1、 FOR RELEASE OCTOBER 9,2024 BY Ziyao Tian,Carolyne Im,Sahana Mukherjee and Abby Budiman FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES:Ziyao Tian,Research Associate Sahana Mukherjee,Associate Director of Race and Ethnicity Research Tanya Arditi,Senior Communications Manager 202.419.4372 www.pewresearch.org RECOMMENDE

2、D CITATION Pew Research Center,October 2024,“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”1 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan,nonadvocacy fact tank that informs the public about the issues,attitudes and trends s

3、haping the world.It does not take policy positions.The Center conducts public opinion polling,demographic research,computational social science research and other data-driven research.It studies politics and policy;news habits and media;the internet and technology;religion;race and ethnicity;interna

4、tional affairs;social,demographic and economic trends;science;research methodology and data science;and immigration and migration.Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts,its primary funder.The Centers Asian American portfolio was funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts,with gene

5、rous support from The Asian American Foundation;Chan Zuckerberg Initiative DAF,an advised fund of the Silicon Valley Community Foundation;the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation;the Henry Luce Foundation;the Doris Duke Foundation;The Wallace H.Coulter Foundation;The Dirk and Charlene Kabcenell Foundation

6、;The Long Family Foundation;Lu-Hebert Fund;Gee Family Foundation;Joseph Cotchett;the Julian Abdey and Sabrina Moyle Charitable Fund;and Nanci Nishimura.We would also like to thank the Leaders Forum for its thought leadership and valuable assistance in helping make this survey possible.The strategic

7、communications campaign used to promote the research was made possible with generous support from the Doris Duke Foundation.Pew Research Center 2024 2 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Terminology The terms Asian,Asians living in the United States,U.S.Asian population and Asian Americans are u

8、sed interchangeably throughout this report to refer to U.S.adults who self-identify as Asian,either alone or in combination with other races or Hispanic identity,unless otherwise noted.The term immigrants,when referring to survey respondents,includes those born outside the 50 U.S.States or the Distr

9、ict of Columbia,Puerto Rico or other U.S.territories.When referring to Census Bureau data,this group includes those who were not U.S.citizens at birth in other words,those born outside the 50 U.S.states or D.C.,Puerto Rico,or other U.S.territories to parents who were not U.S.citizens.Immigrant and f

10、oreign born are used interchangeably throughout this report.The term U.S.born refers to people born in the 50 U.S.states,the District of Columbia,Puerto Rico or other U.S.territories.Ethnicity labels,such as Chinese or Filipino,are used in this report for findings for Asian immigrant ethnic groups,s

11、uch as Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean or Vietnamese.For this report,ethnicity is not nationality or birthplace.For example,Chinese immigrants in this report are those self-identifying as of Chinese ethnicity,rather than necessarily being a current or former citizen of the Peoples Republic of China.E

12、thnic groups in this report include those who self-identify as one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.Less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups in this report are those who self-identify with ethnic groups that are not among the five largest Asia

13、n immigrant ethnic groups and identify with only one Asian ethnicity.These ethnic origin groups each represent about 3%or less of the Asian immigrant population in the U.S.For example,those who identify as Burmese,Hmong,Japanese or Pakistani among others are included in this category.These groups ar

14、e not reportable on their own due to small sample sizes,but collectively they are reportable under this category.Country of origin is used in this report to refer to the places that respondents trace their roots or origin to.This may be influenced by ethnicity,birthplace,nationality,ancestry,or othe

15、r social,cultural or political factors.This study asks several questions about respondents connection to and views of their country of origin.Subsequently,in different sections of this report,country of origin is used interchangeably with home country,country they came from,country where they were b

16、orn and country where their family or ancestors are from depending on how the specific question was asked.For the exact question wording,refer to the topline.3 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Throughout this report,the phrases Democrats and Democratic leaners and Democrats refer to responden

17、ts who identify politically with the Democratic Party or who are independent or identify with some other party but lean toward the Democratic Party.Similarly,the phrases Republicans and Republican leaners and Republicans both refer to respondents who identify politically with the Republican Party or

18、 are independent or identify with some other party but lean toward the Republican Party.4 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org How we did this Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to understand Asian immigrants experiences coming to and living in the United States.This report is part of th

19、e Centers ongoing in-depth analysis of public opinion among Asian Americans.The data in this report comes from two main sources.The first data source is Pew Research Centers survey of Asian American adults,conducted from July 5,2022,to Jan.27,2023,in six languages among 7,006 respondents,including 5

20、,036 Asian immigrants.For details,refer to the methodology.For questions used in this analysis,along with responses,refer to the topline.The second set of data sources are the U.S.Census Bureaus decennial census data and American Community Surveys(ACS).Demographic analyses of Asian immigrants are ba

21、sed on full-count decennial censuses from 1860,1870,1880,1900,1910,1920,1930 and 1940;the 1%1950 census;the 5%1960 census;the 3%1970 census(1%Form 1 state sample,1%Form 1 metro sample,and 1%Form 1 neighborhood sample);the 5%1980 census,5%1990 census,and 5%2000 census;and the 2009,2014,2019 and 2022

22、ACS 5-year samples.Both decennial census data and ACS data were obtained through IPUMS USA.Analysis of census data for the immigrant or foreign-born population consists of people born outside the United States or its territories who are not U.S.citizens at birth.People born in the following places w

23、ere defined as part of the U.S.-born population,provided these territories were recognized as U.S.territories at the time of respective surveys:Alaska(1870 and later);Hawaii,Puerto Rico,Guam and American Samoa(1900 and later);Philippines(1900-1940);Panama Canal Zone(1910-1970);U.S.Virgin Islands(192

24、0 and later);Trust Territory of the Pacific(1950-1980);and Northern Mariana Islands(1950 and later).Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts,its primary funder.The Centers Asian American portfolio was funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts,with generous support from The Asian Am

25、erican Foundation;Chan Zuckerberg Initiative DAF,an advised fund of the Silicon Valley Community Foundation;the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation;the Henry Luce Foundation;the Doris Duke Foundation;The Wallace H.Coulter Foundation;The Dirk and Charlene Kabcenell Foundation;The Long Family Foundation;Lu

26、-Hebert Fund;Gee Family Foundation;Joseph Cotchett;the Julian Abdey and Sabrina Moyle Charitable Fund;and Nanci Nishimura.We would also like to thank the Leaders Forum for its thought leadership and valuable assistance in helping make this survey possible.5 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Th

27、e strategic communications campaign used to promote the research was made possible with generous support from the Doris Duke Foundation.6 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Table of contents About Pew Research Center 1 Terminology 2 How we did this 4 Overview 7 1.Asian American immigrants exper

28、iences adjusting to life in the U.S.13 2.Asian American immigrants views of quality of life in the U.S.24 3.How Asian Americans see the U.S.immigration system 34 Acknowledgments 41 Appendix A:Supplemental tables 43 Appendix B:Demographic profile of immigrant and U.S.-born Asian Americans 47 Methodol

29、ogy 50 Topline 60 7 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Asian Americans are the only major racial or ethnic group in the United States that is majority immigrant.Some 54%of the 24 million Asian Americans living in the U.S.are immigrants;among Asian adults,that share rises to 67%.1 Asian immigran

30、ts trace their origins from all parts of Asia and make up a significant portion of the overall U.S.immigrant population:Three of the four largest U.S.immigrant populations are from India(2.8 million),China(2.5 million),and the Philippines(2 million).The diverse origins and varied experiences of inte

31、rnational migration and engagement with the U.S.immigration system make up a key part of many Asian Americans lives.Moreover,Asian immigrants experiences with immigration are linked to their views on what the federal governments priorities should be for U.S.immigration policy.A new analysis of Pew R

32、esearch Centers 2022-23 survey of Asian American adults finds that Asian immigrants overall give positive assessments of their lives in America compared with their origin country.A large majority(77%)say their standard of living is better than that of their parents in their home countries.At the sam

33、e time,Asian immigrants are less optimistic about their childrens standard of living being better than their own,and more than half say the country 1 This analysis is based on Pew Research Center tabulations of the 2022 American Community Survey.Throughout this report,“Asian Americans”(unless otherw

34、ise noted)are people who self-identify as Asian,either alone or in combination with other races or Hispanic identity.Asian immigrants say standard of living is better for them in the U.S.but are less optimistic for their childrens future.%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.who say *Responses among

35、 those who indicated they do not have children not included.Note:Respondents were asked how their own standard of living compares to their parents and childrens standard of living when they were the same age.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or provided other answers not shown.Source:Su

36、rvey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 774874Their standard of living is better than that of their parentsIf they could do it again,they would come to the U.S.Their childrens standard of li

37、ving will be better than their own*.and 3 in 4 say that if given the choice today,they would still come to the U.S.8 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org is generally headed in the wrong direction.Still,most(74%)say they would migrate to the U.S.again if given the choice today.More than half of A

38、sian immigrants say the nations immigration system needs large changes(59%).And when asked about U.S.immigration policy goals,attracting highly skilled immigrants to the U.S.is one of the top priorities(86%).These findings come from Pew Research Centers multilingual,nationally representative survey

39、of 7,006 Asian American adults,including 5,036 Asian immigrants,conducted from July 5,2022,to Jan.27,2023.This report explores the following topics:Asian American immigrants experiences adjusting to life in the U.S.(Chapter 1)Asian American immigrants views of quality of life in the U.S.(Chapter 2)H

40、ow Asian Americans see the U.S.immigration system(Chapter 3)9 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org A brief history of Asian immigration to the U.S.Immigrants from Asia have long been a part the U.S.immigration story.In the 1800s,Asians were brought to the U.S.as indentured laborers amid the emanc

41、ipation of enslaved African Americans.Hawaii was a major hub for early Asian immigrants particularly those from Japan,China and the Philippines who were brought to work on plantations.By the 1840s,many Chinese immigrants had arrived in California as part of the states Gold Rush.In later decades,Chin

