勢報告（英文版）（121頁）.pdf

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1、 WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025 third edition WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025, third edition ISBN 978-92-4-000003-2 World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attributio

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12、. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Suggested citation: WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 20002025, second edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Suggested citation: WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000202

13、5, third edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Contents List of Contributors Foreword 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Results 3.1 Trends in prevalence of tobacco use: 3.1.1 at global level 3.1.2 by age 3.1.3 by WHO region 3.1.4 by World Bank income group 3.1.5 numbers of tobacco users 3.2

14、Progress towards meeting tobacco use reduction targets 3.3 Trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 3.3.1 at global level 3.3.2 numbers of smokers 3.4 Levels of tobacco use, smoking and cigarette use among adults in 2018 3.5 Smokeless tobacco use among people aged 15 years and older 3.6 Smokeless tob

15、acco use among adolescents aged 1315 years 3.7 Tobacco use among adolescents aged 1315 years 3.8 Cigarette smoking among adolescents aged 1315 years 3.9 Electronic nicotine devices including e-cigarettes 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion References ANNEX 1. Tables of estimates by country, 2018 and 2000 -

16、2025 ANNEX 2. Country profiles ANNEX 3: Statistical annex iv Contributors Lead authors (analysis and writing): Alison Commar (WHO Geneva), Vinayak Prasad (WHO Geneva), Edouard Tursan dEspaignet (University of Newcastle, Australia). Analysis assistance provided by Luzian Ong. Reviewers: WHO Geneva: D

17、ouglas Bettcher, Rdiger Krech, Hebe Gouda, Kerstin Schotte, Benn McGrady, Ranti Fayokun, Marine Perraudin, Simone St Claire. WHO regional offices: Fatimah el-Awa (Eastern Mediterranean); Angela Ciobanu, Liza Lebedeva, Kristina Mauer-Stender (Europe); Jagdish Kaur (South-East Asia); and Mina Kashiwab

18、ara, Melanie Aldeon, Kate Lannan (Western Pacific). Secretariat to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Tibor Szilagyi Support to countries in data collection or reporting for tobacco-specific surveys or multi-risk factor surveys that include tobacco: WHO Geneva: Lubna Bhatti, Melanie Co

19、wan, Stefan Savin, Patricia Rarau, Leanne Riley WHO regional offices: Nivo Ramanandraibe (Africa); Adriana Bacelar and Rosa Sandoval (Americas); Heba Fouad (Eastern Mediterranean); Angela Ciobanu and Liza Lebedeva (Europe); Jagdish Kaur (South-East Asia); Mina Kashiwabara and Melanie Aldeon (Western

20、 Pacific) Secretariat to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Tibor Szilagyi Copy-editing: Rebekka Yates Photo credits: Cover, Ridha Maasir Page 10, Cengiz Yar/UNMAS Afghanistan Page 26, World Bank/Sarah Farhat, reproduced without modifications, see Creative Commons licence at https:/cre

21、ativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/legalcode Funding source: The production of comparable estimates of tobacco use for adults was made possible by funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies. Production of this report was jointly funded by WHO and the University of Newcastle, Australia. v Foreword Dr

22、Naoko Yamamoto Assistant Director-General, Universal Health Coverage/Healthier Populations World Health Organization I have great pleasure in releasing the WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025, third edition. This report offers a reflection on the phenomenal progress ma

23、de by countries who are working to reduce the demand for tobacco, a celebration of the successes achieved to date, and a preview of what can be achieved in the coming years. This report enables us to see for the first time that the number of people using tobacco in the world is declining, despite po

24、pulation growth. The number of male tobacco users, which previously was increasing every year, finally turned the corner in 2018 and is projected to decline each year from 2019 forward. For this projection to become reality, tobacco control efforts need to be reinforced, and in some countries accele

25、rated, to prevent additional people falling victim to tobacco-related illnesses and death. Although admirable progress is being made, the tobacco epidemic is far from over. Progress towards reducing tobacco use everywhere in the world is uneven and some groups are getting left behind. We are falling

26、 short of achieving a global 30% relative reduction in current tobacco use by 2025, a target of the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 20132020. This report contributes to the global monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal 3.a, which calls for streng

27、thening implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in all countries, as appropriate. I acknowledge the dedicated work of the Secretariat to the WHO-FCTC both as co-custodian of the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.a.1, and in helping Parties to the WHO- FCTC

28、 achieve their goals of protecting their populations from the harms of tobacco. I congratulate all countries who are taking multisectoral actions to put in place effective policy measures and to continually monitor and enforce these measures. Together, we will reverse the global tobacco epidemic and

