1、BLUE TRANSFORMATION IN ACTION2024WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURETHE STATE OF VIET NAM.Worker repairing a fishing net by hand.COVER PHOTOGRAPH Thirawatana Phaisalratana|SThis flagship publication is part of The State of the World series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.R

2、equired citation:FAO.2024.The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024.Blue Transformation in action.Rome.https:/doi.org/10.4060/cd0683enThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of th

3、e Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)concerning the legal or development status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there m

4、ay not yet be full agreement.Themention of specific companies or products of manufacturers,whether or not these have been patented,does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.ISSN 1020-5489(print)ISSN 2410-5902

5、(online)ISBN 978-92-5-138763-4 FAO,2024Some rights reserved.This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-4.0 International licence(CCBY 4.0:https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.en).Under the terms of this licence,this work may be copied,redistributed and adapted

6、,provided that the work is appropriately cited.In any use of this work,there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization,products or services.The use of the FAO logo is not permitted.If a translation of this work is created,it must include the following disclaimer along with

7、the required citation:“This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO).FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation.The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition.”Any dispute,controversy or claim arising

8、 out of or in relation to this Agreement shall be settled by mutual agreement between the Parties.If the Parties are unable to reach an agreement on any question in dispute or on a mode of settlement other than arbitration,each Party shall have the right to request arbitration in accordance with the

9、 Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL)as at present in force.The Parties agree to be bound by any arbitration award rendered in accordance with the above-mentioned rules as the final adjudication of any such dispute.Third-party materials and photogra

10、phs.Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party,such as tables,figures or images,are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder.The risk of claims resulting from infringement of

11、 any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.Any photographs that may appear in this work are not subject to the above-mentioned Creative Commons licence.Queries for the use of all photographs should be submitted to:photo-libraryfao.org.Sales,rights and licensing.FAO infor

12、mation products are available on the FAO website(www.fao.org/publications)and can be purchased through publications-salesfao.org.Requests for commercial use should be submitted via:www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request.Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to:copyrightfao.org.W

13、ORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURETHE STATE OF BLUE TRANSFORMATIONIN ACTIONISSN 1020-5489Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRome,20242024CONTENTSFOREWORD viiMETHODOLOGY xACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiiABBREVIATIONS xvKEY MESSAGES xviiiEXECUTIVE SUMMARY xxiPART 1 WORLD REVIEW 1Global fisheries a

14、nd aquaculture at a glance 1Total fisheries and aquaculture production 7Aquaculture production 12Capture fisheries production 27The status of fishery resources 42Fishing fleet 54Employment in fisheries and aquaculture 60Utilization and processing 65Apparent consumption of aquatic foods 73Trade of aq

15、uatic products 82Status and trends of Sustainable Development Goal 14 indicators under FAO custodianship 100FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN NUMBERS 112PART 2 BLUE TRANSFORMATION IN ACTION 119Blue Transformation:a roadmap 119Sustainable aquaculture in action 121Improving fisheries sustainability 146Inno

16、vations in sustainable trade andvalue chains 167PART 3 OUTLOOK AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES 191Aquatic foods:an untapped potential for healthy diets 191The key role of aquatic foods in climate action 197Impacts of El Nio on marine fisheries and aquaculture 202Fisheries and aquaculture in the context of g

17、lobal biodiversity agreements 205Fisheries and aquaculture projections,20222032 208GLOSSARY 220REFERENCES 225 TABLES 1 World fisheries and aquaculture trends at a glance42 World and regional aquaculture production and growth153 World aquaculture production of aquatic animals by region and selected m

18、ajor producers174 World inland aquaculture and marine and coastal aquaculture production by region and main species group,2022225 World production of major aquaculture species and main species groups266 Capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in marine areas by major producer297 Capture fish

19、eries production of aquatic animals in marine areas by major species and genus328 Capture fisheries production of aquatic animals by FAO Major Fishing Area 34|ii|9 Capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in inland waters by major producer and region3710 Employment in the primary sector of fi

20、sheries and aquaculture by geographical region and subsector,19952022 6111 Total and per capita apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods by region and economic class,2021 7412 Number of countries and territories called for reporting,and number of reporting countries and territories for SDG Indic

21、ators 14.4.1,14.6.1 and 14.b.110113 Example of identified harvesting critical tracking events and key data elements to be overseen by a flag state to combat IUU fishing17814 Projected fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals to 2032210 FIGURES 1 World fisheries and aquaculture product

22、ion of aquatic animals52 Utilization of world fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals63 World fisheries and aquaculture production84 World fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by region,1950202295 World fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by are

23、a and relative shares of world production,2022106 World fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by ISSCAAP division and top ten species items,2022117 World aquaculture production,19902022138 Annual growth rate of aquatic animal aquaculture production by region,20002022169 Aquaculture

24、 production of selected main species groups by major producer,200820221910 Share of aquaculture in total fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by region,20002022 2111 Composition of world marine and coastal aquaculture by main species group,20162022 2412 Fed and non-fed aquaculture

25、 production of animal species by region,20002022 2513 World capture fisheries production of aquatic animals,195020222814 World capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in marine areas 3015 World capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in marine areas by FAO Major Fishing Area,average

26、202020223116 Capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in inland waters4017 Share of capture fisheries in inland waters in total fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by volume,average 202020224118 Global trends in the state of the worlds marine fishery stocks,197420214319 Pe

27、rcentages of biologically sustainable and unsustainable fishery stocks by FAO Major Fishing Area,20214420 The three temporal patterns in fisheries landings,195020214521 State of major inland fisheries5322 Proportion of fishing vessels by motorization status,geographical region and income group,20225

28、423 Global fishing fleet,motorized vs non-motorized,199520225524 Share of motorized and non-motorized vessels by geographical region,20225625 Size distribution of fishing fleet,1995202257|iii|CONTENTS26 Size distribution of fishing fleet with known length overall,199520225727 Size distribution of mo

29、torized fishing fleet by geographical region,20225828 Employment in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture by geographical region,199520226229 Share of subsector employment in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture by geographical region,20226230 Time use categories reporting in th

30、e primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture,2022 6331 Sex-disaggregated data on employment in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture by subsector,20226432 Share of utilization of world fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by food and non-food use by volume6633 Utilizati

31、on of world fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals,196220226734 Utilization of fishmeal and fish oil in selected years 7035 Share of raw material utilized for reduction into fishmeal and fish oil,20227136 Apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods by region,196120217537 Apparent c

32、onsumption of aquatic animal foods per capita,average 201920217638 Apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods per capita by region,196120217739 Contribution of aquatic animal foods to animal protein supply per capita,average 201920217840 Apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods per capita and

33、contribution to supply of animal proteins by economic class,20217941 Apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods by main species group,1961 and 20218242 Top 30 countries and territories with highest share of aquatic animal product exports in total merchandise exports,200020228343 World merchandise

34、and aquatic animal export value,fixed-base indices(1976=100),197620228444 Annual growth rate of world merchandise,agricultural and aquatic animal exports by value,201020228545 Annual changes in FAO Fish Price Index,199020238746 Top ten exporting countries of aquatic animal products by value,20228847

35、 Top ten importing countries of aquatic animal products by value,20229148 Trade flows of aquatic animal products by region(share of total imports,in value),20229449 Share of main product forms in exports of aquatic animal products by volume,1976 vs 20229650 Share of main groups of species in exports

36、 of aquatic animal products by value,20229751a FAO capacity development activities and most recent quality assurance scores (SDG Indicator 14.4.1)10251b Activities carried out within the FAO Global Capacity Building Programme in support of the PSMA and complementary instruments during 2018202410352

37、Progress in the degree of implementation of international instruments aimed at combating IUU fishing by region,20182024 (SDG Indicator 14.6.1)10653 Value of sustainable fisheries as a percentage of countries GDP by SDG region or grouping (SDG Indicator 14.7.1)107|iv|54 Progress in the degree of appl

38、ication of a legal/regulatory/policy institutional framework which recognizes and protects access rights for small-scale fisheries by region,20182024 (SDG Indicator 14.b.1)10955 Reporting rates recorded for SDG Indicators 14.4.1,14.6.1 and 14.b.1 between 2018 and 2024 according to UNSD groupings1105

39、6 Objectives and targets of Blue Transformation12057 The FISHINFO Network17558 Fish loss and waste multidimensional solutions strategy process18559 Eliminating loss and waste for tilapia and utilizing its by-products for food purposes19660 Overview of aquatic food-related case studies and initiative

40、s submitted to the 2023 UNFCCC annual Ocean and Climate Change Dialogue19861 Examples of FAO field projects and programmes on climate change adaptation for the aquatic food sector20062 El Nio risk analysis in FAO Major Fishing Areas20363 Average monthly sea surface temperature anomalies during the e

41、volution of the 20232024 ElNio20464 World fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals,1980203220965 Annual growth of world aquaculture production by volume21166 Increasing role of aquaculture21267 Share of aquaculture in total fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by re

42、gion and volume,2022 vs 203221368 World fishmeal production,1990203221469 Exports and imports of aquatic animal foods by region and volume218 BOXES 1 Fisheries and aquaculture statistics:challenges and opportunities22 Evaluating the status of FAOs inland fishery statistics393 New guidance to enhance

43、 global reporting by fishing vessel type594 Enhancement of FAOs Food Balance Sheets on aquatic products805 FAO Fish Price Index866 China:the shift from net exporter to net importer927 Regional analysis of reporting on SDG Indicator 14.4.11048 Enhancing sustainability reporting and interlinkages betw

44、een SDGs:integration of Indicator 14.4.1 with Indicator 14.7.11089 ALART:an FAO tool to reform national aquaculture legislation12210 Aquaculture parks:a model for sustainable aquaculture production12411 AquaGRIS:transforming the knowledge base on genetic resources inaquaculture12712 Challenges in ge

45、netic management and improvement in seaweed aquaculture12913 FAO Reference Centres for Antimicrobial Resistance and Aquaculture Biosecurity13214 Alternatives to reduce the need for antimicrobials and prevent antimicrobial resistance13415 Investing in desert and arid zone aquaculture:a dream or an op

46、portunity?13616 FAO and aquaculture digitalization13817 Fish silage:a high-quality feed ingredient promoting a circular economy in Barbados14018 Digitalization in support of aquaculture development in the CaribbeanCommunity141|v|CONTENTS19 Aquaculture demonstrative centres to accelerate Blue Transfo

47、rmation in the Mediterranean and Black Sea region 14320 Global Sustainable Aquaculture Advancement Partnership14421 Tawi-Tawis journey towards sustainable seaweed farming 14522 FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Transshipment14823 Building gender-transformative change in fisheries and aquaculture14924 Leg