42、ese and Japanese immigrants largely lived on the West Coast,helping to build the nations railroads and other infrastructure.By the late 1800s,the U.S.governments stance on immigration from Asia had shifted.In 1882,the federal government enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act,which stopped Chinese laborer

43、 immigration to the U.S.for decades.Demographically,immigrants have often made up most of the Asian American population.In 1860,nearly all Asian Americans were immigrants,with most immigrants from China and Japan,according to Center analysis of Census Bureau data.2 That share dropped to 31%by the 19

44、60s as immigration flows to the U.S.slowed from Asia and elsewhere following restrictive immigration laws of the 1910s and onward.Since 1965,immigration reform eliminated a number of country-based quotas and restrictions.A new wave of Asian immigrants came to the U.S.,pushing the share of foreign-bo

45、rn Asians to a peak in 2000.An estimated 19 million immigrants from East and South Asia had arrived in the U.S.since 1965.In the 21st century,as Asian Americans became the nations fastest growing racial or ethnic group,2 For U.S.Asian population estimates by ethnicity in the 1910 census and earlier,

46、Census Bureau data only contains information for the Chinese and Japanese populations.A majority of Asians in the U.S.today are immigrants%of Asians in the U.S.who are foreign born Note:Asians born in the Philippines between 1899 and 1946 are not included in the Asian foreign-born population due to

47、the Treaty of Paris(1899)and Presidential Proclamation 2695(1946).The Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War,with Spain ceding the Philippines to the U.S.Those born in the Philippines during this period were considered U.S.nationals.Later,Presidential Proclamation 2695 recognized the Philipp

48、ines as an independent nation.Since then,those born in the Philippines have been considered foreign born.For more on how the foreign-born population is defined,refer to“How we did this.”Source:Pew Research Center tabulations of full-count censuses 1860,1870,1880,1900,1910,1920,1930 and 1940;1%1950 c

49、ensus;5%1960 census;3%1970 census(1%Form 1 state sample,1%Form 1 metro sample and 1%Form 1 neighborhood sample);5%1980,1990 and 2000 censuses;and 2009,2014,2019 and 2022 American Community Survey 5-year samples(IPUMS).“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CEN

50、TER 10 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org immigrants made up a declining share of the population.Why Asian immigrants come to the U.S.Asian immigrants have followed many pathways in coming to the United States.About a quarter each say they came to the U.S.to be with family(28%)or to seek econom

51、ic(27%)or educational(26%)opportunities.A smaller share(7%)say they came to escape from conflict or persecution in their origin country.Reasons for immigrating vary across Asian ethnic groups,reflecting the diverse histories of their origin countries.About 40%each of Filipino and Indian immigrants c

52、ame to the U.S.for economic opportunities a higher share compared with Korean(26%),Chinese(16%)and Vietnamese(9%)immigrants.32%of Vietnamese immigrants say they came to the U.S.to escape conflict or persecution;by comparison,fewer than 5%of Chinese,Indian,Filipino and Korean immigrants say the same.

53、Jump to read more about why Asians immigrate to the U.S.Asian immigrants adjusting to life in the U.S.Asian immigrants faced many adjustments navigating their new lives in the U.S.Among them are:Learning to speak English Nearly all Asian immigrants(91%)say speaking English is important to succeed in

54、 the U.S.,and roughly two-thirds(64%)say they had learned English before immigrating.Asian immigrants who arrived in the last decade are more likely to say they learned to speak English before arriving than those who came to the U.S.more than 20 years ago(89%vs.57%).About half of Asian immigrants ca

55、me to the U.S.for economic or educational opportunities%of immigrant Asian adults who say the main reason they came to the U.S.was Note:Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer shown but not labeled.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants

56、Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 28272674To be with familyEconomic opportunitiesEducational opportunitiesConflict or persecution in their home countrySome other reason11 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Receiving financial help About six-in-ten Asian immigrants(

57、58%)say they received financial assistance in some way after they arrived in the U.S.But whether they received help and from what sources varies by their motivation for immigrating:64%of those who immigrated to escape conflict report receiving government financial assistance in their first six month

58、s in the country.About 10%of Asians who came for other reasons,such as educational,economic or family motives,say the same.Jump to more details about Asian Americans immigration experiences.Views of the U.S.compared with origin countries Overall,majorities of Asian immigrants see the U.S.as better t

59、han their origin country on nearly all measures asked about in the survey.Some of the qualities seen most positively about the U.S.include:77%see the U.S.as better than their origin country for the opportunity to get ahead.67%say the U.S.is better when it comes to freedom of speech.66%say it is bett

60、er for raising children.But the U.S.is not universally seen as better:On the strength of family ties,only 15%of Asian immigrants say the U.S.is better than their origin countries.Instead,60%say their origin country is better on this measure.Jump to read more about how Asian immigrants compare the U.

61、S.with their origin countries.Asian immigrants say the U.S.has better opportunities,more free speech and is a better place to raise children%of immigrant Asian adults who say each of the following is better in the U.S.than in the country they came from Note:Share of respondents who say each is bette

62、r in the country they came from or equal in both or who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 7767666464625715Honest elections are held regularly w

63、ith a choice of at least two political partiesThe opportunity to get aheadPeople can say what they want without state censorshipThe conditions for raising childrenTreatment of the poorWomen have the same rights as menAccess to health care servicesThe strength of family ties12 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www

64、.pewresearch.org Asian immigrants priorities for U.S.immigration policy The survey conducted from July 2022 to January 2023 asked Asian Americans about their views on U.S.immigration policy goals.Among Asian immigrants:86%say attracting highly skilled immigrants to the U.S.should be an important goa

65、l for immigration policy.82%say it is an important goal to make it easier for U.S.citizens or legal residents to sponsor a family member to immigrate to the U.S.76%say establishing stricter policies to prevent people from overstaying their visas should be an important goal for U.S.policy.Jump to mor

66、e details about Asian Americans views of the U.S.immigration system.Encouraging highly skilled immigrants and making it easier to sponsor family members are top immigration policy goals for Asian American immigrants%of immigrant Asian adults who say each of the following goals for immigration policy

67、 in the U.S.should be very/somewhat important Note:Share of respondents who say each goal should be not too or not at all important or who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View

68、Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 868276736462Establishing stricter policies to prevent people who enter the country legally from overstaying their visas and staying in the U.S.illegally Encouraging more highly skilled individuals from around the world to immigrate and work in the U.S.Making it easier f

69、or U.S.citizens or legal residents to sponsor a family member to immigrate to the U.S.Allowing immigrants who came to the country illegally as children to remain in the U.S.and apply for legal status Creating a way for most immigrants currently in the country illegally to stay here legally Increasin

70、g deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegally 13 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 1.Asian American immigrants experiences adjusting to life in the U.S.Asian immigrants come from many cultures and origins.Their migration stories are also diverse.The Vietnam War and other conf

71、licts in Southeast Asia brought Vietnamese and other Southeast Asian refugees to the United States.More recently,flows of Asian immigrants,particularly highly skilled immigrants from India and China,came to study and work in the U.S.This chapter explores Asian American immigrants backgrounds and the

72、ir experiences adjusting to life in the U.S.14 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org A demographic profile of Asian American immigrants Some 13 million Asian Americans are immigrants,making up 54%of the Asian American population in 2022,according to a Pew Research Center analysis of the Census Bur

73、eaus American Community Survey.The five largest Asian immigrant groups Indian,Chinese,Filipino,Vietnamese and Korean Americans make up about 80%of the Asian American immigrant adult population.Additionally,14%of Asian immigrants are of another single Asian ethnicity and 6%identify with two or more A

74、sian ethnicities.Asian American immigrants experiences in the United States are impacted by their diverse demographic backgrounds.Years in the U.S.:About half(51%)of Asian immigrant adults have lived in the country more than 20 years.Some 22%have been in the country for 11 to 20 years,and another 27

75、%have lived in the U.S.for a decade or less.Education:Among those ages 25 and older,57%have a bachelors degree or higher,while 28%have a high school diploma or less.Income:52%of Asian immigrant adults live in families with a yearly income of$100,000 or more,while 14%are in families with yearly incom

76、es of less than$30,000.Demographic profile of Asian immigrants,2022%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.Note:Named ethnic groups and the group“Other”include those who report one Asian ethnicity only in response to the race question,alone or in combination with a non-Asian race group.“Some college”i

77、ncludes those with an associate degree and those who attended college but did not obtain a degree.Source:Pew Research Center tabulations of the 2022 American Community Survey(IPUMS).“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 23152481014627225128162927142211

78、17354654ChineseFilipinoIndianKoreanVietnameseOther0-1011-2021+HS or lessSome collegeBachelorsPostgrad$30K$30K-$75K$75K-$100K$100K-$150K$150K+MenWomenEducational attainment(ages 25 and older)Two or more ethnicitiesEthnicityYears in the U.S.Annual family incomeGender15 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresea

79、rch.org Asian immigrants have different motivations for coming to the U.S.According to the Center survey,28%say they immigrated to the U.S.to be with family,27%immigrated for economic opportunities,26%immigrated for educational opportunities,and 7%immigrated due to conflict or persecution in their o

80、rigin country.Some 4%cited other reasons for coming to the U.S.3 Asian immigrants main reason for coming to the U.S.differs significantly by ethnic groups and by how long ago they arrived in the country.3 Previous Center surveys have asked other groups of immigrants about their reasons for coming to

81、 the U.S.According to a 2011 Center survey of U.S.Latino adults,about half of Hispanic immigrant adults said they came to the U.S.for economic reasons,and a quarter said family reasons.Smaller shares immigrated for educational opportunities or because of conflict or persecution in their home country

82、.Main reason Asian immigrants came to the U.S.varies across ethnic groups%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.who say the main reason they came to the U.S.was Note:Asian ethnic groups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or eth

83、nicity.“Other”immigrants include those from less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.Share of respondents who said their main reason for coming to the U.S.was some other reason or who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asi

