世界衛生組織：2020世界衛生統計報告（英文版）（82頁）.pdf

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1、2020 2020 2020 World health statistics 2020: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals ISBN 978-92-4-000510-5 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000511-2 (print version) World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribu

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5、n”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. World health statistics 2020: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World H

6、ealth Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http:/apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http:/apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights

7、and licensing, see http:/www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permissio

8、n from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion wh

9、atsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The

10、mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital let

11、ters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with

12、 the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Photo credits: page 1 WHO / Karen Reidy; page 6 WHO / Lindsay Mackenzie; pages 12, 19 WHO / NOOR / Sebastian Liste; page 23 WHO / Simon Lim Design and layout by LIV Com Srl iii MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs CONTENTS Fore

13、word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv Abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14、. . . . . . . . . .v Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi Key messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii 1. Major gains in life expectancy in low-income countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2. Fewer maternal and child deaths, and gains against major epidemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . . . .6 3. Trends in noncommunicable disease mortality and risk factors, and deaths from injuries and violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 4. Dealing with data challenges .

17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 5. High-quality health information and data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Annex 1. Regional highlights of healt

18、h-related SDG indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Annex 2. Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Annex 3. WHO regional groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 iv WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2020 FOREWORD I have often said that to make progress, we must be able to measure progress. The Sustainable Development Goals offer a compelling vision of a healthier, safer, fairer world, wi

20、th concrete targets to work towards across all of the most pressing health challenges of our time. Part of realizing that vision knowing where we are, so we can see what we need to do to reach our destination. As part of WHOs Transformation, we have worked to scale up to reporting country level data

21、 for 46 health-related SDG indicators, which are presented in the World Health Statistics 2020. The 2020 edition finds steady improvements in many key health indicators, while showing that we are still lagging in other areas. We have made remarkable progress in several important indicators, such as

22、reductions in maternal, neonatal and child mortality since 2000, but there is still a long way to go to meet the SDG targets. There is mixed news about noncommunicable diseases, the worlds leading causes of death. While the overall rate of premature deaths related to noncommunicable diseases has dec

23、lined in the past two decades, progress has slowed since 2010 and key risk factors such as obesity are on the rise. Monitoring progress depends on strong country data and health information systems. There are large gaps in the availability of SDG data in many parts of the world. Strengthening countr

24、y capacity for data and information requires collaboration across governmental and non-governmental institutions, including ministries of health and finance, national statistics offices, offices of the registrar general, local and regional government, and think tanks and academia. One of the key les

25、sons from the COVID-19 pandemic is that we must invest in data and health information systems, as part of our overall public health capacity, before a crisis strikes. To emerge from this crisis stronger, we must be able to monitor progress with real-time, reliable and actionable data. Strong health

26、data systems are a core requirement for improving population health outcomes and meeting the SDG health targets. WHO is committed to working with the international community to provide support for these critical systems, so that every country can have reliable, timely, accessible data. Strong health

27、 information systems are one of the cornerstones of our mission to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable. Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus Director-General World Health Organization v MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs AIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndrome ARTantiretroviral therapy

28、CRVScivil registration and vital statistics DBPdiastolic blood pressure DOTSdirectly-observed treatment, short-course DTP3diphteria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (third dose) GHOGlobal Health Observatory GPW1313th Global Programme of Work HALEhealthy life expectancy HIVhuman immunodeficiency virus

29、HPVhuman papillomavirus ICD-10International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th revision) IHRInternational Health Regulations IPVintimate partner violence ITNinsecticide-treated net MDGMillennium Development Goal MMRmaternal mortality ratio NCDnoncommunicable dis

30、ease NSOnational statistics office NTDneglected tropical disease RHISroutine health information systems SBPsystolic blood pressure SDGSustainable Development Goal TBtuberculosis UHCuniversal health coverage UNUnited Nations UNICEFUnited Nations Childrens Fund VAWviolence against women WHOWorld Healt

31、h Organization WHS+World Health Survey Plus ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vi WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2020 INTRODUCTION T he World health statistics 2020 report is the latest annual compilation of health statistics for 194 Member States.1 It summarizes trends in life expectancy and causes of death and r

