三星：6G白皮書（英文版）（61頁）.pdf

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1、The Next Hyper Connected Experience for All. 6G Issued by Samsung Research Preface 7 1 Megatrends toward 6G 9 Connected Machines Machine as a Main User 9 AI New Tool for Wireless Communications 11 Openness of Mobile Communications 11 Social Goals and Mobile Communications 12 2 6G Services 13 Truly I

2、mmersive XR 13 High-Fidelity Mobile Hologram 14 Digital Replica 15 3 Requirements 17 Performance Requirements 18 Architectural Requirements 19 Trustworthiness Requirements 20 4 Candidate Technologies 22 Terahertz Technologies 22 Novel Antenna Technologies 24 Evolution of Duplex Technology 27 Evoluti

3、on of Network Topology 28 Spectrum Sharing 30 Comprehensive AI 32 Split Computing 33 High-Precision Network 35 5 6G Timeline 37 6 Concluding Remarks 38 7 References 39 Table of Contents PrefacePreface7 Preface Following the commercialization of 5G technologies, both academia and industry are initiat

4、ing research activities to shape the next-generation communication system, namely 6G. Considering the general trend of successive generations of communication systems introducing new services with more stringent requirements, it is reasonable to expect 6G to satisfy unprecedented requirements and ex

5、pectations that 5G cannot meet. We expect that 6G will provide ultimate experience for all through hyper-connectivity involving humans and everything. In this white paper, we aim to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of various aspects related to 6G, including technical and societal trend

6、s, services, requirements, and candidate technologies. The rest of this white paper is organized as follows: Section 1 introduces megatrends driving technology evolution towards 6G. Section 2 discusses major services that have to be taken into account in developing 6G technologies. Section 3 describ

7、es requirements to realize the expected services for 6G. They consist of performance requirements, architectural requirements, and trustworthiness re- quirements. Section 4 introduces candidate technologies that will be essential to satisfy the re- quirements for 6G, which currently include support

8、of the terahertz band, novel an- tenna technologies, evolution of duplex technology, evolution of network topology, spectrum sharing, comprehensive AI, split computing, and high-precision network. Section 5 provides an initial expectation of the 6G timeline. We anticipate that the ear- liest commerc

9、ialization could occur as early as 2028 while massive commercialization may emerge around 2030. Section 6 provides concluding remarks. 9Megatrends toward 6G Megatrends toward 6G 1 Applications that take advantage of wireless communications are ex- panding from connecting humans to connecting various

10、 things. Wireless communication is becoming an important part of social infrastructure and peoples daily lives. In addition, todays exponential growth of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and automation will usher in unprecedented paradigm shifts in the wireless c

11、ommuni- cation. These circumstances lead to four major megatrends advancing toward 6G: connected machines, use of AI for the wireless communica- tion, openness of mobile communications, and increased contribution for achieving social goals. The rest of this section discusses details of these four me

12、gatrends. Connected Machines Machine as a Main User It is envisaged that the number of connected devices will reach 500 bil- lion by 2030 1, which is about 59 times larger than the expected world population (8.5 billion 2) by that time. Mobile devices will take various form-factors, such as augmente

13、d reality (AR) glasses, virtual reality (VR) headsets, and hologram devices. Increasingly, machines will need to be connected by means of wireless communications. Examples of connect- ed machines include vehicles, robots, drones, home appliances, displays, smart sensors installed in various infrastr

14、uctures, construction machiner- ies, and factory equipment. Figure 1 illustrates this trend of mobile devices and connected machines. 10 As the number of connected machines grows exponentially, those ma- chines will become dominant users of 6G communications. Looking back at the history of wireless

15、communications, technologies have been devel- oped assuming services for humans as the major driving applications. In 5G, machines were also considered in defining requirements and devel- oping technologies. We expect new 6G technologies have to be developed specifically to connect hundreds of billi

16、ons of machines taking into account what is required for machines. To provide an initial insight into the performance targets needed for connected machines, Table 1 compares the perception capability of hu- mans and machines. For example, the capability of human eye is limited to a maximum resolutio