84、an Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 28314118382925222536271641422692127312926388292818264432197311132132511Immigrant Asian adultsChineseFilipinoIndianKoreanVietnameseOther0-10 years in U.S.11-2021+To be with familyEconomic opportunitiesConflict or persecutio

85、n in their home countryEducationalopportunities16 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org By ethnicity Among Chinese immigrants,38%say they came for educational opportunities while 31%immigrated to be with family.Among Filipino immigrants,41%immigrated for economic opportunities and another 41%say t

86、hey came to be with family.Among Indian immigrants,the most common reasons given were economic opportunities(42%)and educational opportunities(29%).Among Korean immigrants,38%immigrated to be with family,while 28%and 26%say they came for educational or economic opportunities respectively.Among Vietn

87、amese immigrants,32%say they came mainly to avoid conflict or persecution in their origin countries,and 29%say they immigrated to be with family.Among immigrants of less populous ethnic groups,about a quarter each say they came for educational opportunities(26%)or to be with family(25%).Some 21%say

88、they came for economic opportunities,and 13%say they came due to conflict or persecution in origin countries.By years in the U.S.Nearly half of those who have been in the country 10 years or less say they came to the U.S.for educational opportunities(44%).Smaller shares of those who have been in the

89、 U.S.for 11 to 20 years(32%)and those living in the country more than 20 years(19%)say the same.Those who have been living in the country more than 20 years are most likely to say their main reason for coming was to be with family(36%).Smaller shares of those who have been in the U.S.for 11 to 20 ye

90、ars(25%)or 10 years or less(22%)say the same.Many immigrants face financial challenges when they first arrive in the U.S.due to various factors,such as language barriers and a lack of credit history in the country.In the first six months of living in the U.S.,a majority of Asian immigrants(58%)say t

91、hey received financial assistance in some form.This includes:52%who say they received financial assistance from family or friends.15%who received assistance from federal,state or local governments.10%who received assistance from religious organizations,such as churches and temples.5%who received ass

92、istance from Asian community organizations.17 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 10%who say they received assistance from some other group or person.Still,about a third of Asian immigrants(35%)say they did not receive financial assistance during their first six months living in the U.S.from any

93、 of the sources asked about in the survey.Among Asian immigrants,those who came to the U.S.to escape conflict were more likely than others to get government financial support in their first 6 months in U.S.%of Asian immigrant adults in the U.S.who say they received financial support from _ during th

94、eir first 6 months living in the U.S.Note:Asian ethnic groups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.“Other”immigrants include those from less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.“Government”includes federal,state

95、or local.“Religious institutions”includes churches,temples or other religious institutions.Share of respondents who said they received financial support from some other group or person not shown.Share who didnt offer an answer or provided other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adult

96、s conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 5257504351555758595164465556159968482512141913121264104449281969137874654324111156655515Immigrant Asian adultsChineseFilipinoIndianKoreanVietnameseOther0-10 years in U.S.11-2021+

97、Educational opportunitiesEconomic opportunitiesTo be with familyConflict in origin countryFamily or friendsGovernmentAsiancommunity organizationsReligious organizationsAmong those whose main reason for immigrating was.18 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org By main reason for immigrating About tw

98、o-thirds of immigrants who came to the U.S.due to conflict or persecution in origin countries(64%)say they received assistance from the government during their first six months in the U.S.By comparison,only about one-in-ten immigrants who came for other reasons say the same.Immigrants who came to th

99、e U.S.for economic opportunities are the least likely to say they received help from any source.About half say this(50%),compared with 85%among those who came to escape conflict,70%who came for educational opportunities and 60%of those who came to be with family.By ethnicity Vietnamese immigrants an

100、d immigrants of less populous ethnic groups are more likely than Chinese,Filipino,Indian and Korean immigrants to say they received financial assistance from the government,religious organizations and Asian community organizations within six months of immigrating.Notably,these are also the groups mo

101、st likely to cite escaping conflict as one of the main reasons for immigrating to the U.S.48%of Vietnamese immigrants say they received financial assistance from governments.A quarter of immigrants from less populous immigrant ethnic groups say the same.28%of Vietnamese immigrants,19%of immigrants f

102、rom less populous ethnic groups and 9%of Korean immigrants received assistance from religious organizations when they arrived in the country,compared with fewer than 5%among other ethnic groups.11%of Vietnamese immigrants and immigrants of less populous origin groups each say they received financial

103、 assistance from Asian community organizations.Fewer than 5%in other ethnic groups say the same.The share saying they did not receive assistance from any of the sources varies across ethnic groups,ranging from a high of 48%among Indian immigrants and low of 16%among Vietnamese immigrants.19 PEW RESE

104、ARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Newly arrived immigrants face many challenges,including language and cultural obstacles.In focus groups of Asian Americans conducted by Pew Research Center in 2021,some immigrant participants discussed difficulties navigating daily life,school and the workplace due to

105、 language barriers.And some Asian immigrants report experiences with discrimination tied to peoples assumptions about their English-speaking abilities.The survey asked about Asian immigrants views of and experiences with the English language.It found that 64%say they could read or speak English befo

106、re moving to the U.S.And nearly all Asian immigrants(91%)say speaking English is necessary to get ahead in the U.S.Asian immigrants English language skills In 2022,59%of Asian immigrants ages 5 and older spoke English proficiently,meaning they speak only English at home or say they can speak English

107、 very well.This is up from 51%who did so in 2000,according to a Center analysis of Census Bureau data.According to the Centers survey,86%of immigrant Asian adults say they can speak English very well or pretty well.And many Asian immigrants report arriving in the country with English skills:64%of As

108、ian immigrants say they could speak or read English before immigrating to the U.S.Asian immigrants English abilities vary across some demographic subgroups:The share of Asian immigrants who speak English proficiently has increased since 2000%of Asians ages 5 and older who speak English proficiently

109、Note:Asians who speak English proficiently are those who speak only English at home or,if they speak a non-English language at home,indicate that they speak English“very well.”Source:Pew Research Center tabulations of 2000 censuses(5%sample)and 2009,2014,2019 and 2022 American Community Survey 5-yea

110、r samples(IPUMS).“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 90955159200020102020U.S.bornImmigrant202220 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Main reason for immigrating:Immigrants who came to the U.S.mainly for educational or economic reasons are more li

111、kely to say they could speak or read English before moving to the U.S.,compared with those who immigrated to be with family or to escape conflict.Ethnicity:Filipino and Indian immigrants are the only ethnic groups where a large majority could speak or read English before immigration.Higher shares ca

112、n also speak English well at the time of the survey.About 2 in 3 Asian immigrants could speak or read English before moving to the U.S.%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.who Note:Asian ethnic groups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-

113、Asian race or ethnicity.“Other”immigrants include those from less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.Respondents were asked whether or not they could speak or read English before migration and were offered three options(yes,no,moved to U.S.as a baby or toddler).Respondents were also asked how we

114、ll they can carry on a conversation in English,both understanding and speaking,and were offered four response options(very well,pretty well,just a little,not at all).Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or provided other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted Ju

115、ly 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 2332141327352529172327182234624478844644635667676273605386 NET76929773798884849089918287Pretty wellVery wellCan speak English _(at time of survey)6457828448395289725780765637Immigrant Asian ad

116、ultsChineseFilipinoIndianKoreanVietnameseOther0-10 years in U.S.11-2021+Educational opportunitiesEconomic opportunitiesTo be with familyConflict in origin countryWere able to speak or read English before coming to the U.S.Among those whose main reason for immigrating was.21 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.p

117、ewresearch.org Years in the U.S.:While immigrants who arrived more than 10 years ago were more proficient in English at the time of the survey,those who arrived in the last 10 years are more likely to say they were able to speak or read English before immigrating to the U.S.Asian immigrants views of

118、 the English language in the U.S.When it comes to the importance of speaking English,nearly all Asian immigrants say speaking it is necessary to get ahead in the U.S.(91%).At the same time,vast majorities say it is at least somewhat important to have translated materials other than English available

119、 in public institutions such as hospitals,police stations,immigration service centers,departments of motor vehicles,election polling locations and schools.Large majorities of Asian immigrants say its important to have translated materials available in public institutions%of immigrant Asian adults in

120、 the U.S.who say it is _ to have translated materials or translators in *Full item was“U.S.immigration services(for example:USCIS or ICE)”Note:Respondents were asked about the importance of having translated materials in a language other than English or translators who speak languages other than Eng

121、lish at each public institution.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or provided other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 17232130292976686953535293

122、 NET9191838281Somewhat importantVery importantDepartment of Motor VehiclesHospitalsPolice stationsU.S.immigration services*Election pollinglocationsSchools22 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Another challenge some Asian immigrants face is whether the qualifications they earned outside the U.S

123、.will be recognized by U.S.employers.According to the Center survey,a majority of Asian immigrant adults have a bachelors degree or higher(54%),and 33%of all Asian immigrant adults earned a college degree outside of the U.S.Among those with at least a bachelors degree and who received a non-U.S.coll

124、ege degree,61%said that degree is in the fields of science,technology,engineering or mathematics(STEM).4 Among those with a non-U.S.degree and at least a bachelors,85%say their non-U.S.degree was recognized by potential U.S.employers,either sometimes(27%)or all the time(59%).About one-in-ten say the

125、ir degree was not recognized at all(13%).4 Survey respondents who said they received a degree from a university or college outside of the U.S.were asked an open-ended follow up question asking what field it was in.In this analysis,science,technology,engineering or mathematics(STEM)fields of study ar

126、e based on the 2022 U.S.Department of Homeland Security STEM Designated Degree Program List.Most Asian immigrants with a non-U.S.college degree say it was recognized by potential U.S.employers Among immigrant Asian adults with a degree from a college or university outside of the U.S.,%who say their

127、degree was _ by potential U.S.employers Note:Responses shown among Asian immigrants who say they have at least a bachelors degree and at least one college degree from outside of the U.S.Degree field is based on an open-ended question.Those with a STEM degree include those who say they have at least

128、one non-U.S.degree in a science,technology,engineering or math field of study.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 131216