48、acy of the International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture 202215225 Integrated water resources management:the case of the Komadugu Yobe Basin of Lake Chad15426 Partnerships for managing high seas resources15527 EAF-Nansen Programme:achievements in fisheries management and assessment 15828

49、 Regional consultations on marine fishery stock assessment16029 Technological innovations in support of safety atsea16530 Artificial intelligence in support of fisheries management in Saudi Arabia16631 Preferential access in international trade and sustainability16832 Understanding fisheries access

50、arrangements formaximizing sustainable benefits17033 Transforming waste to wealth in small-scale fisheries in Togo17234 Pescatourism in Jinshanzui:connecting the past with the present17335 FAO Blue Ports Initiative17636 Blockchain traceability of Saudi Arabian seafood products through a digital auct

51、ion system17937 Ten-year anniversary of the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative 18138 Collective action for transformative change:FISH4ACP multistakeholder partnership in CtedIvoire18239 The potential of using black soldier fly to produce aquaculture feed in Zimbabwe18340 Multidimensional solution

52、s for reducing loss in multi-day boat fisheries in Sri Lanka18641 Small-scale fisheries and opportunities for renewable energy18742 The impacts of microplastics on the safety of aquatic foods18843 Ensuring the safety of seaweed foods18944 Small fish for food security and nutrition19245 Home-grown sc

53、hool feeding19346 Food composition data of aquatic foods19447 Prevention,preparedness and rehabilitation of aquatic food systems after climate-related shocks and disasters19948 Meeting the challenge of rising population:implications for supply of aquatic animal foods216|vi|FOREWORDLess than six year

54、s before 2030,there are major concerns that progress on most of the Sustainable Development Goals is either moving much too slowly or has regressed,shadowed in the face of intensified challenges.Conflict,climate extremes,environmental degradation and economic shocks combined with the high cost of nu

55、tritious foods and growing inequalities continue to threaten food security and nutrition.We know that over 3.1 billion people more than 40 percent of the world population cannot afford a healthy diet.Hunger and malnutrition occur unevenly across and within continents and countries,and current agrifo

56、od systems are highly vulnerable to shocks and disruptions arising from climate variability and extremes,exacerbating growing inequities.Today,aquatic systems are increasingly recognized as vital for food and nutrition security.But more can be done to feed a growing and more urbanized population.Bec

57、ause of their great diversity and capacity to supply ecosystem services and sustain healthy diets,aquatic food systems represent a viable and effective solution that offers greater opportunities to improve global food security and nutrition today and for generations to come.However,if we want aquati

58、c food systems to enhance their contribution to sustainable development,transformation is essential.In 2021,FAO adopted the Blue transformation,a Programme Priority Area anchored in the FAO Strategic Framework 20222031,aimed at maximizing the opportunities presented by aquatic food systems to enhanc

59、e food security,improve nutrition,eradicate poverty and support the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Furthermore,these objectives fully align with the key FAO strategies on climate change,innovation and biodiversity.This edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquacultu

60、re is devoted to“Blue Transformation in action”.It illustrates how FAO effectively uses its resources,expertise and comparative advantage to promote collaborative efforts and initiatives involving Members,partners and key stakeholders.Implemented through the Blue Transformation Roadmap presented at

61、FAO Regional Conferences during 2024 these efforts focus on priority actions to achieve three global objectives:sustainable aquaculture growth to meet the increasing demand for aquatic foods;effective fisheries management for healthier fishery stocks and equitable livelihoods;and upgrading of aquati

62、c food value chains to guarantee their social,economic and environmental sustainability.The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 has benefited from significant improvements in data collection,analytical and assessment tools,and methodologies generating more reliable and expanded data on the

63、 state of world fisheries and aquaculture resources,and their exploitation and utilization.In 2022,fisheries and aquaculture production reached an all-time high of 223.2 million tonnes,worth a record USD 472 billion and contributing an estimated 20.7 kg of aquatic animal foods per capita.This consti

64、tuted about 15 percent of the animal protein supply,reaching over 50 percent in several countries in Asia and Africa.While capture fisheries production has remained largely unchanged for decades,aquaculture has increased by 6.6 percent since 2020,contributing over 57 percent of aquatic animal produc

65、ts used for direct human consumption.The fisheries and|vii|aquaculture sector employs an estimated 62 million people in primary production alone.Where sex-disaggregated data are available,approximately 24 percent of the total workforce were women;of these,53 percent were employed in the sector on a

66、full-time basis,a great improvement since 1995,when only 32 percent of women were employed full time.Aquatic products continue to be one of the most traded food commodities,involving over 230 countries and territories and generating a record USD 195 billion in 2022 considering all aquatic products.D

67、espite these significant achievements,the sector still faces major challenges from climate change and disasters,water scarcity,pollution,biodiversity loss and other anthropogenic impacts.We need to accelerate efforts to ensure 100 percent of fishery stocks are placed under effective management,to re

68、verse unsustainable practices,combat illegal,unreported and unregulated fishing,and reduce overfishing.An ecosystem approach should be at the centre of future aquaculture intensification and expansion,to minimize environmental impacts and secure animal health and food safety,with an efficient,divers

69、e and sustainable use of inputs and resources,in particular water,land and feed,while improving yields and supporting livelihoods,especially for the most vulnerable communities and populations.Although significant improvements are reported in processing and utilization of aquatic foods,additional ef

70、forts are required to reduce loss and waste of aquatic products,upscaling successful FAO initiatives promoting innovative technologies,implementing circular economy solutions,facilitating access of producers,particularly small-scale ones,to regional and international markets and making aquatic foods

71、 available to all consumers.The importance of fisheries and aquaculture for Sustainable Development Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,seas and marine resources for sustainable development highlights the responsibility of FAO,as custodian of four out of ten indicators of SDG14,to accele

72、rate the global momentum to secure healthy diets from healthy and productive oceans.This is being effectively implemented through activities aimed at improving the capacities of Members to implement,monitor and report progress and to inform on the challenges they face for achieving SDG 14 targets re

73、lated to fisheries and aquaculture.Recognition of the importance of fisheries and aquaculture in global fora is illustrated by the increasing inclusion of aquatic food systems in United Nations Food Systems Summit dialogues,United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations and the K

74、unming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework,in addition to the adoption of the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction,and the World Trade Organization Agreement

75、 on Fisheries Subsidies,as well as the upcoming international agreement on plastic pollution,including in the marine environment.Our world population is projected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030 many living in urban areas with almost 600 million people remaining chronically undernourished.Providing suf

76、ficient food,nutrition and livelihoods for this growing FOREWORD|viii|Qu DongyuFAO Director-Generalpopulation demands significant investments.As highlighted in this report,aquaculture has a major role to play,particularly in Africa where its great potential is not yet realized.We need to urgently ex

77、plore all opportunities and take transformative action to make agrifood systems more efficient,more inclusive,more resilient and more sustainable.These transformative actions are needed to move forwards into a world with better production,better nutrition,abetter environment and a better life,leavin

78、g noone behind.The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture,an FAO flagship publication,continues to provide evidence-based information,policy and technical insights on challenges and innovations shaping the present and future of the sector.I hope that this 2024 edition will meet the expectations of

79、 its expanding audience of policymakers,managers,scientists,fishers,farmers,traders,civil society and consumers to inform on the vital role and contributions of fisheries and aquaculture in addressing the challenges of thetwenty-first century.|ix|METHODOLOGYThe preparation and production of The Stat

80、e of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 is a 15-month process which started in April 2023.The work was guided and supervised by an editorial board,chaired by the FAO Assistant Director-General and Director of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Division(NFI),representing all the teams of the divisio

81、n,and steered by a core executive group of the NFI Information and Knowledge Management Team and a representative of the FAO Office of Communications.The editorial board met regularly to design,develop and refine the structure and content of the report,then to review progress and address emerging is

82、sues brought by the core executive group.Based on the agreed structure,different senior editorial board members were assigned the leadership of a thematic section.Most contributions were prepared by FAO authors,including from FAO Decentralized Offices,in collaboration with external experts where app

83、ropriate(see Acknowledgements,p.xii).The work of the editorial board benefited from wider consultation among the FAO teams in charge of the FAO flagship publications.Between April and June 2023,thematic section leaders coordinated proposals for a wide range of topics from the officers in the divisio

84、n,in consultation with officers from other FAO divisions and FAO Decentralized Offices.The proposals were reviewed by the editorial board to refine the outline ensuring it addressed current and emerging issues.The working outline took into consideration how ongoing FAO undertakings reflect Blue Tran

85、sformation in action and align with the outcomes of high-level global and regional events and initiatives as well as concrete achievements on policies,norms and standards,technical innovation,partnerships and results at regional and country levels.The longstanding Part 1 on world review,status and t

86、rends has benefited from improved data collection methodology,tools and analyses and has been extended to cover the regular monitoring of the SDG14 indicators under FAO custodianship.Part 2 sets the scene for reporting and demonstrating Blue Transformation in action in global and regional fora,but a

87、lso on the ground.Part 3 addresses outlook and contemporary issues,complementing the other two parts to inform stakeholders and to provide guidance to policy-and decision-makers in charge of fisheries and aquaculture.Following on from the 2022 edition,this report includes an executive summary,which

88、covers the entire publication,and an expanded glossary.For the first time,The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture features infographics to illustrate the key messages and executive summary.In June 2023,a summary was prepared for each section and subsection,with inputs from section leaders,and r

89、evised based on feedback from the editorial board.The summary document was submitted to NFI management,then to the FAO Deputy Director-General for approval in July 2023.This document formed the blueprint guiding authors in the drafting of the publication.Part 2 and most of Part 3 were drafted and ed

90、ited for technical and language content between August 2023 and November 2023.Part 1 and the section on projections in Part 3 were drafted and edited between 1 January and 1 April 2024,because they are based on FAOs official fisheries and aquaculture statistics,which only become available upon annua

91、l closure of the thematic databases in which the data are structured.The process requires careful collation,cross checking,revision and validation.In the absence of national reporting,FAO makes estimates based on the best data available from other authoritative sources or through standard methodolog

92、ies.|x|All parts were reviewed by a subgroup of the editorial board including managers of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Division.In addition,Parts 2 and 3(except projections)were submitted in December 2023 to a panel of three external experts covering respectively aquaculture,capture fisheries a

93、nd value chains for their review and recommendations(see Acknowledgements,p.xii).Based on an agreed schedule,the finalized English drafts of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 were submitted in batches to the Language Branch for translation into FAOs other five official languages and