17、n of 1/150 and view angle of 200 in azimuth and 130 in zenith. On the other hand, machine vision capability is not con- strained by such limitations, since it can take advantage of many cameras with various functions. Considering such high capabilities of machines, the performance requirements for t

18、he 6G system could be extremely high for relevant service scenarios. Figure 1 Evolution of mobile devices and connected machines. Table 1 Comparison of the perception ca- pability of humans and machines. Human Machine Maximum Resolution 1/150 (Smartphone display 290 ppi at 30 cm) Exceeds Human Limit

19、ations! Latency Perception 100 ms Audible Frequency 250-2,000 Hz Visible Wavelength 280-780 nm Viewing Angle Azimuth 200, Zenith 130 20202010 2030 11Megatrends toward 6G AI New Tool for Wireless Communications In recent years, the rise of AI has pervaded various areas such as finance, health care, m

20、anufacturing, industry, and wireless communication sys- tems. Application of AI in wireless communications holds the potential to improve performance and reduce capital expenditure (CAPEX) and opera- tional expenditure (OPEX). For example, AI can Improve performance of handover operation taking into

21、 account network deployments and geographical environments Optimize network planning involving base station (BS) location de- termination Reduce network energy consumption Predict, detect, and enable self-healing of network anomalies The potential benefits of AI applied to wireless communications ar

22、e promising. On the other hand, there is a limit to what is achievable today, as use of AI in communication networks was not considered when develop- ing existing communication systems such as 5G. In the case of 6G, knowing that AI technologies are available for practical applications, we can develo

23、p a system that takes into account the possibility of embedding AI in various entities comprising wireless networks and services. A tremendous amount of data associated with hundreds of billions of connected machines and humans needs to be collected and utilized in 6G systems. Considering AI from th

24、e initial phase of developing concepts and tech- nologies for 6G will give us more opportunities to take advantage of AI for improvement of overall network operation in terms of performance, cost, and ability to provide various services. Openness of Mobile Communications Substantial improvements of

25、the computing power of general purpose processors such as central processing units (CPUs) and graphic processing units (GPUs) enabled software-based implementations of network enti- ties including core networks and BSs. This trend also makes open source software an attractive option to realize netwo

26、rk functions, as it can lower barriers to market entry, promote interoperability, and expedite develop- ment cycles based on shared knowledge. An example of the related indus- try activities is the open radio access network (O-RAN) alliance that aims 12 Social Goals and Mobile Communications With th

27、e growing importance of mobile communications as social infra- structure, governments and international organizations expect 5G to play a pivotal role in ameliorating many social issues such as climate change, hunger, and education inequality 3. For example, the combination of 5G and digitization is

28、 expected to help reduce greenhouse gas emission by up to 15% by 2030 4. 5G networks can enable remote learning, which could provide a means to improve education equality. Despite help from 5G and other measures, regional and social disparities continue to widen. For fun- damental resolution of soci

29、al issues, the UN adopted the Sustainable De- velopment Goals (SDGs) in the Agenda 2030 5. We anticipate a societal need for 6G mobile communications, to contrib- ute even more to address social issues and achieve the SDGs. Hyper-con- nectivity and ultimate experience delivered by 6G mobile communic

30、ations will improve and enable access to required information, resources (both virtual and physical), and social services without constraints of time and physical location. A wide deployment of 6G will reduce differences in re- gional and social infrastructure and economic opportunities and thereby

31、provide alternatives to rural exodus, mass urbanization and its attendant problems. We expect, in summary, that 6G mobile communications will play an important role in achievement of UNs SDGs, and tremendously contribute to the quality and opportunities of human life. to provide an open and intellig

32、ent radio access network (RAN). Another example is the open network automation platform (ONAP), which develops a platform for network management and its automation through an open- sourced shared architecture. Another noteworthy trend is the utilization of personal yet possibly an- onymized user inf

33、ormation to improve personalized quality-of-service (QoS) and quality-of-experience (QoE) of the services provided by mobile network operators (MNOs). Use of AI in various services increases the need for utilizing user information. 136G Services Representative categories of 5G services, i.e., enhanc