129、10231212192327243224332922354459635164425866453085 NET8783897687888074Not recognizedRecognized sometimesRecognized all the timeAmong those whose non-U.S.degree is in a.Non-STEM fieldSTEM fieldImmigrant Asian adults with a non-U.S.degreeVery wellLess than very wellAmong those who speak English _ at t

130、ime of surveyConflict in origin countryTo be with familyEconomic opportunitiesAmong those whose main reason for immigrating was.Educational opportunities23 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Whether Asian immigrants non-U.S.degrees are recognized by potential employers varies somewhat by their

131、field of study,their English ability before immigration and today,and their main reason for immigrating.Among Asian immigrants with at least a bachelors and a degree from a university or college outside of the U.S.:By main reason for immigrating A majority who migrated mainly for economic(66%)and ed

132、ucational opportunities(58%)say their non-U.S.degree is recognized by U.S.employers all the time,compared with fewer than half among those who came for other reasons.About a quarter of those who initially immigrated due to conflict in their origin country(23%)say their non-U.S.degree is never recogn

133、ized by potential employers.By field of study 63%of Asian immigrants with a non-U.S.degree in a STEM field say it is recognized by U.S.employers all the time.51%of those who have non-U.S.degrees in non-STEM fields say the same.By English ability before immigrating to the U.S.60%of Asian immigrants w

134、ho could speak or read English before moving to the U.S.say their degree is always recognized,compared with 27%of immigrants who could not speak or read English before immigration.41%who could not speak or read English before migration say their non-U.S.degree is never recognized,compared with 13%of

135、 immigrants who could speak or read English before immigrating to the U.S.By English proficiency today 64%of Asian immigrants with a non-U.S.degree who speak English very well say their degree is always recognized;42%of those with a non-U.S.degree who speak English less than very well say the same.2

136、3%of those who are less than proficient in English say their non-U.S.degree is never recognized,compared with 10%of English proficient immigrants with a non-U.S.degree.24 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 2.Asian American immigrants views of quality of life in the U.S.The survey asked Asian im

137、migrants about their views of life in the United States and how it compares with their country of origin.Majorities say the U.S.is better on nearly all qualities asked about in the survey,and about three-quarters say they would choose to come to the U.S.if they could do it again.Still,the survey con

138、ducted from July 2022 to January 2023 found that two-thirds of Asian immigrants also feel dissatisfied with the way things are going in the country,and more than half say the country is generally headed in the wrong direction.Additionally,Asian immigrants generally view their childrens prospects in

139、less optimistic terms than their own.This chapter explores Asian immigrants attitudes about life in the U.S.today.25 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Majorities of Asian American immigrants say the U.S.is better than their origin country on nearly all qualities asked about in the survey,inclu

140、ding the opportunity to get ahead(77%),treatment of the poor(64%)and gender equality(62%),among others.5 The one quality that a majority of Asian immigrants say is better in their country of origin than in the U.S.is the strength of family ties(60%).By main reason for immigrating Among Asian immigra

141、nts who came to the U.S.due to conflict,about 80%or more say the U.S.is better than their origin country on nearly all qualities asked about.The only exception is the strength of family ties:25%say family ties are stronger in the U.S.,while 48%say this is better in their origin country and 23%say it

142、s equal in both.5 Respondents of the same ethnicity may identify various places as their country of origin,which can be influenced by ethnicity,birthplace,nationality,ancestry,or other social,cultural or political factors.For example,among ethnically Chinese immigrants surveyed,the answers they prov

143、ided for place of birth included(mainland)China,Hong Kong,Macau,Taiwan or other countries(such as Canada,Singapore,Vietnam or the Philippines),and some did not provide an answer.Most Asian immigrants see the U.S.as better than their origin country for opportunity,free speech and raising children%of

144、immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.who say each of the following is Note:Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 776766646462

145、57151221121722241118551512772660Better in the U.S.Equal in bothBetter in the country they came fromHonest elections are held regularly with a choice of at least two political partiesThe opportunity to get aheadPeople can say what they want without state censorshipThe conditions for raising childrenT

146、reatment of the poorWomen have the same rights as menAccess to health care servicesThe strength of family ties26 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Among those who immigrated for other reasons,assessments of the U.S.are more mixed.For example,those who immigrated for educational opportunities(5

147、1%),family reunification(58%)or economic opportunities(65%)are less likely than those who immigrated due to conflict(84%)to say the U.S.is better for health care access than their country of origin.By ethnicity 75%of Chinese immigrants say lack of state censorship is better in the U.S.than in their

148、country of origin,but about half say the same about womens rights(50%)and health care access(48%).For Filipino immigrants,about 80%or more say opportunities to get ahead and access to health care are better in the U.S.than in their origin country.Some 53%say the same about womens rights.79%of Indian

149、 immigrants say opportunities to get ahead are better in the U.S.,while 52%say the same about health care access.Among Korean immigrants,roughly 70%or more say the U.S.is better than their origin country in opportunities to get ahead,conditions for raising children and womens rights.On the other han

150、d,66%say health care access in better in their origin country than in the U.S.And 45%say regularly held honest elections are about equal in both places.About 75%or more of Vietnamese immigrants say the U.S.is better than their country of origin across all qualities asked about except the strength of

151、 family ties.For these findings,“country of origin”is used to refer to the place respondents came from.Those of the same ethnicity may identify different places as their origin country,which can be influenced by ethnicity,birthplace,nationality,ancestry,or other social,cultural or political factors.

152、For more information,refer to the terminology.27 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org By citizenship Asian immigrants who are U.S.citizens are more likely than noncitizens to say the U.S.is better than their origin country on access to health care services(63%vs.39%)and treatment of the poor(67%v

153、s.57%).For more on how Asian immigrants views of the U.S.compared with their country of origin varies across these subgroups,refer to Appendix A.Asian immigrants views of the U.S.compared with their origin country vary by ethnic group%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.who say each of the followin

154、g is better in the U.S.than in the country they came from 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90%Immigrant Asian adults Chinese Filipino Indian Korean Vietnamese Other The opportunity to get ahead 77 69 85 79 75 78 77 People can say what they want without state censorship 67 75 65 58 52 77 69 The conditions for

155、 raising children 66 71 58 64 73 73 64 Treatment of the poor 64 61 67 66 58 72 62 Honest elections are held regularly with a choice of at least two political parties 64 69 69 55 39 76 67 Women have the same rights as men 62 50 53 65 68 74 71 Access to health care services 57 48 82 52 21 75 57 The st

156、rength of family ties 15 17 10 10 17 25 19 Note:Asian ethnic groups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.“Other”immigrants include those from less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.Share of respondents who didn

157、t offer an answer or provided other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 28 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org A large majority of Asian immigrants in the

158、U.S.(77%)say their standard of living is much or somewhat better than their parents standard of living when they were the same age.Meanwhile,13%say their standard of living is much or somewhat worse,and 9%say its about the same as that of their parents.The survey also finds Asian immigrants are less

159、 optimistic about their childrens prospects than their own.Among Asian immigrants who have children,about half(48%)say their childrens standard of living will be much or somewhat better than their own.6 Some 37%say their childrens standard of living will be much or somewhat worse,and 15%say it will

160、be about the same as their own.Among Asian immigrants with children,expectations about 6 This question was asked of all Asian adults,but analysis is restricted to those who answered the question and did not indicate that they do not have children.Refer to the topline for more details.About 3 in 4 As

161、ian immigrants say their standard of living is better than that of their parents%of U.S.Asian adults who say *Responses among those who indicated they do not have children not shown.Note:Respondents were asked how their own standard of living compares to their parents and childrens standard of livin

162、g when they were the same age.Asian ethnic groups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.“Other”immigrants include those from less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.“Some college”includes those with an associate

163、degree and those who attended college but did not obtain a degree.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or provided other answers shown but not labeled.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”

164、PEW RESEARCH CENTER 4847454750584444586449385554424129Their childrens standard of living will be better than their own*7782748073777276818374767772798160ChineseFilipinoIndianKoreanVietnameseOtherCitizenNoncitizen0-10 years in U.S.11-2021+HS or lessSome collegeBachelorsPostgradTheir standard of livin

165、g is better than their parentsAmong immigrantsAmong U.S.born Immigrant Asian adultsU.S.-born Asian adults29 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org the next generations standard of living vary by:Ethnicity:More than half of Vietnamese immigrants(58%)say their childrens standard of living will be bet

166、ter than their own,a higher share than among other ethnic groups.Citizenship:58%of Asian immigrants who are not U.S.citizens say their childrens standard of living will be better,compared with 44%of those who have U.S.citizenship.Years in the U.S.:64%of Asian immigrants who have lived in the U.S.for

167、 10 years or less say their childrens standard of living will be better than their own,versus 49%of those in the U.S.for 11 to 20 years and 38%of those in the U.S.for more than 20 years.Education:Asian immigrants without a college degree are more likely than those with a bachelors degree or higher t

168、o say their childrens standard of living will be better than their own.Overall,immigrant Asian adults have a more positive outlook about their own and their childrens prospects than U.S.-born Asian adults:77%of Asian immigrants say their standard of living is better than that of their parents,compar

169、ed with 60%of U.S.-born Asian adults who hold the same view.48%of Asian immigrants with children say their childrens standard of living will be better than their own,compared with 29%of U.S.-born Asian adults with children.Indeed,52%of U.S.-born Asian parents say that when their children are the age

170、 they are now,their childrens standard of living will be worse than their own a higher share than among Asian immigrant parents who say the same(37%).30 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org About three-quarters of Asian immigrants(74%)say that if they had the chance to do it again,they would stil

171、l choose to come to the U.S.7 But not all would do this roughly one-in-ten each say they would move to a different country(10%)or stay in the country where they were born(9%).While majorities of Asian immigrants across demographic subgroups say they would come to the U.S.again,there are some differe

172、nces by:8 Ethnicity:83%of Vietnamese immigrants say they would come to the U.S.again.Meanwhile,67%of Indian immigrants say the same.Age:About three-quarters of Asian immigrants across age groups say that if they had another chance,they would come to the U.S.But 7 This finding only captures those liv