32、eports on progress towards the health and health- related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and associated targets. Four indicators of emerging public health importance relating to poliomyelitis, hypertension and obesity in adults and school age children have been included. These are part of the

33、WHOs Thirteenth General Programme of Work 20192023 (GPW13), which the 71st World Health Assembly approved in May 2018.2 The GPW13 is largely based on the SDGs and sets out WHOs strategic direction until 2023. It also assesses the current availability of data for the indicators, and describes the dat

34、a gaps and WHOs efforts to support countries to improve health information systems. Regional statistics and highlights are provided in Annex 1, while country- level statistics for selected health-related SDG indicators are presented in Annex 2, along with the lists of countries in the WHO Regions (A

35、nnex 3). Since 2016, the World health statistics reports have been the place to consolidate health and health-related SDGs, which WHO is tasked with monitoring together with partner UN agencies, as a tool for Member States and decision makers.3 1 The World health statistics series is produced by WHO

36、s Division for Data, Analytics and Delivery, in collaboration with WHO technical departments and Regional Offices. 2 Thirteenth General Programme of Work 20192023: promote health, keep the world safe, serve the vulnerable. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https:/apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/

37、handle/10665/324775/WHO-PRP-18.1-eng.pdf). 3 The information presented in World health statistics 2020 are based on the data that were available for global monitoring as of March 2020. Those data have been compiled primarily from publications and databases produced and maintained by WHO or by United

38、 Nations (UN) groups of which WHO is a member, such as the UN Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. In addition, some statistics have been derived from data produced and maintained by other international organizations, such as the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs and its Popu

39、lation Division. The Global Health Observatory database (available at http:/apps.who.int/gho/data/?theme=main.) contains additional details about the health-related SDG indicators, as well as interactive visualizations. vii MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs KEY MESSAGES T he coronavirus disease (COVID-

40、19) pandemic has caused significant loss of lives, disrupted livelihoods and undermined well-being throughout the world. The COVID-19 crises have underscored how unprepared most health systems were and the negative impact this can have towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs). These

41、 is an urgency to invest in health systems, services and workforce. The 2030 Agenda is a powerful accountability mechanism for the world. It is now more critical than ever to take stock of the lessons learned and progress made in improving population health, and more importantly, to identify and add

42、ress the gaps that persist where progress is not on track. World Health Statistics 2020 sheds light on the progress towards relevant SDGs and their implications in the midst of the current COVID-19 emergency. The report highlights the need to track population health and its determinants in a compreh

43、ensive and continuous manner. This reports key messages are presented below. 1. The world population is not only living longer but living healthier Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE) have both increased by over 8% globally between 2000 and 2016, and remain profoundly influenced by in

44、come. Despite the largest gains in both indicators being due primarily to the progress made in reducing child mortality and fighting infectious diseases, low-income and lower-middle-income countries continue to suffer from the poorest overall health outcomes, lagging far behind the global average. T

45、o effectively sustain the progress in ensuring longer and healthier lives, timely and effective health policies and interventions are needed to minimize the potential direct and indirect impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy, due to excess mortality, and on HALE for populations of different ages, es

46、pecially among older adults. 2. The overall improvements in health move along the fault lines created by inequalities and echo the status and the progress made towards universal health coverage Overall access to essential health services improved from 2000 to 2017, with the strongest increase in low

47、- and lower- middle-income countries. Yet, service coverage in low- and middle-income countries remains well below coverage in wealthier ones. Due to the serious inadequacy of service coverage in low-resource settings, the overall access to essential health services is still way below optimum. Only

48、between one third and one half of the worlds population was able to obtain essential health services in 2017. The inability to pay for health care poses another major challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic not only draws into focus the need to rebuild resilient health systems with increased access to qual

49、ity health services, lowered financial cost and a strengthened health workforce, but also calls for the provision of services such as routine vaccinations and basic hygiene and sanitation. 3. Compared with the advances against communicable diseases, there has been inadequate progress in preventing and controlling noncommunicable diseases Rapid epidemiological transition and demographic changes have shifted the disease burden from those that received attention in the Millennium Development goals (MDGs) era to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), particularly in low- and