34、ed mobile broad- band (eMBB), ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC) will continue to improve moving towards 6G. In this section, we focus on new 6G services that will emerge due to advances in communications as well as other technologie

35、s such as sensing, imaging, displaying, and AI. Those new services will be introduced through hyper-connectivity involving humans and everything and provide ultimate multimedia experience. In the rest of this section, we highlight three key 6G services, namely, truly immersive extended reali- ty (XR

36、), high-fidelity mobile hologram, and digital replica as illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2 Three key 6G services: truly im- mersive XR, high-fidelity mobile hologram, and digital replica. 6G Services2 Truly Immersive XR XR is a new term that combines VR, AR, and mixed reality (MR). It has attracted

37、great attention and opened new horizons in various fields in- cluding entertainment, medicine, science, education, and manufacturing industries. Technical development to realize XR is still in progress, and new 14 innovative technologies are constantly appearing. The critical obstacle between the po

38、tential and reality of XR is hardware. In particular, these technologies require advanced device form-factors, such as hand-held components, to support mobile and active software content. Current mo- bile devices lack sufficient stand-alone computing capability. Unfortunate- ly, progress in hardware

39、 performance, especially mobile computing power and battery capacity, cannot keep pace with what the boom of XR requires. This discrepancy could severely deter market expansion. In our view, these challenges can be overcome by offloading computing to more powerful devices or servers. Another challen

40、ge is sufficient wireless capacity. Note that current AR technology requires 55.3 megabits per second (Mbps) to support 8K display (with one million points), which can provide enough user experience on a mobile display. However, in order to provide truly immersive AR, the den- sity should be largely

41、 improved and it will require 0.44 gigabits per second (Gbps) throughput (with 16 million points). In addition, XR media streaming may have similar demands to 16K UHD (Ultra High Definition) quality video. For example, 16K VR requires 0.9 Gbps throughput (with compression ratio of 1/400). The curren

42、t user experienced data rate of 5G is not sufficient for seamless streaming. It is expected that the market sizes for VR and AR will reach $44.7 billion 6 and $87 billion 7, respectively, by 2030. Figure 3 Truly immersive XR. High-Fidelity Mobile Hologram With the unprecedented rate of advances in h

43、igh-resolution rendering, wearable displays, and wireless networks, mobile devices will be able to render media for 3D hologram displays. Hologram is a next-generation me- dia technology that can present gestures and facial expressions by means of a holographic display. The content to display can be

44、 obtained by means of real-time capture, transmission, and 3D rendering techniques. In order to provide hologram display as a part of real-time services, extremely high data rate transmission, hundreds of times greater than current 5G system, 156G Services Digital Replica With the help of advanced s

45、ensors, AI, and communication technologies, it will be possible to replicate physical entities, including people, devices, objects, systems, and even places, in a virtual world. This digital replica of a physical entity is called a digital twin. In a 6G environment, through digital twins, users will

46、 be able to explore and monitor the reality in a vir- tual world, without temporal or spatial constraints. Users will be able to observe changes or detect problems remotely through the representation offered by digital twins. Users will be even able to go beyond observation, and actually interact wi

47、th the digital twins, using VR devices or holographic displays. A digital twin could be a representation of a remotely controlled set of sensors and actuators. In this manner, a users interaction with a digital twin can result in actions in the physical world. For example, a user could physically mo

48、ve within a remote site by controlling a robot in that space entirely via re- al-time interactions with a digital twin representation of that remote site. With the help of AI, digital replication, management of real world and problem detection and mitigation can be done efficiently without the pres-

49、 ence or even detailed supervision by a human being. For instance, if a prob- Figure 4 3D hologram display over mobile devices. will be essential. For example, 19.1 Gigapixel requires 1 terabits per second (Tbps) 8. A hologram display over a mobile device (one micro meter pixel size on a 6.7 inch display, i.e., 11.1 Gigapixel) form-factor requires at least 0.58 Tbps. Moreover, support of a human-sized hologram requi