94、to the Publications and Library Branch for copyediting,layout and processing.Recent developments in fisheries and aquaculture have been accompanied by a major expansion of the associated terminology necessitating its thorough review to ensure coherence throughout the report.The glossary prepared in

95、2022 has been expanded for this edition,using definitions provided by authoritative sources of FAO or others.A Glossary Working Group was set up to complete this task and assist authors.A final draft of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 was submitted to the Office of the FAO Deputy D

96、irector-General and to the Office of the FAO Director-General for approval.|xi|ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 was prepared under the overall direction of the FAO Assistant Director-General and Director of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Division,Manuel Barange an

97、d an editorial board under his leadership,comprising Lahsen Ababouch,Vera Agostini,Diana Fernandez Reguera,Carlos Fuentevilla,Marianne Guyonnet,Audun Lem,Alessandro Lovatelli,Felix Marttin,Marc Taconet,Jogeir Toppe,Stefania Vannuccini and Xinhua Yuan.Authorship of each section was led and coordinate

98、d by an editorial board member.The production process was overseen by Marc Taconet with support from Lahsen Ababouch(project manager and technical editor),Emmanuel Blondel(map production)and Diana Fernandez Reguera(divisional support team),assisted by Marianne Guyonnet(liaison),Tamsin Vicary(Glossar

99、y)and Kiran Viparthi(informatics).Main authors(all affiliated with FAO,unless otherwise stated)were:PART 1 World review(coordinator Stefania Vannuccini)Global fisheries and aquaculture at a glance:Lahsen Ababouch(lead author)and Stefania VannucciniTotal fisheries and aquaculture production:Stefania

100、Vannuccini(lead author)Aquaculture production:Xiaowei Zhou(lead author)Capture fisheries production:James Geehan(lead author)The status of fishery resources:Rishi Sharma(lead author,Marine),Felix Marttin(lead author,Inland),Tarub Bahri,Pedro Barros,Nicolas Gutierrez,Merete Tandstad,Marcelo Vasconcel

101、los,Hilario Murua(International Seafood Sustainability Foundation),Robert Arthur,Varun Tandon,Abigail Lynch(United States Geological Survey),Gretchen Stokes,Samuel Smidt,Jesse Wong(University of Florida),Valerio Crespi and Philippe Tous(African Development Bank)Fishing fleet:Orsolya Mikecz(lead auth

102、or),Pierre Maudoux and Raymon van AnrooyEmployment in fisheries and aquaculture:Orsolya Mikecz(lead author)and Pierre MaudouxUtilization and processing:Stefania Vannuccini(lead author),Ansen Ward,Omar Riego Pearubia and Jogeir ToppeApparent consumption of aquatic foods:Adrienne Egger(lead author),Fe

103、rnanda Grande,Bridget Holmes and Victoria Padula de QuadrosTrade of aquatic products:Adrienne Egger(lead author)Status and trends of of Sustainable Development Goal 14 indicators under FAO custodianship:Marc Taconet(lead author),Anne-Elise Nieblas,Rishi Sharma,Stefania Savor,Giuliano Carrara,Piero M

104、annini,Matthew Camilleri,William Griffin,Marcio Castro de Souza,Mele Tauati and Nicole Franz PART 2 Blue Transformation in action(coordinator Manuel Barange)Blue Transformation:a roadmap Manuel Barange(lead author)and Carlos FuentevillaSustainable aquaculture in action(coordinators Xinhua Yuan and A

105、lessandro Lovatelli)Progress in the development of the FAO Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture:KwangSuk Oh(lead author),Xinting Shao,Blaise Kuemlangan,Julia Nakamura and Buba BojangSupplying quality seed for aquaculture:Graham Mair(lead author),Daniela Lucente and Kiran ViparthiPathways to effect

106、ive aquaculture biosecurity and disease control:Melba Reantaso(lead author)and Esther GarridoInnovative aquaculture systems and aquafeed solutions:Fernanda Garcia Sampaio(lead author),Samantha Bryn Beckert,Anton Ellenbroek,Mohamed El Syed Mohamed Megahed,Yvette Diei Ouadi,Omar Riego Pearubia,Jogeir

107、Toppe,Omardath Maharaj,Phil Lashley,Alessandro Lovatelli and Valerio Crespi The importance of partnerships for sustainable aquaculture development:Matthias Halwart(lead author),Austin Stankus,Lionel Dabbadie and Housam Hamza|xii|Improving fisheries sustainability(coordinators Vera Agostini and Felix

108、 Marttin)Progress in implementing the FAO Port State Measures Agreement:Matthew Camilleri(lead author)and Alicia MosteiroProgress in implementing the FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication:Franz Nicole(lead author),Mele Tau

109、ati,Lena Westlund,Daniela Kalikoski and Jennifer GeeManaging shared fishery resources:the growing role of regional fishery bodies:Piero Mannini(lead author),Eszter Hidas,Kim Stobberup,Kathrin Hett,Stefania Savor,Aureliano Gentile and Viktoria Varga LencsesManaging marine fisheries for sustainability

110、:a focus on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries:Nicolas Gutierrez(lead author),Felix Marttin,Merete Tandstad and Varun TandonEvolving the way we assess the status of marine fishery stocks:Rishi Sharma(lead author),Felix Marttin,Marc Taconet,Diana Fernandez Reguera and Anne-Elise Nieblas Ma

111、nagement priorities for inland fisheries:Felix Marttin(lead author),Valerio Crespi,Varun Tandon and John Valbo-JrgensenTechnology and innovation for sustainable fisheries:Raymon van Anrooy(lead author),Anton Ellenbroek,Marc Taconet,Jonathan Lansley,Florence Poulain,Pedro Guemes and Ahmed Al Mazrouai

112、Innovations in sustainable trade and value chains(coordinators Audun Lem and Jogeir Toppe)The WTO Agreement on fisheries subsidies,the sustainability of fishery stocks and the role of FAO:Audun Lem(lead author),Marcio Castro de Souza and Pinar Karakaya Social sustainability in fisheries and aquacult

113、ure:Mariana Toussaint(lead author),Marcio Castro de Souza,Audun Lem,Jennifer Gee,Matteo Luzzi,Rachel Matheson and Nianjun ShenGLOBEFISH:40 years of market monitoring and marketing intelligence:Audun Lem(lead author),Hassan Abdullayev and Jos Estors Carballo FAOs standard setting on traceability and

114、certification:Nada Bougouss(lead author),Aureliano Gentile,Nianjun Shen,Pedro Guemes and Ahmed Al MazrouaiFISH4ACP:transforming aquatic food systems through a value chain approach:Gilles van de Walle(lead author),Greta Barbera and Maarten RoestMultidimensional solutions to food loss and waste:Ansen

115、Ward(lead author),Omar Pearubia and Nianjun ShenAquatic food safety:Esther Garrido Gamarro(lead author),Jogeir Toppe and Markus Lipp PART 3 Outlook and contemporary issues(coordinators Manuel Barange and Vera Agostini)Aquatic foods:an untapped potential for healthy diets:Jogeir Toppe(lead author),Mo

116、lly Ahern,Fernanda Grande,Doris Rittenschober,Bridget Holmes,Yuko Nanjo,Ros Rolle,Ti Kian Seow,Fatima Hachemand Andrea Polo Galante The key role of aquatic foods in climate action:Xuechan Ma(lead author),Diana Fernandez Reguera,Fernanda Garcia Sampaio,Jose Aguilar Manjarrez,Tarub Bahri,Angela Lentis

117、co,Jeffrey Kinch,Jose Parajua,Florence Poulain,Felix Marttin,Jeffy Gomez,Vasco Schmidt and Iris MonnereauImpacts of El Nio on marine fisheries and aquaculture:Iris Monnereau(lead author),Dimitri Gutirrez(Peruvian Institute of Marine Research),Salvador Emilio Lluch-Cota(Biological Research Centre of

118、the Northwest),Vera Agostini and Manuel BarangeFisheries and aquaculture in the context of global biodiversity agreements:Kim Friedman(lead author),Piero Mannini,Amparo Perez Roda,Vera Agostini and Diana Fernandez RegueraFisheries and aquaculture projections,20222032:Stefania Vannuccini(lead author)

119、and Adrienne Egger|xiii|ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe publication also benefited from external review by i)James Ianelli(Alaska Fisheries Science Center,National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency and University of Washington,Seattle,United States of America),ii)Albert G.J.Tacon,Former FAO Officer,Expert in

120、 aquaculture nutrition and feeds,and iii)Carl Christian Schmidt,Former Head of the Fisheries Policy Division of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and currently advisor on ocean and fisheries issues.These eminent experts are acknowledged for their significant contributions.Th

121、e report was reviewed internally by Manuel Barange,Vera Agostini,Audun Lem,Xinhua Yuan and the editorial board,as well as by colleagues in other FAO technical divisions and units.Translations were delivered by the Language Branch(CSGL)of the FAO Governing Bodies Servicing Division(CSG).The Publicati

122、ons and Library Branch(OCCP)in FAOs Office of Communications(OCC)provided editorial support,design and layout,as well as production coordination,for editions in all six official languages.|xiv|ABBREVIATIONSABMTarea-based management toolABNJarea beyond national jurisdiction ACPAfrica,the Caribbean an

123、d the Pacific ADCaquaculture demonstrative centreAIartificial intelligenceAISAutomatic Identification SystemALARTAquaculture Legal Assessment and Revision ToolALDFGabandoned,lost or discarded fishing gearAMRantimicrobial resistance AqGRaquatic genetic resourcesAquaGRISglobal information system on aq

124、uatic genetic resourcesBBNJ AgreementAgreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National JurisdictionBMSYbiomass corresponding to maximum sustainable yieldBPIBlue Ports InitiativeCARICOMCa

125、ribbean CommunityCBDConvention on Biological DiversityCCRFCode of Conduct for Responsible FisheriesCITESConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCMMconservation and management measureCOFICommittee on FisheriesCOFI:AQCOFI Sub-Committee on AquacultureCOFI:FTCOFI S

126、ub-Committee on Fish TradeCOPConference of the PartiesCPUEcatch per unit effortCRFMCaribbean Regional Fisheries MechanismCTEcritical tracking event CWPCoordinating Working PartyDHAdocosahexaenoic aciddl-PCBdioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl DRMdisaster risk managementDRRdisaster risk reductionDSFd

127、eep-sea fisheriesEAAecosystem approach to aquacultureEAFecosystem approach to fisheriesEEZexclusive economic zoneENSOEl Nio Southern OscillationEPAeicosapentaenoic acidEUMOFAEuropean Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture ProductsEUROFISHInternational Organisation for the Development of Fi