173、ing in the United States at the time of the survey.It does not include Asian immigrants who may have previously lived in the U.S.but decided to leave the country.8 The survey also asked whether Asian Americans would move or in some cases move back to the Asian country where they,their family or ance

174、stors come from.Differences among demographic subgroups reflect some of the findings shown here.About 3 in 4 Asian immigrants say they would choose to come to the U.S.if they could do it again%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.who say that if they could do it again,they would Note:Asian ethnic gr

175、oups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.“Other”immigrants include those from less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adu

176、lts conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 74767967768370766874748471737577806972791091013136109131514817137271213596515541171110127888981098ChineseFilipinoIndianKoreanVietnameseOtherCitizenNoncitizen0-10 years in U.S.1

177、1-2021+Ages 18-2930-4950-6465+MenWomenDem/Lean DemRep/Lean RepCome to the U.S.Move to a different countryStay in the country where they were bornImmigrant Asian adults31 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 17%of Asian immigrants under 30 say they would move to a different country,compared with o

178、nly 2%of those 65 and older.Gender:80%of Asian immigrant men say they would come to the U.S.if they could do it again,while 69%of immigrant women say the same.Aside from asking about their personal immigration experiences,the survey also asked Asian immigrants whether they think their lives are link

179、ed to the lives of other Asians in the U.S.,immigrants in the U.S.(regardless of racial or ethnic identity),or people of their ethnic group around the world.About half or more of Asian immigrants say that what happens to each of these groups affects what happens in their own lives a lot or some.By e

180、thnicity Chinese,Indian and Korean immigrants are among those most likely to say that what happens to the groups asked about impacts their own lives:Asians in the U.S.:Roughly two-thirds of Korean(66%)and Chinese(64%)immigrants say that what happens to other Asian Americans impacts their own lives a

181、 lot or some,higher than the shares among other ethnic groups.Immigrants in the U.S.:Indian immigrants are among the most likely to say what happens to immigrants of any racial or ethnic background living in the U.S.impacts their own lives at least some(62%).Meanwhile,Vietnamese immigrants are among

182、 the least likely to say this(45%).People of their ethnic group around the world:Majorities of Korean(60%),Chinese(58%)and Indian(55%)immigrants say what happens to people of their ethnic group globally affect what happens in their own lives.Smaller shares of Filipino(43%)and Vietnamese(42%)immigran

183、ts say the same.By age,education and citizenship Immigrants who are younger,have more education and do not hold U.S.citizenship are also more likely to say their lives are linked with each of the groups asked about.32 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org About half of Asian immigrants say their l

184、ives are affected by what happens to Asians and immigrants in the U.S.and people of their ethnic group around the world%of U.S.Asian adults who say they feel that what happens to _ affects what happens in their own life a lot/some *The question asked respondents whether they think what happens to im

185、migrants living in the U.S.impacts their own lives and did not specify immigrants racial or ethnic background.Note:Asian ethnic groups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.“Other”immigrants include those from less p

186、opulous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.“Some college”includes those with an associate degree and those who attended college but did not obtain a degree.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or provided other answers shown but not labeled.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July

187、5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 5258435560424850594747555761554842554850People of their ethnic group around the world5554536258455551684449596462624942614750Immigrants living in the U.S.*5764515566485554664953616265615346635064

188、ChineseFilipinoIndianKoreanVietnameseOtherCitizenNoncitizenHS or lessSome collegeBachelorsPostgradAges 18-2930-4950-6465+Dem/Lean DemRep/Lean RepAsians in the U.S.Among immigrantsAmong U.S.bornImmigrant Asian adultsU.S.-born Asian adults33 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org By nativity Overall,

189、immigrant and U.S.-born Asian adults share similar views on how connected their lives are to the lives of others.Asians in the U.S.:57%of Asian immigrants and 64%of U.S.-born Asian adults say that what happens to Asians in the U.S.affects what happens in their own lives a lot or some.Immigrants in t

190、he U.S.:55%of Asian immigrants and 50%of U.S.-born Asian adults say that what happens to immigrants living in the U.S.affects their own lives.People of their ethnic group around the world:52%of Asian immigrants and 50%of U.S.-born Asian adults say what happens to people of their ethnic group around

191、the world affects what happens in their lives.34 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 3.How Asian Americans see the U.S.immigration system With more than half of Asian Americans born outside the United States,a share that rises to 67%among Asian American adults,engagement with the U.S.immigration

192、 system is a common experience.Asian American immigrants interact with the nations immigration system in different ways.Some Asian immigrants came to the U.S.under differing visa categories,including student visas and temporary work visas.Others obtained permanent residencies through family sponsors

193、hip,employment-based preferences,and diversity and refugee categories,among others.Asian immigrants engagement with the U.S.immigration system in numbers Some 13 million Asian immigrants live in the United States,making up 32%of legal immigrants and 16%of unauthorized immigrants among the foreign-bo

194、rn population in the U.S.in 2022,according to a Center analysis of the American Community Survey.About one-third of those obtaining lawful permanent residency(i.e.,people getting a“green card”)in 2022 were born in Asia,according to an analysis of data from the Department of Homeland Security.9 Among

195、 those admitted under employment-based preferences,more than 60%were born in Asia;the largest numbers were from India,China and the Philippines.Among refugees and people granted asylum in 2022,about a quarter were born in Asia.Large numbers of people from Asia are admitted each year as lawful tempor

196、ary migrants to work or study in the U.S.In 2022,about 70%of arrivals of temporary workers in specialty occupations(H-1B visas)were born in Asia;roughly two-thirds(64%)of arrivals on H-1B visas were granted to immigrants from India.About one-sixth of temporary managers(L-1 visas)were from Asia.Among

197、 international students arriving on F-1 visas,more than 40%were from Asia.Nearly 20%of all students arriving on F-1 visas are from India,more than 10%from China and about 5%from Korea.Today,60%of Asian immigrants are citizens.Another 28%are in the country legally as lawful permanent residents(20%)or

198、 temporary lawful immigrants(8%).And 13%are in the country without authorization,according to Pew Research Center estimates of the 2022 American Community Survey.This chapter explores how Asian Americans views of the U.S.immigration system are linked with their diverse backgrounds.It also examines h

199、ow U.S.-born Asian Americans see the U.S.immigration system and immigration policy goals.9 In Center analysis of data from the Department of Homeland Security,Asian countries include South and East Asia(i.e.,Afghanistan,Pakistan and countries east of them)as well as the Central Asian republics of th

200、e former Soviet Union(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan).35 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Overall,59%of Asian immigrants say the U.S.immigration system needs to be completely changed or needs major changes.Views vary by factors such as ethnicity and the main reas

201、on for immigrating.Main reason for immigrating:About six-in-ten immigrants who came to the U.S.for educational or economic opportunities say the immigration system needs large changes,while about half of those who came to be with family say the same(53%).Ethnicity:70%of Indian immigrants say the U.S

202、.immigration system needs complete or major changes,a higher share than among other ethnic groups.Political party:Notably,views dont vary by party among Asian immigrants.Republicans(61%)and Democrats(60%),including those who lean to each party,are equally likely to say the system A majority of Asian

203、 immigrants say the U.S.immigration system needs complete or major changes%of U.S.Asian adults who say the U.S.immigration system Note:Asian ethnic groups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.“Other”immigrants inclu

204、de those from less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 39374329464944353745424035

205、4541393925596056705348556462535758645455606173Immigrant Asian adultsChineseFilipinoIndianKoreanVietnameseOtherEducational opportunitiesEconomic opportunitiesTo be with familyConflict in origin countryAges 18-2930-4950-6465+Dem/Lean DemRep/Lean RepU.S.-born Asian adultsAmong immigrantsAmong U.S.born

206、Among those whose main reason for immigrating to the U.S.was.Does not need to be changed/Needs only minor changesNeeds major changes/to be completely changed36 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org needs complete or major changes.Among U.S.-born Asian American adults,73%say the immigration system

207、needs to be completely changed or major changes,a higher share than among Asian immigrants(59%).Still,large majorities of both are critical of the U.S.immigration system.On the other hand,25%of the U.S.born say the system needs minor or no changes,while 39%of immigrants say the same.The survey,condu

208、cted between July 2022 and January 2023,asked Asian American adults about their views on specific immigration policy goals.Among Asian immigrants:86%say encouraging more highly skilled individuals to migrate and work in the U.S.is a very or somewhat important goal.82%say making it easier for U.S.cit

209、izens or legal residents to sponsor a family member to immigrate to the U.S.is important.76%say establishing stricter policies to prevent people from overstaying their visas is an important goal.73%say allowing immigrants who came to the country illegally as children to remain in the U.S.and apply f

210、or legal status is an important policy goal.64%say creating a way for most immigrants currently in the country illegally to stay here legally is an important goal.62%say increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegally is an important goal.By political party Among Asian immig

211、rants,Democrats are more likely than Asian immigrant Republicans to prioritize U.S.immigration policy goals that encourage immigration:86%of these Democrats and Democratic leaners say making it easier for U.S.citizens or legal residents to sponsor a family member to immigrate to the U.S.should be an

212、 important policy goal,compared with 78%of Asian immigrant Republicans and leaners.83%say allowing immigrants who came to the country illegally as children to remain in the U.S.and apply for legal status is important,compared with 60%of Asian immigrant Republicans.73%say creating a way for most immi

213、grants currently in the country illegally to stay here legally should be an important goal,compared with 51%of Asian immigrant Republicans.37 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Meanwhile,Republicans are more likely than Democrats to say goals that restrict illegal immigration are important for

214、U.S.immigration policies:Most(83%)say establishing stricter policies to prevent people who enter the country legally from overstaying their visas is an important U.S.immigration policy goal.A smaller majority of Asian immigrant Democrats(73%)say this.Republicans in this group are also much more like