29、 save millions of lives. vi Foreword Professor Kevin Hall Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Vice-President Global Engagement and Partnerships University of Newcastle, Australia On behalf of the University of Newcastle, Australia, I congratulate the World Health Organization (WHO) on the publication

30、of the third edition of the WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025. I also wish to thank my colleagues from the University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour (PRCHB) for their contribution and their continuing close collaboration with WHO scientist

31、s in helping to produce the report. The University of Newcastle has a proud record of engaging with United Nations bodies to help improve the health and well-being of people everywhere. The year 2019 marks 35 years since the University of Newcastle became one of the WHO sites for the Multinational M

32、onitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) project. We are also particularly proud that the PRCHB has, this year, been designated as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Evidence-Based Non- Communicable Disease Program Implementation. This year also saw the renegotiation of th

33、e cooperation agreement between the University of Newcastle and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) CIFAL training centre. CIFAL Newcastle is the first CIFAL centre to be established within a university from its inception, and the first to be established in Australia and

34、the Asia-Pacific region. As a WHO Collaborating Centre, our objective in being closely involved with the production of this report is to serve countries needs. This latest edition contains encouraging numbers indicating that prevalence of tobacco use has peaked and is now declining globally. There i

35、s evidence that the hard work of WHO, countries and a variety of non-governmental organizations in implementing the WHO FCTC is starting to achieve the desired results. The University of Newcastle remains committed to providing its technical know-how and energy to help the WHO, UNITAR and all countr

36、ies improve the lives of people everywhere. vii Abbreviations BAU Business As Usual ENDS Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systerms GSHS Global School-based Student Health Survey GYTS Global Youth Tobacco Survey NYTS National Youth Tobacco Survey HBSC Health Behaviour in School-aged Children NCD Noncommu

37、nicable Disease SDG Sustainable Development Goal WHO FCTC WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 1 1. Introduction Tobacco in any form kills and sickens millions of people every year (1). Around 8 million people died from a tobacco-related disease in 2017 (2). The number of annual deaths can be

38、 expected to keep growing even after rates of tobacco use start to decline, because tobacco-related diseases take time to become apparent (3). A global commitment to reversing the tobacco epidemic was made in 2003 when Member States of the World Health Organization adopted the WHO Framework Conventi

39、on on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) (4), which lays out specific, evidence-based actions that all Parties to the Convention should take to effectively reduce demand for tobacco. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals include among their targets Target 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the

40、WHO FCTC in all countries, as appropriate. The indicator that accompanies this target is 3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older. WHO monitors global progress of this indicator and reports results to the United Nations via this report. The WHO G

41、lobal Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013 2020 includes a target for reducing the global prevalence of tobacco use (smoked and smokeless tobacco) by 30% by the year 2025 relative to 2010 (5). Although the target for reducing tobacco use was set as a global tar

42、get, each country is at liberty to set its own target. This report indicates whether tobacco use in each country is likely to achieve a 30% reduction by 2025, or, if not, whether the trend is upwards, flat or downwards. Recent improvements in the quantity and quality of national data allows calculat

43、ion of internationally comparable estimates of prevalence levels and trends in most countries. Combined, these estimates help us understand regional and global average prevalence rates, and whether or not we are collectively tracking towards meeting tobacco use reduction targets. Each year, more cou

44、ntries are calculating their own trends and projections of tobacco use. Country- produced estimates are no less valid than WHO estimates. The value of WHO estimates is mainly to extract a global picture from comparable estimates by using one method for all countries. WHO estimates undergo a country

45、consultation prior to publication, and country feedback is taken into account when producing final results. WHO published the first edition of this report in 2015, and the second edition in 2018. This is the third edition in the series. Previous editions focused on tobacco smoking rates rather than

46、all tobacco use rates, because the volume of data about smoking was high enough to allow global analyses. In contrast, data on smokeless tobacco use and dual use of smoked and smokeless products was insufficient to allow global analyses of total tobacco use. Prevalence of any tobacco use is defined

47、as the proportion of the population of interest who exclusively use smoked tobacco products, or exclusively use smokeless tobacco products, or who use both smoking and smokeless tobacco products. Therefore, in order to report the “any tobacco use” indicator from a survey, questions must be asked abo

48、ut both tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use. Rates of smokeless tobacco use cannot be derived by subtracting smoking rates from any tobacco use rates. Similarly, any tobacco use cannot be derived by adding rates of tobacco 2 smoking to rates of smokeless tobacco use, because respondents who us

49、e both forms would be double-counted. Due to collaborations in recent years between countries, WHO and partners to introduce Global Tobacco Surveillance System (6) surveys and Tobacco Questions for Surveys (7) into more and more national surveys, the volume of data about “any tobacco use” has increased sufficiently to now allow global analyses. This edition of the report therefore makes a first attempt to analyse and present indicati