128、sheries and Aquaculture in EuropeEUROSTATStatistical Office of the European UnionFADfish aggregating deviceFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFBSFood Balance SheetFFRCFreshwater Fisheries Research Centre of Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesFINFISHINFONetworkFIRMSFisheries an

129、d Resources Monitoring SystemFLWfood loss and wasteFPIFAO Fish Price IndexGBCgender-based constraintGBFKunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity FrameworkGBVgender-based violence|xv|ABBREVIATIONSGCA+20Global Conference on Aquaculture Millennium+20GCFGreen Climate FundGDPgross domestic productGDSTGlobal D

130、ialogue on Seafood TraceabilityGESAMPJoint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental ProtectionGFCMGeneral Fisheries Commission for the MediterraneanGIESGlobal Information Exchange SystemGISgeographic information systemGRSFGlobal Record of Stocks and FisheriesGSAGuidelines f

131、or Sustainable AquacultureGSAAPGlobal Sustainable Aquaculture Advancement PartnershipGSSIGlobal Sustainable Seafood InitiativeGSTGlobal StocktakeGTAgender-transformative approachHACCPHazard Analysis Critical Control PointHGSFhome-grown school feedingIACGInteragency Coordination Group ICESInternation

132、al Council for the Exploration of the SeaIFFOMarine Ingredients OrganisationIHHIlluminating Hidden HarvestsILOInternational Labour OrganizationIMOInternational Maritime Organization INFOFISHIntergovernmental Organization for Marketing Information and Technical Advisory Services for Fishery Products

133、in the Asia and Pacific RegionINFOPCHEIntergovernmental Organization for Marketing Information and Cooperation Services for Fishery Products in AfricaINFOPESCACentre for Marketing Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in Latin America and the CaribbeanINFOSAMAKCentre for Marketing I

134、nformation and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab RegionINFOYUChina Fish Marketing Information and Trade Advisory Service CenterIRCSinternational radio call signISSCAAPInternational Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and PlantsISSFInternational Seafood Sustainabil

135、ity FoundationIUUillegal,unreported and unregulated IWRMintegrated water resources managementIYAFAInternational Year of Artisanal Fisheries and AquacultureKDEkey data elementLDCsleast developed countriesLIFDClow-income food-deficit countryLOAlength overallMDSmultidimensional solutionsMoEWAMinistry o

136、f Environment,Water and Agriculture(Saudi Arabia)MPLmarine plastic litterMSPmultistakeholder partnershipMSYmaximum sustainable yieldMUmanagement unitNACANetwork of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-PacificNAOHSNational Aquatic Organism Health StrategyNAPNational Adaptation PlanNCTnutrient conversion table

137、|xvi|NDCnationally determined contributionNeeffective population sizeNFPnational focal pointNGOnon-governmental organizationNPOA-SSFNational Plan of Action for Small-Scale Fisheries OACPSOrganisation of African,Caribbean and Pacific StatesOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPIC

138、TsPacific Island Countries and TerritoriesPMP/ABProgressive Management Pathway for Aquaculture BiosecurityPSMAPort State Measures AgreementRAEretinol activity equivalentRAOHSRegional Aquatic Organism Health StrategyQAquality assessmentREretinol equivalentRFABregional fisheries advisory bodyRFBregion

139、al fishery bodyRFMAregional fisheries management arrangementRFMOregional fisheries management organizationRTAregional trade agreementSDGsSustainable Development GoalsSIDSSmall Island Developing StatesSoSIFAO State of Stocks IndexSSF GuidelinesVoluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale

140、 Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty EradicationSSTsea surface temperatureSUASupply Utilization AccountTABterrestrial animal biosecurityuFISHFAO/INFOODS global food composition database for fish and shellfishUNUnited NationsUNCLOSUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaUNEPU

141、nited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNFSAUnited Nations Fish Stocks AgreementUNFSSUnited Nations Food Systems SummitUVIunique vessel identifierVMEvulnerable marine ecosystemWHOWorld Health OrganizationWOAHWorld Organisation for Animal HealthW

142、TOWorld Trade Organization|xvii|KEY MESSAGES1World fisheries and aquaculture production hit a new high in 2022.Successful initiatives should be upscaled to consolidate the vital role of aquatic foods for global food security,nutrition and livelihoods.Global fisheries and aquaculture production surge

143、d to 223.2 million tonnes,with 185.4million tonnes of aquatic animals and 37.8 million tonnes of algae.Of the total aquatic animal production,89 percent was used for human consumption,equivalent to an estimated 20.7 kg per capita in 2022.The rest went on non-food uses,mostly fishmeal and fish oil.An

144、 estimated 61.8 million people were employed in the primary production sector,mostly in small-scale operations.Sex-disaggregated data indicate that 24 percent of fishers and fish farmers were women compared with 62 percent in the post-harvest sector.Over 230 countries and territories were involved i

145、n the international trade of aquatic products,reaching a record value of USD195 billion a 19 percent increase from pre-pandemic levels in 2019.In low-and middle-income countries,the total net trade(exports minus imports)of aquatic animal products reached USD45billion greater than that of all other a

146、gricultural products combined.Further transformative and adaptive actions are needed to strengthen the resilience of aquatic food systems and consolidate their role in addressing hunger,malnutrition and poverty.2 Aquaculture can meet the rising global demand for aquatic foods.Future expansion must p

147、rioritize sustainability and benefit regions and communities most in need.In 2022,global aquaculture production reached 130.9million tonnes,valued at USD312.8billion,59 percent of global fisheries andaquaculture production.Inland aquaculture contributed 62.6 percent of farmed aquatic animals,marine

148、and coastal aquaculture 37.4 percent.For the first time,aquaculture surpassed capture fisheries in aquatic animal production with 94.4 million tonnes,representing 51 percent of the world total and a record 57 percent of the production destined for human consumption.Aquaculture remains dominated by a

149、 small number of countries,with many low-income countries in Africa,Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean not exploiting their full potential.Out of some 730 farmed species items,17staple species represent about 60 percent of global aquaculture production,while other species are important at loca

150、l level.Targeted policies,technology transfer,capacity building and responsible investment are crucial to boost sustainable aquaculture where it is most needed,in particular in Africa.|xviii|3Global capture fisheries production remains stable,but sustainability of fishery resources is a cause for co

151、ncern.Urgent action is needed to accelerate fishery stock conservation and rebuilding.Global capture fisheries production of aquatic animals has fluctuated between 86 and 94 million tonnes per year since the late 1980s.In 2022,the sector produced 92.3 million tonnes,valued at about USD 159 billion a

152、nd comprising 91.0million tonnes of aquatic animals 79.7 million tonnes caught in marine areas and 11.3 million tonnes in inland waters in addition to 1.3 million tonnes of algae.With a share of 43 percent,marine capture fisheries remain the major source of global aquatic animal production.The fract

153、ion of marine stocks fished within biologically sustainable levels decreased to 62.3 percent in 2021,2.3percent lower than in 2019.When weighted by their production level,an estimated 76.9percent of the 2021 landings were from biologically sustainable stocks.Effective fisheries management leads to s

154、tock recovery,and urgent action is needed to replicate successful policies and reverse declining sustainability trends.4Global demand for aquatic foods is projected to increase further.Expansion of sustainable production is vital to ensure healthy diets from healthy oceans,lakes and rivers.In 2022,g

155、lobal apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods reached an estimated 165 million tonnes,increasing at nearly twice the annual rate of the world population since 1961.Global annual per capita apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods rose from 9.1 kg in 1961 to an estimated 20.7 kg in 2022.Aqua

156、tic animal foods provide high-quality proteins 15 percent of animal proteins and 6 percent of total proteins worldwide and key nutrients including omega-3 fatty acids,minerals and vitamins.The potential of aquatic foods to contribute to food security,nutrition and poverty reduction is increasingly r

157、ecognized in major global fora such as the UN Food Systems Summit and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.Efforts must continue to promote aquatic foods for healthy diets from healthy oceans,lakes and rivers.5Aquatic animal production is expected to increase by 10 percent by 2032.The Blue

158、Transformation Roadmap aims to ensure sustainable fisheries and aquaculture growth while promoting equitable benefits and environmental conservation.Aquatic animal production is expected to increase by 10 percent by 2032,driven by aquaculture expansion and capture fisheries recovery.It will reach 20

159、5 million tonnes 111 million tonnes from aquaculture and 94million tonnes from fisheries.Up to 90 percent will be destined for human consumption,at a rate of about 21.3kg per capita.Consumption per capita is expected to grow in all continents,but will likely decline in Africa,particularly sub-Sahara

160、n Africa,where many people rely on aquatic foods for nutrition.Exports of aquatic animal products will grow,involving 34 percent of the total production in 2032,down from 38 percent in 2022.The FAO Blue Transformation Roadmap paves the way for sustainable growth,promoting equitable benefits and reve

161、rsing environmental degradation.|xix|KEY MESSAGES6Small-scale fisheries are a vital source of nutrition and livelihoods for millions of people.Greater global recognition and action are needed to support and empower these communities.Small-scale fisheries contribute an estimated 40 percent of the glo

162、bal catch and support 90 percent of the capture fisheries workforce,with women representing 40 percent of all those engaged in the aquatic value chain.Some 500 million people rely on small-scale fisheries for their livelihoods,including 53million involved in subsistence fishing 45 percent of whom ar

163、e women.The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries were endorsed a decade ago,yet the vital role of small-scale fisheries is not sufficiently recognized.Enhancing the recognition and governance of small-scale fisheries through co-management approaches remains crucial to

164、secure sustainable exploitation,equitable socioeconomic development andequal opportunities for all.7Efforts to improve data collection and analysis must be strengthened.They are key to evidence-based policymaking and the effective management of fisheries and aquaculture.FAO,in coordination with Memb

165、ers and partners,has invested significant resources to strengthen capacity,and improve data collection,analytical tools and methodologies for managing fisheries and aquaculture effectively.Enhanced fishery stock assessments,revised socioeconomic and technical data,and digital innovations provide mor

166、e accurate insights and bolster“Blue Transformation in action”.Improved data and analysis inform global policy debates and guide FAOs initiatives for effective fisheries and aquaculture management at national,regional and global levels.8Efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal targets rel

167、ated to fisheries and aquaculture must accelerate.FAO urges the international community to step up actions to support implementation of the Blue Transformation Roadmap.Progress in implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development remains slow and uneven.The indicators on combating illegal,unr

168、eported and unregulated fishing and supporting small-scale fisheries show increasing uptake of international guidelines and policies.However,the indicator on increasing the economic benefits from sustainable marine fisheries is lagging,while the percentage of fishery stocks within biologically susta