215、ly than Democrats to favor increasing deportations of immigrants in the country illegally(82%vs.50%).Notably,among Asian immigrants,only one policy goal received bipartisan support:encouraging more highly skilled individuals from around the world to immigrate and work in the U.S.(84%of Republicans a

216、nd 87%of Democrats view this policy goal as important).Asian immigrants show bipartisan support for policy goals that encourage highly skilled immigrants to come to the U.S.%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.who say each of the following goals for immigration policy in the U.S.should be very/some

217、what important Note:Differences shown are statistically significant and calculated from unrounded figures.“”indicates differences are not statistically significant.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or provided other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July

218、 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 605178848382837386877350406080100Rep/Lean RepDem/Lean DemEstablishing stricter policies to prevent people who enter the country legally from overstaying visas and staying in the U.S.illegallyAll

219、owing immigrants who came to the country illegally as children to remain and apply for legal statusCreating a way for most immigrants currently in the country illegally to stay here legallyEncouraging more highly skilled individuals from around the world to immigrate and work in the U.S.Making it ea

220、sier for U.S.citizens or legal residents to sponsor a family member to immigrate to the U.S.Increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegallyDiff.Dem/RepDem+23Dem+21Dem+7Rep+10Rep+3138 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org By ethnicity Asian immigrants views also vary across

221、 ethnic groups.For example:Chinese immigrants(69%)are less likely than some other ethnic groups to say it is important to establish stricter policies preventing immigrants from overstaying their visas illegally.They are also less likely to prioritize policies that allow immigrants who are in the cou

222、ntry illegally(53%)or who came to the country illegally as children(62%)to stay,compared with most other ethnic groups.Still,half or more of Chinese immigrants say these should be goals for U.S.immigration policy.Filipino immigrants are most likely to say making it easier to sponsor family members s

223、hould be an important goal:91%say this,compared with somewhat smaller majorities among other groups.Vietnamese immigrants(69%)are among the ethnic groups that are most likely to say it is important to increase deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegally.On the other hand,they are l

224、ess likely than most other ethnic groups to say encouraging high skilled immigrants should be an important policy goal(76%),though a large majority say this.(Refer to Appendix A for more information on how Asian immigrants views vary across demographic subgroups,including age and citizenship status.

225、)39 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Among Asian immigrants in the U.S.,support for immigration policy goals varies across ethnic groups%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.who say each of the following goals for immigration policy in the U.S.should be very/somewhat important 50 60 70 80 90

226、100%Immigrant Asian adults Chinese Filipino Indian Korean Vietnamese Other Encouraging more highly skilled individuals from around the world to immigrate and work in the U.S.86 89 84 91 89 76 80 Making it easier for U.S.citizens or legal residents to sponsor a family member to immigrate to the U.S.8

227、2 77 91 84 83 79 81 Establishing stricter policies to prevent people who enter the country legally from overstaying their visas and staying in the U.S.illegally 76 69 86 74 80 79 76 Allowing immigrants who came to the country illegally as children to remain in the U.S.and apply for legal status 73 6

228、2 77 74 83 70 81 Creating a way for most immigrants currently in the country illegally to stay here legally 64 53 72 63 77 59 70 Increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegally 62 62 67 59 57 69 59 Note:Asian ethnic groups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity o

229、nly,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.“Other”immigrants include those from less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or provided other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.2

230、7,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 40 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org By nativity Among all Asian Americans,U.S.-born Asian adults tend to be more supportive than immigrants of policies that establish stronger protections for unauthor

231、ized immigrants.Still,majorities of immigrant Asians say these policies are important.Notably,majorities of immigrant and U.S.-born Asians differ on the importance of one policy goal:62%of Asian immigrants say increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegally is an important g

232、oal.Meanwhile,55%of U.S.-born Asian adults say this goal should be not too important,if at all.(For more information on U.S.-born Asian Americans views on immigration goals across demographic subgroups,refer to Appendix A.)Immigrant Asians differ from U.S.born in their views toward immigration goals

233、%of Asian adults in the U.S.who say each of the following goals for immigration policy in the U.S.should be very/somewhat important Note:Differences shown are statistically significant and calculated from unrounded figures.“”indicates differences are not statistically significant.Share of respondent

234、s who didnt offer an answer or provided other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 446278858675627686827364406080100U.S.bornImmigrantEstablishing stricter polic

235、ies to prevent people who enter the country legally from overstaying visas and staying in the U.S.illegallyAllowing immigrants who came to the country illegally as children to remain and apply for legal statusCreating a way for most immigrants currently in the country illegally to stay here legallyE

236、ncouraging more highly skilled individuals from around the world to immigrate and work in the U.S.Making it easier for U.S.citizens or legal residents to sponsor a family member to immigrate to the U.S.Increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegallyDiff.Immigrant+18Immigrant

237、+15Immigrant+8U.S.born+12U.S.born+1241 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Acknowledgments Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts,its primary funder.The Centers Asian American portfolio was funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts,with generous support from The Asian America

238、n Foundation;Chan Zuckerberg Initiative DAF,an advised fund of the Silicon Valley Community Foundation;the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation;the Henry Luce Foundation;the Doris Duke Foundation;The Wallace H.Coulter Foundation;The Dirk and Charlene Kabcenell Foundation;The Long Family Foundation;Lu-Hebe

239、rt Fund;Gee Family Foundation;Joseph Cotchett;the Julian Abdey and Sabrina Moyle Charitable Fund;and Nanci Nishimura.We would also like to thank the Leaders Forum for its thought leadership and valuable assistance in helping make this survey possible.The strategic communications campaign used to pro

240、mote the research was made possible with generous support from the Doris Duke Foundation.This report was written by Ziyao Tian,research associate,Carolyne Im,research analyst,Sahana Mukherjee,associate director of race and ethnicity research,and Abby Budiman,former temporary research associate.Many

241、individuals contributed to this studys design,data collection and methodology.This survey and the subsequent reports from it would not be possible without Associate Director of Survey Methods Ashley Amaya,who designed the surveys methodology,managed the long fielding period with Westat and helped wi

242、th the questionnaire development.The entire survey project was expertly managed by Research Associate Luis Noe-Bustamante.Noe-Bustamante also managed a team that carried out the surveys data processing and included Budiman,Im,Research Methodologist Arnold Lau and former Research Assistant Lauren Mor

243、a.Neil Ruiz,head of new research initiatives,and former Research Associate Sunny Shao led the development of the survey questionnaire with help from Amaya,Research Associate Khadijah Edwards,former Research Analyst Mohamad Moslimani,Mora and Noe-Bustamante.Senior Demographer Jeffrey Passel provided

244、advice on the demographic analysis.Pew Research Center is also grateful to Westats Mike Brick,Ismael Flores Cervantes,Eric Jodts and Hanna Popick for their many contributions to this project.Mark Hugo Lopez,director of race and ethnicity research,provided editorial guidance for the project,including

245、 the survey questionnaire,and related products.Ruiz,Copy Editor Rebecca 42 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Leppert and Executive Vice President Claudia Deane also provided editorial guidance for the report.Passel offered additional editorial guidance and analysis support to the demographic r

246、esearch in this report.Research Assistant Alexandra Cahn also provided research assistance to the report.The report was number-checked by Research Assistant Gracie Martinez,with help from Cahn.Senior Copy Editor David Kent copy edited the report,with support from Leppert and Editorial Assistant Anna

247、 Jackson.The report was produced by Digital Producer Sara Atske.The communications and outreach strategy for the report was led by Senior Communications Manager Tanya Arditi,with support from Communications Associate Andrew Grant.The charts were designed by Tian,Im,and Information Graphics Designer

248、John Carlo Mandapat.Pew Research Center is grateful to a panel of expert advisers who provided advice at all stages of this survey and reports development:Devesh Kapur,Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies;Yn L Espiritu,Distinguis

249、hed Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of California,San Diego;Anthony Christian Ocampo,Professor of Sociology at California State Polytechnic University,Pomona;Karthick Ramakrishnan,Professor of Public Policy at the University of California,Riverside;Janelle Wong,Professor of American Studie

250、s and Asian American Studies at the University of Maryland;and Yang Sao Xiong,Assistant Professor at College of Social Sciences at California State University,Fresno.Find related reports online at www.pewresearch.org/AsianAmericans.43 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Appendix A:Supplemental t

251、ables Asian immigrants views of the U.S.compared with their origin country,by main reason for immigration and citizenship status,2022-23%of immigrant Asian adults who say each measure is Among those whose main reason for immigrating to the U.S.was Immigrant Asian adults Educational opportunities Eco

252、nomic opportunities To be with family Conflict in origin country Citizen Noncitizen The opportunity to get ahead Better in the U.S.77 80 86 77 85 79 71 Equal in both 12 14 9 15 8 11 16 Better in the country they came from 5 5 3 6 4 4 7 People can say what they want without state censorship Better in

253、 the U.S.67 70 69 68 86 67 66 Equal in both 21 22 23 24 6 20 21 Better in the country they came from 5 6 6 5 4 5 5 The conditions for raising children Better in the U.S.66 71 70 68 82 68 62 Equal in both 12 14 11 14 5 11 15 Better in the country they came from 15 13 17 16 11 14 17 Treatment of the p

254、oor Better in the U.S.64 64 70 68 81 67 57 Equal in both 17 22 16 19 8 16 19 Better in the country they came from 12 13 12 14 10 10 17 Honest elections are held regularly with a choice of at least two political parties Better in the U.S.64 66 67 65 85 67 56 Equal in both 22 24 25 27 7 20 30 Better i

255、n the country they came from 7 9 6 7 5 6 8 Women have the same rights as men Better in the U.S.62 63 68 61 83 63 60 Equal in both 24 26 23 32 8 23 26 Better in the country they came from 7 10 8 6 7 7 9 Access to health care services Better in the U.S.57 51 65 58 84 63 39 Equal in both 11 12 9 14 6 1

256、0 14 Better in the country they came from 26 36 24 27 9 21 41 Continued below PEW RESEARCH CENTER 44 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Asian immigrants views of the U.S.compared with their origin country,by main reason for immigration and citizenship status,2022-23(continued)%of immigrant Asia

257、n adults who say each measure is Among those whose main reason for immigrating to the U.S.was Immigrant Asian adults Educational opportunities Economic opportunities To be with family Conflict in origin country Citizen Noncitizen The strength of family ties Better in the U.S.15 16 13 17 25 16 13 Equ

258、al in both 18 17 15 23 23 18 18 Better in the country they came from 60 67 70 48 58 59 61 Note:Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEA

259、RCH CENTER 45 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Immigrant Asian adults immigration policy priorities,by political party,age and citizenship status,2022-23%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.who say each of the following goals for immigration policy in the U.S.should be Immigrant Asian adults

260、 Dem/Lean Dem Rep/Lean Rep Ages 18-29 30-49 50-64 65+Citizen Noncitizen Encouraging more highly skilled individuals from around the world to immigrate and work in the U.S.Very/Somewhat important 86 87 84 88 87 85 83 83 92 Not too/Not at all important 12 15 11 11 13 13 12 14 7 Making it easier for U.