169、inable levels continues to drift from the target.FAO encourages countries to implement the Blue Transformation Roadmap to catalyse change in aquatic food systems and achieve sustainable aquaculture growth,effective fisheries management and upgraded value chains.KEY MESSAGES|xx|EXECUTIVE SUMMARYComba

170、ting hunger,malnutrition and poverty remains essential for achieving the goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Aquatic systems are increasingly recognized for the multiple solutions they offer to improve food security and nutrition,alleviate poverty and boost socioeconomic

171、 development,particularly for the many coastal and riparian communities around the world,while maintaining a low environmental footprint.The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 analyses the status,trends and projections of global fisheries and aquaculture.It features“BlueTransformation in

172、action”,illustrating how FAO is leading collaborative efforts and initiatives in close coordination with Members,partners and key stakeholders to guide global policy processes and disseminate best practices to support sustainable aquaculture intensification and expansion,effective fisheries manageme

173、nt and upgraded aquatic food value chains.WORLD REVIEWTotal fisheries and aquaculture production reached an all-time record of 223.2 million tonnes in 2022,185.4 million tonnes(live weight equivalent)of aquatic animals and 37.8 million tonnes(wet weight)of algae,a 4.4 percent increase from 2020.Sixt

174、y-two percent of aquatic animals were harvested in marine areas(69 percent from fisheries and 31 percent from aquaculture)and 38 percent in inland waters(84 percent from aquaculture and 16 percent from capture fisheries).Asian countries produced 70 percent of the aquatic animals,followed by countrie

175、s in Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean(9 percent each),Africa(7 percent),Northern America(3 percent)and Oceania(1 percent).China remained the major producer(36 percent),followed by India(8 percent),Indonesia(7 percent),Viet Nam(5 percent)and Peru(3 percent).World aquaculture production reac

176、hed a new record of 130.9 million tonnes in 2022,valued at USD 313 billion and comprising 94.4 million tonnes of aquatic animals and 36.5 million tonnes of algae.Asia contributed 91.4 percent of the overall total,followed by Latin America and the Caribbean(3.3 percent),Europe(2.7 percent),Africa(1.9

177、 percent),Northern America(0.5 percent)and Oceania(0.2 percent).Ten leading countries(China,Indonesia,India,Viet Nam,Bangladesh,Philippines,Republic of Korea,Norway,Egypt and Chile)produced 89.8 percent of the total.In 2022,production of animal species from aquaculture(51 percent)surpassed for the f

178、irst time that from capture fisheries,with inland aquaculture producing 62.6 percent of total farmed aquatic animals.The overall increase(7.6 percent)from 2020 was largely in Asia(87.9 percent of the increase),followed by Latin America and the Caribbean(7.3 percent),Europe(3.5 percent)and Africa(0.8

179、 percent).This increase occurred mainly in finfish aquaculture(58.1 percent),followed by crustaceans(24.6 percent)and molluscs(15.6 percent).World capture fisheries produced 92.3 million tonnes in 2022,91.0 million tonnes of aquatic animals and 1.3 million tonnes of algae.China remained the top capt

180、ure fisheries producer(14.3 percent),followed by Indonesia(8.0 percent),India(6.0 percent),Peru(5.8 percent),the Russian Federation(5.4 percent),the United States of America(4.6 percent),VietNam(3.9 percent)and Japan(3.2 percent).With 80 million tonnes of aquatic animals produced in 2022,marine capt

181、ure fisheries remain the principal source(43 percent)of global aquatic animals.About 85 percent of total marine fisheries production was finfish,mainly anchoveta(4.9 million tonnes),Alaska pollock(3.4 million tonnes)and skipjack tuna(3.1 million tonnes).Catches of valuable species groups continued t

182、o increase,reaching a record 8.3 million tonnes for tunas and tuna-like species,3.9 million tonnes for cephalopods|xxi|and 3.3 million tonnes for shrimps and lobsters.Inland fisheries produced 11.3 million tonnes,harvested mainly in Asia(63.4 percent)and Africa(29.4 percent),where they are important

183、 for food security.Lead producers were India(1.9 million tonnes),Bangladesh(1.3 million tonnes),China(1.2 million tonnes),Myanmar(0.9 million tonnes)and Indonesia(0.5 million tonnes).Inland fisheries figures are likely underestimated due to the difficulties most countries face in collecting these da

184、ta.Concern over the state of marine fisheries resources continues despite noticeable improvements in several regions.The fraction of marine fishery stocks within biologically sustainable levels decreased to 62.3 percent in 2021,2.3 percent lower than in 2019.When weighted by their production levels,

185、an estimated 76.9 percent of the 2021 landings from FAO-monitored stocks were from biologically sustainable stocks,significantly higher than the world average of 62.3 percent.Likewise,86 percent across major tuna stocks were within biologically sustainable levels.These examples confirm that effectiv

186、e fisheries management leads to stock recovery and increased catches,calling for urgent action to expand its enforcement to reverse the declining trend.Inland fishery stocks can recover rapidly from elevated mortality levels.Fishing pressure can be high because of the many people involved,but enviro

187、nmental factors play a greater role in productivity and resilience.Furthermore,lack of national capacity and resources and the low priority given to inland fisheries are major obstacles to monitoring and managing such fisheries.Recent FAO data indicate that 47 percent of major basins important to in

188、land fisheries are under“low pressure”,40 percent under“moderate pressure”and 13 percent under“high pressure”.These results can help inform the prioritization of interventions in the context of integrated water resources management.The world fishing fleet was estimated at 4.9 million vessels in 2022

189、,two-thirds of which were motorized.Asia hosts the worlds largest fishing fleet(71 percent of the total),followed by Africa(19 percent),Latin America and the Caribbean(5 percent),Northern America and Europe(2 percent each),and Oceania(less than 1 percent).Asia hosts the largest fleets of motorized(8

190、0 percent)and non-motorized(54 percent)vessels and Africa hosts the second-largest non-motorized fishing fleet.Many fishing nations(e.g.China,Japan and European Union Member States)continue their strategy of reducing fishing vessels.In 2022,the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture employed ar

191、ound 61.8 million people,compared with 62.8 million in 2020,with 54 percent engaged in fisheries and 36 percent in aquaculture,while the subsector was not specified for 10 percent of the workforce.Asia provided 85 percent of these jobs,followed by Africa(10 percent)and Latin America and the Caribbea

192、n(4 percent),with Europe,Oceania and Northern America combined accounting for just 1 percent.Most aquaculture workers were in Asia(95 percent),followed by Africa(3 percent)and Latin America and the Caribbean(2 percent).In fisheries,77 percent of the global workforce was in Asia,16 percent in Africa

193、and 5 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean.Where data are disaggregated by sex(66 percent of the data),women accounted for 24 percent of fishers and fish farmers(28 percent in inland fisheries)and 62 percent of processing workers.Fifty-three percent of women were employed on a full-time basis,

194、compared with 57 percent of men.However,gender inequalities remain,including difference in wages,insufficient recognition of womens contribution to the sector and gender-based violence.Utilization and processing of aquatic products continue to improve,making available for human consumption 89 percen

195、t of the aquatic animal production in 2022.The remaining volume was used for non-food purposes,mainly to produce EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|xxii|fishmeal and fish oil(83 percent).The largest share(43 percent)of aquatic animal foods was distributed in live,fresh or chilled form,followed by frozen(35 percent),

196、prepared and preserved(12 percent),and cured(10 percent).Overall,in high-income countries,aquatic foods are mostly processed,and traditional methods of preservation are increasingly replaced by more value-adding processes in many other countries.By-products traditionally discarded as waste are incre

197、asingly used to prepare food and non-food products.For example,in 2022,by-products accounted for 34 percent and 53 percent of the total production of fishmeal and fish oil,respectively.Global apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods was 162.5 million tonnes in 2021,bringing the average annual gr

198、owth to 3 percent per year since 1961,exceeding that of all terrestrial meats combined,estimated at 2.7 percent per year over the same period.Asia accounted for 71 percent of this apparent consumption,followed by Europe(10 percent),Africa(8 percent),Northern America(5 percent),Latin America and the

199、Caribbean(4 percent)and Oceania(1 percent).Per capita consumption increased from 9.1 kg per year in 1961 to 20.6 kg per year in 2021.From 1961 to 2021,consumption of aquatic animal foods in Europe,Japan and the United States of America combined decreased from 47 percent to 18 percent of the total.Me

200、anwhile,the shares of China,Indonesia and India increased from 17 percent to 51 percent for the same period,with China alone absorbing 36 percent of this total.Globally,aquatic animal foods provided 15 percent of animal proteins and 6 percent of all proteins in 2021.They contributed at least 20 perc

201、ent of the per capita protein supply from all animal sources to 3.2 billion people.Non-high-income countries generally rely more heavily on proteins from aquatic animal foods compared with high-income countries.This reflects the affordability,availability and accessibility of aquatic foods,making th

202、em a staple of choice in many culinary traditions of non-high-income countries.Global trade of aquatic products continues to grow,involving over 230 countries and territories and generating a record USD 195 billion in 2022.It represented over 9.1 percent of total agricultural trade(excluding forest

203、products)and about 1 percent of total merchandise trade value.In countries and territories such as the Faroe Islands,Maldives and Seychelles,however,it accounted for over 30 percent of total merchandise trade.Exports of aquatic animals increased from USD7.9 billion in 1976 to 192 billion in 2022 at

204、an average annual growth rate of 7.2 percent in nominal terms and 4.0 percent in real terms,facilitated by the liberalization of trade policies,reduced transportation costs,and improved technology,logistics and storage.China remains the main exporter of aquatic animal products(12 percent in value),f

205、ollowed by Norway(8 percent),Viet Nam(6 percent),Ecuador(5 percent)and Chile(4 percent).The European Union was the largest single market importing USD 62.7 billion of aquatic animal products,including USD 29.5 billion of intra-European Union trade.The largest single importing country was the United

206、States of America(17 percent),followed by China(12 percent),Japan(8 percent),Spain(5 percent)and France(4 percent).The most traded aquatic animal products in 2022 were finfish(65 percent of the total value),crustaceans(23 percent),and molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates(11 percent).By species g

207、roups,salmonids remain the most valuable(20 percent in value),followed by shrimps and prawns(17 percent),cods,hakes and haddocks(9 percent),tunas,bonitos and billfishes(9 percent),and cephalopods(7 percent).FAO supports its Members and other actors to work towards achieving several SDG targets,in pa

208、rticular the targets of SDG 14(Life below Water)relevant to fisheries and aquaculture,measuring and reporting progress through the SDG indicator framework.|xxiii|EXECUTIVE SUMMARYOverall,there has been good progress in the adoption of the SDG 14 monitoring and reporting framework by countries across

209、 the biological,social and economic sustainability dimensions covered by the four fisheries indicators under FAO custodianship.FAO has successfully supported the development of the indicators,their monitoring and reporting methodologies and the related capacity development.Significant progress towar

210、ds the adoption of instruments to combat illegal,unreported and unregulated fishing(Indicator 14.6.1)and to support small-scale fisheries(Indicator 14.b.1)has been achieved.This testifies to the general uptake of international policies and guidelines by countries.However,there remains much to do in

211、terms of implementation on the ground.On the other hand,the indicator on increasing the economic benefits from sustainable marine fisheries(Indicator 14.7.1)is lagging,while the percentage of fishery stocks within biologically sustainable levels(Indicator 14.4.1)continues to drift from its target.Fu

212、ll implementation and reporting by Members are works in progress and challenges remain,especially for developing countries.Moreover,the good reporting by certain countries should not distract attention from those countries still unable to report,including many least developed countries and Small Isl

213、and Developing States.FAO encourages countries to implement the Blue Transformation Roadmap to catalyse change in aquatic food systems and achieve sustainable aquaculture growth,effective fisheries management and upgraded value chains.BLUE TRANSFORMATION IN ACTION Blue Transformation:a roadmapIn 202

214、1,FAO launched the Blue Transformation vision,aimed at maximizing the opportunities presented by aquatic food systems to enhance food security,improve nutrition,eradicate poverty and support the achievement of the 2030Agenda for Sustainable Development.In linewith the FAO Strategic Framework 2022203

215、1 and its corporate strategies,a the Blue Transformation Roadmap proposes clear objectives,concrete priority actions and quantifiable targets to guide,monitor and report on global efforts to achieve this vision.Sustainable aquaculture in action FAO collaborates with Members and a global network of p

216、ractitioners and experts to support initiatives and disseminate innovations and technology,aiming to achieve healthier,more efficient and safer aquaculture production.Examples of initiatives deployed include development of the Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture,a negotiated global document that

217、will guide sustainable aquaculture expansion and intensification into the future;implementation of the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation,Sustainable Use and Development of Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture for rational and effective management of aquatic genetic resources;p

218、romotion of the global information system on aquatic genetic resources;adoption and implementation of the Progressive Management Pathway for aquaculture biosecurity and for antimicrobial resistance;elaboration of National or Regional Aquatic Organism Health Strategies to achieve aquatic biosecurity

219、and address disease challenges;piloting of the transfer and adoption of innovative systems and technologies to expand aquaculture into new regions,improve feeding management,aquafeed supply and on-farm made aquafeeds with use of local ingredients or fish silage,and encourage aquaculture digitalizati

220、on;and establishment of the Global Sustainable Aquaculture Advancement Partnership,a platform to enhance the scientific basis of aquaculture and promote continuous innovations.a FAO Strategy on Climate Change https:/openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cc2274en;FAO Science and Innovation Strate

221、gy https:/openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cc2273en;FAO Strategy on Mainstreaming Biodiversity across Agricultural Sectors https:/openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca7722en|xxiv|Improving fisheries sustainabilityFAO-led initiatives aim to achieve sustainable fisheries and equitable

222、livelihoods by supporting the adoption and implementation of international instruments and sustainable practices.These initiatives cover actions to enhance national capacities to combat illegal,unreported and unregulated fishing;to develop and implement participatory National Plans of Action for Sma

223、ll-Scale Fisheries and integrate them in broader policies of agrifood systems,sustainable development and livelihoods;to strengthen the capacity of regional fishery bodies to address challenges presented by newly adopted agreements dealing with fisheries subsidies,the conservation and sustainable us

224、e of marine biological diversity and plastic pollution;to upgrade science-based approaches to assess the status of world marine fishery resources and the threats to inland fisheries,using reliable data collection protocols,privileging participatory and integrated approaches and traditional knowledge

225、;and to disseminate cost-effective technologies and innovations on responsible fishing,processing and distribution,safety at sea,energy efficiency,and reliable data and data collection systems.Innovations in sustainable trade and value chainsTo upgrade aquatic food value chains and guarantee their s

226、ocial,economic and environmental sustainability,FAO supports Members to comply with trade agreements and market access requirements.Actions and initiatives include support to implement fisheries management systems and combat illegal,unreported and unregulated fishing for ensuring that countries comp

227、ly with the World Trade Organization Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies,particularly its provisions prohibiting subsidies linked to overfished stocks and illegal,unreported and unregulated fishing;development of global guidance on social responsibility in fisheries and aquaculture value chains to addr

228、ess issues of gender equality,decent work and occupational safety;promotion of guidance on end-to-end traceability to ensure product quality,safety,legality and sustainability;endorsement of the multidimensional solutions approach to reduce food loss and waste in aquatic food systems,based on a mult

229、istakeholder platform involving a wide range of public and private stakeholders;and support to expert consultations and provision of advice on the risks and benefits of aquatic food consumption in relation to emerging chemical contaminants.OUTLOOK AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUESAquatic foods are considered

230、among the healthiest and their consumption is linked to improved public health outcomes.The importance of fisheries and aquaculture is increasingly recognized in global fora,underlying the potential of aquatic food systems to provide solutions for improving food security,healthy diets,economic devel

231、opment and environmental protection.Aquatic foods:an untapped potential for healthy diets Consumption of whole fish provides important essential nutrients in particular omega-3 fatty acids,minerals and vitamins and is relatively affordable for low-income populations,ensuring their access to nutritio

232、us foods.During processing,many parts considered not edible are often discarded.These parts are rich in micronutrients,and adoption of simple low-cost technologies such as drying,smoking,fermentation and milling can transform them into affordable and nutritious products.FAO supports home-grown schoo

233、l feeding programmes to produce aquatic foods using locally produced small fish or fish powders made from fisheries by-products.For example,acceptability of dried fish powder produced from tuna frames in Ghana and fish cake from whole tilapia in Guatemala was high,enabling the provision of more food

234、s,improving nutrition,reducing the cost per meal,and lessening the environmental impact.|xxv|EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTo promote consumption of aquatic foods and increase public awareness of their nutritional and health benefits,FAO has prepared a global nutrient conversion table for application to the FAO

235、Supply Utilization Accounts,based on national or regional food composition data.The global table provides data required to generate statistics on aquatic foods for energy,macronutrients,micronutrients,and polyunsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids.The key role of aquatic foods in climate action Policie

236、s in recent years have focused on the nexus between climate change,aquatic ecosystems and food production within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC).The 2023 UNFCCC Ocean Dialogue recognized the significant potential of aquatic foods for providing critical climate solut

237、ions and the importance of integrating them into both national and multilateral climate action-related processes.The FAO field programmes implementing climate change adaptation solutions for aquatic food systems across regions support highly vulnerable coastal and riparian communities to reduce vuln

238、erability,boost resilience,and diversify local food systems and livelihoods.They integrate traditional knowledge for adapting to climate change in specific areas,offer key insights into local species most suited to adapt to evolving conditions,and engage stakeholders including youth,women and Indige

239、nous Peoples.Ensuring access to climate finance for the aquatic food sector is challenging especially for small-scale producers,who lack awareness of funding possibilities and the know-how to access them.FAO has developed climate finance training materials and guidance to help governments and other

240、stakeholders assess climate risks,build climate rationale,develop adaptation actions,and formulate adaptation finance proposals.Impacts of El Nio on marine fisheries and aquaculture The El Nio Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events cause natural ocean conditionsto alter due to changes in sea surface tempe

241、rature and upwelling,affecting food availability and suitability of habitats for fish and other marine species.El Nio events have been linked to declines in fish catch from a variety of fisheries such as those in the North Pacific and the East China Sea,as well as those of highly migratory species a

242、nd of Peruvian anchoveta in the Eastern Pacific.They affect aquaculture infrastructure and cultured organisms;for example,conditions resulting from El Nio events can strongly affect the growth and survival of seaweed farmed in the Philippines,where this industry supports around 200 000 family farms.

243、According to FAOs retrospective analysis(1950 to 2023),strong to extraordinary Eastern Pacific El Nio events affected marine fisheries in 11 of the 19 marine FAO Major Fishing Areas.Impacts differ across geographical areas,target species,and types of fishing or aquaculture,and may be both negative a

244、nd positive.For example,2023 El Nio conditions diminished the habitat and food availability of Peruvian anchoveta,leading to a 56 percent reduction in landings compared with 2022.On the other hand,the 20232024 El Nio had a positive impact on skipjack fishing and catchability of yellowfin tuna in the

245、 exclusive economic zones of the Pacific Island Countries and Territories.Climate models project more frequent extreme ENSO events due to global warming.It is therefore vital to implement adaptive fisheries management measures such as dynamic adjustment of the fishing season and limiting access to f

246、ishing grounds based on near real-time monitoring.Fisheries and aquaculture in the context of global biodiversity agreements The Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)is a multilateral treaty to conserve biodiversity while ensuring sustainable and fair use of its components and equitable sharing of

247、 the benefits arising from genetic resources.Under the CBDs 2050 vision of”Living in harmony with nature”,|xxvi|the fifteenth meeting of the Conference of Parties adopted the landmark Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(GBF)in 2022 to be used by countries to develop National Biodiversity

248、Strategies and Action Plans.Aquatic food systems are directly related to many GBF targets such as management of aquatic spaces;reduction of species extinction risk;sustainability of use and trade of wild aquatic species;and actions to deter and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species.FAO is w

249、orking across stakeholder groups to identify the opportunities and challenges for the timely implementation of the framework in aquatic food systems.In 2023,United Nations Member States agreed to an international legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological

250、 diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.The agreement covers 64 percent of the total ocean surface area and around half the surface area of the planet.It tackles threats such as climate change and overfishing,and promotes coordination between relevant bodies,including regional fishery bodie

251、s.The agreement represents an opportunity to build on existing policy instruments,processes and works of sectoral bodies.To address plastic pollution,the United Nations Environment Programme-led Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee is developing an international legally binding instrument on plas

252、tic pollution,including in the marine environment.FAO is actively participating in the consultations,providing technical advice on fisheries and aquaculture.Fisheries and aquaculture projections,20222032The FAO outlook for fisheries and aquaculture foresees an increase in world production,apparent c

253、onsumption and trade for the period up to 2032,although at slower rates compared with previous decades.World production of aquatic animals is projected to reach 205 million tonnes in 2032,111 million tonnes from aquaculture and 94 million tonnes from capture fisheries,increasing respectively by 17 p