261、S.citizens or legal residents to sponsor a family member to immigrate to the U.S.Very/Somewhat important 82 86 78 85 85 81 78 83 81 Not too/Not at all important 15 20 13 15 15 16 17 15 17 Establishing stricter policies to prevent people who enter the country legally from overstaying their visas and

262、staying in the U.S.illegally Very/Somewhat important 76 73 83 61 74 83 82 78 71 Not too/Not at all important 21 15 26 38 24 14 12 19 27 Allowing immigrants who came to the country illegally as children to remain in the U.S.and apply for legal status Very/Somewhat important 73 83 60 85 75 68 68 73 73

263、 Not too/Not at all important 24 15 39 15 24 28 26 24 24 Creating a way for most immigrants currently in the country illegally to stay here legally Very/Somewhat important 64 73 51 75 63 63 59 65 60 Not too/Not at all important 34 26 47 24 36 34 33 32 38 Increasing deportations of immigrants current

264、ly in the country illegally Very/Somewhat important 62 50 82 42 58 72 77 64 58 Not too/Not at all important 35 48 17 58 41 26 17 34 40 Note:Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to

265、the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 46 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org U.S.-born Asian adults immigration policy priorities,by political party and age,2022-23%of U.S.-born Asian adults who say each of the following goals for immigration policy in the U.S.should be U.S.-bo

266、rn Asian adults Dem/Lean Dem Rep/Lean Rep Ages 18-29 30-49 50-64 65+Allowing immigrants who came to the country illegally as children to remain in the U.S.and apply for legal status Very/Somewhat important 86 91 73 93 87 70 76 Not too/Not at all important 13 8 27 6 13 25 22 Making it easier for U.S.

267、citizens or legal residents to sponsor a family member to immigrate to the U.S.Very/Somewhat important 85 88 77 90 88 67 75 Not too/Not at all important 14 11 23 10 12 28 23 Encouraging more highly skilled individuals from around the world to immigrate and work in the U.S.Very/Somewhat important 78

268、81 70 82 78 70 69 Not too/Not at all important 21 18 29 17 21 23 29 Creating a way for most immigrants currently in the country illegally to stay here legally Very/Somewhat important 75 83 55 89 74 56 63 Not too/Not at all important 23 16 44 10 26 37 35 Establishing stricter policies to prevent peop

269、le who enter the country legally from overstaying their visas and staying in the U.S.illegally Very/Somewhat important 62 54 82 52 59 80 80 Not too/Not at all important 37 45 18 48 41 15 17 Increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegally Very/Somewhat important 44 34 70 28 4

270、2 68 72 Not too/Not at all important 55 64 30 71 57 26 25 Note:Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 47 PEW RESEARCH CENTE

271、R www.pewresearch.org Appendix B:Demographic profile of immigrant and U.S.-born Asian Americans Demographic profile of Asians in the U.S.,by nativity%of Asian adults in the U.S.,2022 All Asian adults Immigrant Asian adults U.S.-born Asian adults Ethnicity Chinese 22 23 18 Filipino 17 15 21 Indian 19

272、 24 10 Korean 8 8 7 Vietnamese 9 10 7 Other 12 14 10 Two or more Asian ethnicities 13 6 26 Educational attainment(among ages 25 and older)HS or less 25 28 18 Some college 18 16 25 Bachelors 31 29 35 Postgrad 25 27 22 Annual family income$30,000 14 14 13$30,000-$74,999 21 22 21$75,000-$99,999 11 11 1

273、1$100,000-$149,999 17 17 17$150,000+34 35 32 Age 18-29 22 13 41 30-49 40 41 39 50-64 21 26 12 65+16 20 8 Gender Men 47 46 50 Women 53 54 50 Note:Named ethnic groups and the group“Other”refer to those who report one Asian ethnicity only in response to the race question,alone or in combination with a

274、non-Asian race group.“Some college”includes those with an associate degree and those who attended college but did not obtain a degree.Source:Pew Research Center tabulations of the 2022 American Community Survey 1-year samples(IPUMS).“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”P

275、EW RESEARCH CENTER 48 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Demographic profile of Asian immigrants in the U.S.,by ethnicity%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.,2022-2023 Immigrant Asian adults Chinese Filipino Indian Korean Vietnamese Other Citizenship Citizen 72 67 86 59 72 87 76 Noncitizen 26

276、 31 14 39 26 11 22 Green card status(among noncitizens)Have a green card 55 53 92 43 83 85 46 Do not have a green card 43 44 7 57 17 10 54 Years in U.S.0-10 years in U.S.22 24 14 32 11 18 21 11-20 21 19 21 24 23 16 21 21+50 48 58 37 59 59 51 English ability Speaks English very/pretty well 86 76 92 9

277、7 73 79 88 Speaks English not too/not at all well 13 22 7 1 25 20 10 Main reason for immigrating to the U.S.Educational opportunities 26 38 8 29 28 18 26 Economic opportunities 27 16 41 42 26 9 21 To be with family 28 31 41 18 38 29 25 Conflict in origin country 7 3 1 1 1 32 13 Other reason 4 2 3 3

278、1 3 7 Annual family income$30,000 12 18 5 7 9 19 13$30,000-$74,999 23 21 22 16 25 35 27$75,000-$99,999 11 9 15 9 10 10 14$100,000-$149,999 18 15 23 19 20 14 16$150,000+32 33 30 45 30 18 24 Age 18-29 14 16 12 15 8 11 17 30-49 43 37 35 55 41 37 45 50-64 27 28 31 18 30 33 26 65+17 18 22 13 20 19 11 Gen

279、der Men 48 47 43 55 43 48 48 Women 51 52 56 45 56 50 50 Continued below PEW RESEARCH CENTER 49 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Demographic profile of Asian immigrants in the U.S.,by ethnicity(continued)%of immigrant Asian adults in the U.S.,2022-2023 Immigrant Asian adults Chinese Filipino I

280、ndian Korean Vietnamese Other Political party affiliation Dem/Lean Dem 58 47 59 73 63 36 66 Rep/Lean Rep 35 44 36 22 33 56 29 Note:Asian ethnic groups include those who report being one Asian ethnicity only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.“Other”immigrants include t

281、hose from less populous Asian immigrant ethnic groups.Asian immigrants who identify with two or more Asian ethnicities are included in the total for all immigrant Asian adults but not shown separately.“English ability”refers to how well respondents can carry on a conversation in English,both underst

282、anding and speaking.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Why Asian Immigrants Come to the U.S.and How They View Life Here”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 50 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Methodology The data

283、in this report is drawn from a national cross-sectional survey conducted for Pew Research Center by Westat.The sampling design of the survey was an address-based sampling(ABS)approach,supplemented by list samples,to reach a nationally representative group of respondents.The survey was fielded July 5

284、,2022,through Jan.27,2023.Self-administered screening interviews were conducted with a total of 36,469 U.S.adults either online or by mail,resulting in 7,006 interviews with Asian American adults.It is these 7,006 Asian Americans who are the focus of this report.After accounting for the complex samp

285、le design and loss of precision due to weighting,the margin of sampling error for these respondents is plus or minus 2.1 percentage points at the 95%level of confidence.The survey was administered in two stages.In the first stage,a short screening survey was administered to a national sample of U.S.

286、adults to collect basic demographics and determine a respondents eligibility for the extended survey of Asian Americans.Screener respondents were considered eligible for the extended survey if they self-identified as Asian(alone or in combination with any other race or ethnicity).Note that all indiv

287、iduals who self-identified as Asian were asked to complete the extended survey.To maintain consistency with the Census Bureaus definition of“Asian,”individuals responding as Asian but who self-identified Survey of Asian American adults margins of sampling error Group Unweighted sample size 95%margin

288、 of error(pctg.points)All Asian adults 7,006 2.1 Chinese 1,777 3.6 Filipino 1,051 5.6 Indian 897 5.3 Japanese 294 8.6 Korean 1,146 5.1 Vietnamese 935 5.1 Other 377 7.3 Two or more Asian ethnicities 440 9.2 Men 3,949 2.9 Women 2,930 3.2 Ages 18-29 684 5.9 30-49 2,766 3.3 50-64 1,990 4.0 65+1,564 4.6

289、Bachelors+5,279 2.2 Some college 1,097 4.6 HS or less 603 6.5 U.S.born 1,900 4.2 Foreign born 5,036 2.4 0-10 years in U.S.724 5.7 More than 10 years in U.S.3,946 2.8 Christian 2,827 3.6 Protestant 1,468 4.7 Evangelical Prot.979 5.7 Non-evangelical Prot.487 8.2 Catholic 1,331 5.5 Buddhist 839 6.2 Hin

290、du 559 6.3 Note:Unweighted sample sizes do not account for the surveys sample design or weighting and do not describe a groups contribution to weighted estimates.For details,refer to“Sample design”and“Weighting and variance estimation”in this methodology.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conduc

291、ted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 51 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org with origins that did not meet the bureaus official standards prior to the 2020 decennial census were considered ineligible and were not asked to complete the extended survey or were removed from the final sam

292、ple.Those excluded were people solely of Southwest Asian descent(e.g.,Lebanese,Saudi),those with Central Asian origins(e.g.,Afghan,Uzbek)as well as various other non-Asian origins.The impact of excluding these groups is small,as together they represent about 1%-2%of the national U.S.Asian population

293、,according to a Pew Research Center analysis of the 2021 American Community Survey.Eligible survey respondents were asked in the extended survey how they identified ethnically(for example:Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean,Vietnamese,or some other ethnicity with a write-in option).Note that survey respo

294、ndents were asked about their ethnicity rather than nationality.For example,those classified as Chinese in the survey are those self-identifying as of Chinese ethnicity,rather than necessarily being a citizen or former citizen of the Peoples Republic of China.Since this is an ethnicity,classificatio

295、n of survey respondents as Chinese also includes those who are Taiwanese.The research plan for this project was submitted to Westats institutional review board(IRB),which is an independent committee of experts that specializes in helping to protect the rights of research participants.Due to the mini

296、mal risks associated with this questionnaire content and the population of interest,this research underwent an expedited review and received approval(approval#FWA 00005551).Throughout this methodology statement,the terms“extended survey”and“extended questionnaire”refer to the extended survey of Asia

297、n Americans that is the focus of this report,and“eligible adults”and“eligible respondents”refer to those individuals who met its eligibility criteria,unless otherwise noted.The survey had a complex sample design constructed to maximize efficiency in reaching Asian American adults while also supporti

298、ng reliable,national estimates for the population as a whole and for the five largest ethnic groups(Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean and Vietnamese).Asian American adults include those who self-identify as Asian,either alone or in combination with other races or Hispanic identity.The main sample frame

299、 of the 2022-2023 Asian American Survey is an address-based sample(ABS).The ABS frame of addresses was derived from the USPS Computerized Delivery Sequence file.It is maintained by Marketing Systems Group(MSG)and is updated monthly.MSG geocodes 52 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org their entire

300、 ABS frame,so block,block group,and census tract characteristics from the decennial census and the American Community Survey(ACS)could be appended to addresses and used for sampling and data collection.All addresses on the ABS frame were geocoded to a census tract.Census tracts were then grouped int

301、o three strata based on the density of Asian American adults,defined as the proportion of Asian American adults among all adults in the tract.The three strata were defined as:High density:Tracts with an Asian American adult density of 10%or higher Medium density:Tracts with a density 3%to less than

302、10%Low density:Tracts with a density less than 3%Mailing addresses in census tracts from the lowest density stratum,strata 3,were excluded from the sampling frame.As a result,the frame excluded 54.1%of the 2020 census tracts,49.1%of the U.S.adult population,including 9.1%of adults who self-identifie

303、d as Asian alone or in combination with other races or Hispanic ethnicity.For the largest five Asian ethnic subgroups,Filipinos had the largest percentage of excluded adults,with 6.8%,while Indians had the lowest with 4.2%of the adults.Addresses were then sampled from the two remaining strata.This s

304、tratification and the assignment of differential sampling rates to the strata were critical design components because of the rareness of the Asian American adult population.Despite oversampling of the high-and medium-density Asian American strata in the ABS sample,the ABS sample was not expected to

305、efficiently yield the required number of completed interviews for some ethnic subgroups.Therefore,the ABS sample was supplemented with samples from the specialized surname list frames maintained by the MSG.These list frames identify households using commercial databases linked to addresses and telep

306、hone numbers.The individuals surnames in these lists could be classified by likely ethnic origin.Westat requested MSG to produce five list frames:Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean and Vietnamese.The lists were subset to include only cases with a mailing address.Addresses sampled from the lists,unlike t

307、hose sampled from the ABS frame,were not limited to high-and medium-density census tracts.53 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Once an address was sampled from either the ABS frame or the surname lists,an invitation was mailed to the address.The invitation requested that the adult in the house

308、hold with the next birthday complete the survey.To maximize response,the survey used a sequential mixed-mode protocol in which sampled households were first directed to respond online and later mailed a paper version of the questionnaire if they did not respond online.The first mailing was a letter

309、introducing the survey and providing the information necessary(URL and unique PIN)for online response.A pre-incentive of$2 was included in the mailing.This and remaining screener recruitment letters focused on the screener survey,without mentioning the possibility of eligibility for a longer survey

310、and associated promised incentive,since most people would only be asked to complete the short screening survey.It was important for all households to complete the screening survey,not just those who identify as Asian American.As such,the invitation did not mention that the extended survey would focu

311、s on topics surrounding Sample allocation and Asian American incidence by sampling frame Sampling frame Addresses sampled Completed screeners N of screened adults eligible for extended interview N of eligible adults who completed extended interview Combined 268,929 37,137 9,466 7,369 Address-based s

312、ample 218,992 29,872 4,569 3,610 High density stratum 172,692 23,460 4,284 3,372 Medium density stratum 46,300 6,412 285 238 Chinese surname list sample 2,643 468 334 283 Filipino surname list sample 15,491 1,991 1,168 841 Indian surname list sample 5,241 668 469 363 Broad surname definition 3,999 4

313、79 329 257 Narrow surname definition 1,242 189 140 106 Korean surname list sample 9,998 1,801 1,227 974 Vietnamese surname list sample 11,323 1,669 1,230 935 Note:The survey utilized two sampling frames to maximize efficiency in reaching Asian American adults,while also supporting reliable,national

314、estimates for the Asian adult population and the five largest ethnic groups(Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean and Vietnamese).The first sampling frame was an address-based sample(ABS).The ABS was not expected to efficiently yield the required number of completed interviews for some ethnic subgroups.The

315、refore,the ABS was supplemented with samples from specialized surname list frames.Combined totals do not sum to the sample size of 7,006 because 363 respondents completed the survey but were removed from the final sample for not meeting eligibility requirements.Source:Survey of Asian American adults

316、 conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 54 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org the Asian American experience.The invitation was generic to minimize the risk of nonresponse bias due to topic salience bias.After one week,Westat sent a postcard reminder to all sampled individuals,fol

317、lowed three weeks later by a reminder letter to nonrespondents.Approximately 8.5 weeks after the initial mailing,Westat sent nonrespondents a paper version screening survey,which was a four-page booklet(one folded 1117 paper)and a postage-paid return envelope in addition to the cover letter.If no re

318、sponse was obtained from those four mailings,no further contact was made.Eligible adults who completed the screening interview on the web were immediately asked to continue with the extended questionnaire.If an eligible adult completed the screener online but did not complete the extended interview,

319、Westat sent them a reminder letter.This was performed on a rolling basis when it had been at least one week since the web breakoff.Names were not collected until the end of the web survey,so these letters were addressed to“Recent Participant.”If an eligible respondent completed a paper screener,West

320、at mailed them the extended survey and a postage-paid return envelope.This was sent weekly as completed paper screeners arrived.Westat followed these paper mailings with a reminder postcard.Later,Westat sent a final paper version via FedEx to eligible adults who had not completed the extended interv

321、iew online or by paper.A pre-incentive of$2(in the form of two$1 bills)was sent to all sampled addresses with the first letter,which provided information about how to complete the survey online.This and subsequent screener invitations only referred to the pre-incentive without reference to the possi

322、bility of later promised incentives.Respondents who completed the screening survey and were found eligible were offered a promised incentive of$10 to go on and complete the extended survey.All participants who completed the extended web survey were offered their choice of a$10 A gift code instantly

323、or$10 cash mailed.All participants who completed the survey via paper were mailed a$10 cash incentive.In December 2022 a mailing was added for eligible respondents who had completed a screener questionnaire,either by web or paper but who had not yet completed the extended survey.It was sent to those

324、 who had received their last mailing in the standard sequence at least four weeks earlier.It included a cover letter,a paper copy of the extended survey,and a business reply 55 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org envelope,and was assembled in a 9x12 envelope with a$1 bill made visible through th

325、e envelope window.In the last month of data collection,an additional mailing was added to boost the number of Vietnamese respondents.A random sample of 4,000 addresses from the Vietnamese surname list and 2,000 addresses from the ABS frame who were flagged as likely Vietnamese were sent another copy

326、 of the first invitation letter,which contained web login credentials but no paper copy of the screener.This was sent in a No.10 envelope with a wide window and was assembled with a$1 bill visible through the envelope window.The mail and web screening and extended surveys were developed in English a

327、nd translated into Chinese(Simplified and Traditional),Hindi,Korean,Tagalog and Vietnamese.For web,the landing page was displayed in English initially but included banners at the top and bottom of the page that allowed respondents to change the displayed language.Once in the survey,a dropdown button

328、 at the top of each page was available to respondents to toggle between languages.The paper surveys were also formatted into all six languages.Recipients thought to be more likely to use a specific language option,based on supplemental information in the sampling frame or their address location,were

329、 sent a paper screener in that language in addition to an English screener questionnaire.Those receiving a paper extended instrument were sent the extended survey in the language in which the screener was completed.For web,respondents continued in their selected language from the screener.Household-

330、level weighting The first step in weighting was creating a base weight for each sampled mailing address to account for its probability of selection into the sample.The base weight for mailing address k is called BWk and is defined as the inverse of its probability of selection.The ABS sample address

331、es had a probability of selection based on the stratum from which they were sampled.The supplemental samples(i.e.,Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean and Vietnamese surname lists)also had a probability of selection from the list frames.Because all of the addresses in the list frames are also included in

332、the ABS frame,these addresses had multiple opportunities for these addresses to be selected,and the base weights include an adjustment to account for their higher probability of selection.56 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Each sampled mailing address was assigned to one of four categories a

333、ccording to its final screener disposition.The categories were 1)household with a completed screener interview,2)household with an incomplete screener interview,3)ineligible(i.e.,not a household,which were primarily postmaster returns),and 4)addresses for which status was unknown(i.e.,addresses that were not identified as undeliverable by the USPS but from which no survey response was received).Th