254、ercent and 3 percent.Aquaculture will account for 54 percent of the total production of aquatic animals and 60 percent of total aquatic food for human consumption,estimated at 184 million tonnes or 90 percent of total production.Apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods will increase by 12 percen

255、t to supply on average 21.3 kg per capita in 2032,driven mostly by rising incomes and urbanization,improvements in post-harvest practices and distribution,and dietary trends.Unfortunately,per capita apparent consumption in Africa will continue decreasing,alarmingly more so in sub-Saharan Africa,wher

256、e many depend on aquatic foods to meet their nutritional needs,particularly for animal proteins and micronutrients.Exports of aquatic products will continue to grow but will represent only 34 percent of total production in 2032,compared with 38 percent in 2022.Prices are expected to continue declini

257、ng slightly in both nominal and real terms until 20252027,before increasing again.|xxvii|UNITED STATES OF AMERICACage culture in a floating fish farm.Tolga AslantrkPART 1WORLD REVIEWGLOBAL FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE AT A GLANCEAquatic food systems are very diverse and offer a variety of environmental

258、,economic and social benefits and services.They are increasingly recognized at the global level and in many countries and communities for their nutritional value and ecosystem services that contribute to sustaining healthy diets and aquatic biodiversity.More than ever before,they represent viable so

259、lutions and offer opportunities to improve global food security and nutrition,enhance livelihoods and preserve the environment.Consolidation of the role of aquatic food systems requires the acceleration of transformative changes to achieve sustainable and equitable global fisheries and aquaculture.I

260、n 2021,FAO adopted Blue transformation as Programme Priority Area BP2,b aimed at maximizing the opportunities presented by aquatic food systems to enhance food security,improve nutrition,eradicate poverty and support the achievements of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.FAO developed the F

261、AO Blue Transformation Roadmap to clarify concepts and offer guidance on its objectives and priority actions.cThe State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 presents the status of global fisheries and aquaculture,showcasing how,through“Blue Transformation in action”,FAO,in coordination with Membe

262、rs and partners,promotes b See theStrategic Framework 20222031 for further details:https:/www.fao.org/3/cb7099en/cb7099en.pdfc See:https:/doi.org/10.4060/cc0459encollaborative efforts and implements initiatives to support sustainable aquaculture intensification and expansion,effective management of

263、global fisheries,and upgrading of aquatic food value chains.Following improvements in data collection and advancements in analytical and assessment tools and methodologies(Box 1),the data on the state of world fisheries and aquaculture production and utilization have been revised and expanded.In 202

264、2,the global production of aquatic animals reached a new world high of 185 million tonnes(live weight equivalent),an increase of 4 percent from 2020.Farming of aquatic animals produced an estimated 94 million tonnes,representing 51 percent of the total,surpassing for the first time capture fisheries

265、,which produced 91 million tonnes(49 percent).Production from marine areas was 115 million tonnes(62 percent of the total),of which 69 percent was from capture fisheries and 31 percent from aquaculture.Inland waters contributed 70 million tonnes(38 percent of the total),of which 84 percent was from

266、aquaculture and 16 percent from capture fisheries(Table 1 and Figure 1).The world fishing fleet continued to decrease from the 2019 peak of 5.3 million vessels to an estimated 4.9 million vessels in 2022,of which two-thirds were motorized.The first sale value of the 2022 global production of aquatic

267、 animals was estimated at USD 452 billion,comprising USD 157 billion for capture fisheries and USD 296 billion for aquaculture.Of the total 185 million tonnes of aquatic animals produced in 2022(Figure 2),about 164.6 million tonnes(89 percent)were destined for human consumption,equivalent to an esti

268、mated 20.7 kg per capita.The remaining 20.8 million tonnes were destined for non-food uses,to produce mainly fishmeal|1|PART 1 WORLD REVIEW BOX 1 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE STATISTICS:CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESThe crucial role of data in evidence-based policymaking,monitoring and performance evalua

269、tion depends on their accessibility,reliability and relevance.Over the years,most countries have developed systems for collecting and analysing fisheries and aquaculture statistics.Unfortunately,coverage and frequency of data collection remain a challenge for many countries.Use of non-standardized p

270、rocesses,combined with weak capacity for data collection,storage,digitalization and analysis,results in fragmentation of collection and dispersion of data across different institutions with limited communication and coordination.Specific challenges include the following:Fisher and vessel registries

271、are absent in many countries,hampering quality of employment and fleet statistics.Small-scale,subsistence(FAO,2023)and recreational fisheries,and illegal,unreported and unregulated fishing often go unaccounted for.Transshipment is hard to track at sea,as are landings in in foreign ports,hindering co

272、llection of catch data and trade statistics.National household or labour surveys often fail to cover the necessary fisheries and aquaculture information,resulting in poor quality data.The result is insufficient evidence of the importance of fisheries and aquaculture and their vital contribution to n

273、ational development.This can obscure the visibility of aquatic food systems leading to their marginalization in national,regional or global policy and decision-making processes addressing resource allocation and international development.These issues were discussed in a series of meetings organized

274、by FAO in 2022,involving about 500 people representing 120 national focal points for the provision of fisheries and aquaculture statistics to FAO.A key outcome was a call for the urgent development of a new global strategy for fisheries and aquaculture statistics.*In addition,the meetings highlighte

275、d the need to support the development of national statistical strategies,strengthen institutional and technical capacities,and improve statistical systems to better design,monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of policies,interventions and programmes.In this regard,FAO should enhance its work on im

276、proving and developing adapted methodologies and tools for the collection of different typologies of fisheries and aquaculture statistics,in collaboration with other international and regional organizations,also within the framework of the Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics of which FA

277、O is Secretariat.FAO works to mobilize the necessary resources for this ambitious,yet fundamental programme to enhance national,regional and global data collection schemes for fisheries and aquaculture.FAO is mandated by its Members to regularly produce updated and reliable information by collecting

278、 and curating global statistics,studies and analyses and by disseminating this information through its channels to serve for evidence-based policymaking,monitoring and performance evaluation(Ababouch et al.,2016).FAO is the only source of global fisheries and aquaculture statistics(FAO,2022);its Fis

279、hStat database covers employment,fleet,production,utilization,trade and consumption,using primarily data collected annually from national sources.In the absence of national reporting,or in the event of insufficient or inconsistent data,FAO makes estimates based on the best data available from altern

280、ative authoritative sources using approved methodologies.These estimates enable meaningful aggregates at the global,regional and national levels.Overall,in 2022,the share of estimated data was 16 percent for production,6 percent(compared to the usual2 percent)for trade,48 percent for employment and

281、44 percent for fleet.While these percentages may vary from year to year,data collection on employment and fishing vessels presents a major challenge for many countries.The FishStat data collected and disseminated by FAO since 1950 reflect the evolution of fisheries and aquaculture statistics collect

282、ion,with significant variations in the quality of the data received.The granularity of the data for example,the level of detail by species is critical for monitoring the exploitation of fishery resources and their economics along value chains.On the one hand,the granularity of the FAO production sta

283、tistics has improved significantly from 660 species items in the early 1950s to about 3 600 species items in 2022(with approximately 3 400 items for the capture fisheries|2|THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2024 BOX 1 (Continued)dataset and 730 for aquaculture);on the other,a significant

284、share of production 20 percent in 2022(compared with 24 percent in the 1990s)is still not reported at species level,but in broader groups,at family or higher taxonomic levels.The table shows that data reported under broader groups accounted for 6 percent of the total production in high-income countr

285、ies in 2022,compared with 52 percent in low-income countries.The revised FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics Yearbook*presents in tables T.8 and T.9 a detailed analysis of the evolution of these trends.Similar trends are encountered in trade statistics:granularity has improved over time(from abou

286、t 32 percent of trade data reported by major species group in the 1970s to about 15 percent in 2022),but there is still much room for improvement.NOTES:*The most recent was in 2003(FAO,2003).*Available at:https:/www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/yearbook SOURCES:Ababouch,L.,Taconet,M.,Plummer,J.,Gar

287、ibaldi,L.&Vannuccini,S.2016.Bridging the SciencePolicy Divide to Promote Fisheries Knowledge for All:The Case of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.In:Bertrum,H.,MacDonald,B.H.,Soomai,S.S.,De Santo,E.M.&Wells,P.G.,eds.Science,Information,and Policy Interface for Effective Co

288、astal and Ocean Management.Boca Raton,USA,CRC Press.https:/doi.org/10.1201/b21483 FAO.2003.Strategy for Improving Information on Status and Trends of Capture Fisheries.Stratgie visant amliorer linformation sur la situation et les tendances des pches de capture.Estrategia para mejorar la informacin s

289、obre la situacin y las tendencias de la pesca de capyura.Rome/Roma,FAO.https:/www.fao.org/fishery/en/publication/11495?lang=en FAO.2022.The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022.Towards Blue Transformation.Rome.https:/doi.org/10.4060/cc0461enSHARE OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION REPO

290、RTED UNDER GENERIC ITEMS AT FAMILY OR HIGHER TAXONOMIC LEVEL1980s1990s2000s2010s202020212022World22.924.222.921.520.919.919.9Africa35.933.130.627.328.627.926.9Americas8.86.95.65.45.14.34.3Asia37.937.431.226.725.424.424.2Europe7.95.85.74.53.63.43.3Oceania33.423.515.113.111.09.59.3High-income countrie

291、s10.58.67.26.35.75.95.6Upper-middle-income countries30.128.121.418.016.315.115.1Lower-middle-income countries53.945.541.935.534.037.636.8Low-income countries79.968.459.052.351.950.751.5SOURCE:FAO.2024.FishStat:Global production by production source 19502022.Accessed on 29 March 2024.In:FishStatJ.Ava

292、ilable at:www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj.Licence:CC-BY-4.0.|3|PART 1 WORLD REVIEW TABLE 1 WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TRENDS AT A GLANCE1990s2000s2010s202020212022Average per year(million tonnes,live weight equivalent)ProductionCapture fisheries:Inland7.19.311.311.511.411.3

293、Marine81.981.679.878.380.379.7Total capture fisheries88.990.991.189.891.691.0Aquaculture:Inland12.625.644.854.556.459.1Marine9.217.926.733.234.735.3Total aquaculture 21.843.471.587.791.194.4Total world fisheries and aquaculture110.7134.3162.6177.5182.8185.4Utilization*Human consumption 81.6109.3143.

294、1157.4162.5164.6Non-food uses29.125.019.520.120.320.8Apparent consumption per capita(kg)14.416.919.520.220.620.7Trade*Exports in quantity 39.351.260.863.867.870.0Share of exports in total production(%)35.438.337.535.836.937.6Exports in value(USD billion)46.676.4141.8151.0176.6192.2Employment(million

295、s of people)*Aquaculture12.1 15.9 21.9 22.2 22.3 22.1 Fisheries24.4 29.1 31.9 34.3 33.4 33.6 Unspecified7.2 6.8 7.0 6.3 6.1 6.1 Fishing fleet(millions of vessels)*Motorized and non-motorized vessels4.5 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.1 4.9 NOTES:Data on production,utilization and trade refer to aquatic animals,exclud

296、ing aquatic mammals,crocodiles,alligators,caimans,aquatic products(corals,pearls,shells and sponges)and algae.Data may not match totals due to rounding.*Utilization data for 20202022 are provisional estimates.These data might differ from the apparent consumption data as they do not take into account

297、 trade.*Exports including re-exports.Share of trade in total production calculated excluding re-exports.Trade data do not include frogs and turtles.*Employment refers to the number of people engaged in the primary sector only.Figures for the 1990s are based on 19951999 data.*Fishing fleet figures fo

298、r the 1990s are based on 19951999 data.SOURCES:For production:FAO.2024.FishStat:Global production by production source 19502022.Accessed on 29 March 2024.In:FishStatJ.Available at:www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj.Licence:CC-BY-4.0.For trade:Preliminary data.Final data available h

299、ere:FAO.2024.Global aquatic trade statistics.https:/www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_commodity_prod.Licence:CC-BY-4.0.For employment:Preliminary data.Final data available here:FAO.(forthcoming).Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics Yearbook 2022.FAO Yearbook of Fishery and Aquaculture Statistic

300、s.Rome.https:/www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/yearbook Population data used to calculate apparent consumption per capita are based on United Nations Population Division.2022.World Population Prospects 2022.Accessed 13 January 2023.https:/population.un.org/wpp|4|THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQU

301、ACULTURE 2024and fish oil(17 million tonnes or 83 percent).Aquaculture consolidated its contribution to food for human consumption,supplying over 57 percent of aquatic animal foods(live weight equivalent)in 2022.Over the decades,global apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods has increased signi

302、ficantly,at a higher annual growth rate than the world population.Between 1961 and 2021,apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods increased at an average annual rate of 3.0 percent compared with a world population annual growth rate of 1.6 percent for the same period.Per capita apparent consumpti

303、on of aquatic animal foods grew on average by 1.4 percent per year,from 9.1kg(live weight equivalent)in 1961 to 20.6kg in2021.The main drivers of the continuous growth in per capita consumption are increased supplies,advancements in preservation and distribution technology,changing consumer preferen

304、ces,and income growth.Following a decrease of 6.7 percent in the value of trade of aquatic animal products experienced in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic,there was a rapid recovery starting in late 2020.It was driven by a robust recovery in global supply and demand and increasing commodity pri

305、ces.This caused a significant rebound in 2021 and 2022,with trade of aquatic animal products in 2022 increasing by 19 percent compared with the pre-pandemic levels of 2019.Seventy million tonnes(live weight equivalent)of aquatic animal FIGURE 1 WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC A

306、NIMALSNOTES:Aquatic animals excluding aquatic mammals,crocodiles,alligators,caimans,aquatic products(corals,pearls,shells and sponges)and algae.Data expressed in live weight equivalent.SOURCE:FAO.2024.FishStat:Global production by production source 19502022.Accessed on 29 March 2024.In:FishStatJ.Ava

307、ilable at:www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj.Licence:CC-BY-4.0.MILLION TONNES200160120804001950195819661974198219901998200620142022AQUACULTURECAPTURECapture fisheries inland watersCapture fisheries marine areasAquaculture inland watersAquaculture marine areas|5|PART 1 WORLD REVIEWp

308、roducts(38 percent of the total production),worth USD 192 billion(Table 1),were exported worldwide in 2022,representing more than 9.1 percent of total agricultural trade(excluding forest products)and about 1 percent of total merchandise trade in value terms in 2022.This represents a new world high,s

309、urpassing the 2018record of USD 165 billion.From a value of USD 7.9 billion in 1976,trade of aquatic animal products has experienced an average annual growth rate of 7.2 percent in nominal terms and 4.0 percent in real terms(adjusted for inflation).Exports of algae contributed an additional USD 1.6

310、billion and exports of other aquatic products such as sponges,corals,shells and inedible by-products added an extra USD 0.9 billion in 2022.The total export value of all aquatic products reached a record high of USD 195 billion in 2022.Fisheries and aquaculture generate significant employment and su

311、pport livelihoods in many coastal communities.In 2022,about 62 million people were engaged in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture as full-time,part-time,occasional or unspecified workers.About 54 percent of this workforce was engaged in fisheries and 36 percent in aquaculture,while the r

312、emaining 10 percent could not be broken down between fisheries and aquaculture.A significant proportion of this workforce was engaged in artisanal and small-scale operations.n FIGURE 2 UTILIZATION OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALSNOTES:Aquatic animals excluding aquatic

313、 mammals,crocodiles,alligators,caimans,aquatic products(corals,pearls,shells and sponges)and algae.Data expressed in live weight equivalent.SOURCES:Preliminary data.Final data available here:FAO.(forthcoming).Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics Yearbook 2022.FAO Yearbook of Fishery and Aquaculture St

314、atistics.Rome.https:/www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/yearbook Population data are based on United Nations Population Division.2022.World Population Prospects 2022.Accessed on 13 January 2023.https:/population.un.org/wppUTILIZATION(MILLION TONNES)KG/CAPITA160180140120100806040020242118151296032040A

315、pparent per capita supply of aquatic animal foods(right axis)2022201420061998199019821974196619581950FOODNON-FOOD USES|6|THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2024TOTAL FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTIONTotal production of aquatic animals has increased over the decades,going from 19 million

316、 tonnes(live weight equivalent)in 1950 to an all-time record of over 185 million tonnes in 2022,with an average annual growth rate of 3.2 percent.The total first sale value was estimated at USD 452 billion in 2022,of which USD 296 billion came from aquaculture production.The overall growth of produc

317、tion has been regular since 1950,except for a few marginal declines.The last decline was experienced in 2019(0.8 percent compared with 2018),followed by static production in 2020 and subsequent yearly increases of 3.0 percent in 2021 and 1.5 percent in 2022.The stagnation during 2019 and 2020 was ma

318、inly linked to a marginal decline in capture fisheries caused by fluctuating catches of pelagic species(particularly anchoveta),the reduction in Chinas catches and the impacts on the sector of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.Global capture fisheries production has been relatively stable since the late

319、 1980s,fluctuating between 86 million tonnes and 94 million tonnes per year with an isolated peak at 96 million tonnes in 2018.Aquaculture on the other hand has grown significantly during the same period(Figure 3),albeit at a slower rate during the last two decades.Aquaculture growth averaged 6.1 pe

320、rcent per year in the 2000s,4.4 percent in the 2010s and 3.7 percent in the first three years of the 2020s.These decelerations are due to a range of factors,including the impact of recent policy changes in China focused on environmental protection,and reductions in the availability of land,water and

321、 sites suitable for aquaculture in the traditional producing regions and countries.The share of aquaculture in total production was around 4 to 5 percent during the period 19501970,before rapidly rising to 20 percent in the 1990s and 44 percent in the 2010s.The year 2022 marked the first time in his

322、tory that aquaculture production of aquatic animals surpassed capture fisheries production.Of the 185 million tonnes of aquatic animals produced in 2022,51 percent(94 million tonnes)was from aquaculture and 49 percent(91 million tonnes)from capture fisheries.Aquaculture production in 2022 represents

323、 the second-highest yearly amount of aquatic animal production by subsector,following the over 96 million tonnes produced by capture fisheries in 2018.Of the total production of aquatic animals in 2022,62 percent(115 million tonnes)was harvested in marine areas(69 percent from capture fisheries,31 p

324、ercent from aquaculture)and 38 percent(70 million tonnes)in inland waters(84 percent from aquaculture,16 percent from capture fisheries).The expansion of aquaculture in the last few decades has boosted the overall growth of production in inland waters.Between the 1950s and the late 1980s,fisheries a

325、nd aquaculture production in inland waters fluctuated at around 12 percent of the total production of aquatic animals.With the growth of aquaculture production,this gradually increased to 18 percent in the 1990s,26 percent in the 2000s and 35 percent in the 2010s.Capture fisheries in marine areas re

326、main however the main source of production(43 percent of total aquatic animal production in 2022);still,this is well below the 87 percent share during 19501980.Marine capture fisheries are also the dominant method of production for several species and have remained fairly stable since the late 1980s

327、 at around 80 million tonnes,with some interannual fluctuations(up and down)in the range of 34 million tonnes.These general trends mask important variations between continents,regions and countries.In 2022,Asian countries produced 70 percent of the total output of aquatic animals,followed by countri

328、es in Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean(9 percent each),Africa(7 percent),Northern America(3 percent)and Oceania(1 percent).d Overall,total fisheries and aquaculture production has seen important increases in most of the continents in the last few decades(Figure 4).The exceptions are Europe

329、(with a gradual decrease from the late 1980s,but recovering slightly since the late 2000s with some interannual fluctuations),Northern America and d The percentagesdo not add up to a total of 100 due to data on not identified countries(others nei)and rounding issues.|7|PART 1 WORLD REVIEW FIGURE 3 W

330、ORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTIONNOTES:Aquatic animals excluding aquatic mammals,crocodiles,alligators,caimans,aquatic products(corals,pearls,shells and sponges)and algae.Data expressed in live weight equivalent for aquatic animals and wet weight for algae.*Aquatic animals.*Aquatic animals a

331、nd algae.SOURCE:FAO.2024.FishStat:Global production by production source 19502022.Accessed on 29 March 2024.In:FishStatJ.Available at:www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj.Licence:CC-BY-4.0.MILLION TONNES 250200150100500250200150100500Aquaculture productionINCLUDING ALGAE*Capture fish

332、eries productionTotalMILLION TONNES EXCLUDING ALGAE*20222014200619981990198219741966195819502022201420061998199019821974196619581950Latin America and the Caribbean(with several ups and downs since the peak of the mid-1990s,mainly due to fluctuations in catches of anchoveta).Total production has almo

333、st doubled during the last 20 years in Africa and Asia.In 2022,China remained the major producer(36 percent of the total production of aquatic animals),followed by India(8 percent),Indonesia(7 percent),VietNam(5 percent)and Peru(3 percent).These five countries were responsible for about 59 percent of the world production of aquatic animals in 2022.Differences exist also in terms of the sectors con