2 GOW UK OWF Policy_00_ISSUE.pdf

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1、An Introduction of the UKs Offshore Wind Management Policies and Implications for the Development of Chinas Deep&Far Sea Offshore Wind Power英國海上風電管理政策簡介及對中國深遠海風電發展的啟示 June 2024Together,We Shape A Better World 一起塑造更美好的世界Dedicated to sustainable development,Arup is an independent firm of designers,pla

2、nners,engineers,architects,consultants and technical specialists,working across every aspect of todays built environment.Together we help our clients solve their most complex challenges turning exciting ideas into tangible reality as we strive to find a better way and shape a better world.我們是引領可持續發展

3、的先鋒，集合了設計師、規劃師、工程師、建筑師、顧問和技術專家，致力于當今建筑環境的每一個細節。我們與客戶并肩作戰，攻克最復雜的挑戰，將創意轉化為現實，不斷探索新的解決方案，為塑造一個更美好的世界而努力。Office location 辦公室位置Established in London1946年于倫敦成立1946US$2.5bnTurnover 20212021年營業額達到25億美元18,500 staffworking in 34 countries擁有超過18,500名員工，遍布34個國家78 yearsYears of delivering successful engineering

4、design projects and advisory services around the world78年以來成功交付了全球范圍內的眾多工程設計項目和咨詢服務6500+Clients服務于6500+客戶95 offices設有95個辦公室Arup is held in trustfor the benefits of all employees 奧雅納由信托持有，所有員工的利益緊密相連Introduction of UK Governments Offshore Shore Wind Policies 英國政府風電政策介紹 Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation(NFFO

5、)非化石燃料義務非化石燃料義務Renewable Obligation Certificates(ROCs)可再生能源可再生能源義務義務證書證書Offshore Wind Cost Reduction Task Force(CRTF)海上風電降海上風電降本本工作組工作組Final Investment Decision enabling for Renewables Scheme(FiDeR)可再生能源最終投資可再生能源最終投資決策決策支持支持計劃計劃Contracts for Difference(CfD)差價合同差價合同Offshore Wind Sector Deal海上風電行業協議海上

6、風電行業協議Floating Offshore Wind漂浮式海上風電漂浮式海上風電Fixed price guarantee for electricity generated from eligible renewable energy projects.為符合條件的可再生能源項目提供可靠、穩定的價格保證Mandating suppliers to obtain and surrender certificates proportional to electricity sales.要求供應商獲取并提供與其售電量成比例的證書Collaborative initiative to reduc

7、e the costs of offshore wind energy.制定協作計劃，降低海上風電能源的成本Assist low carbon electricity project developers in making investment decisions before CfD regime.協助低碳電力項目開發商在差價合同生效之前做出最終投資決策Long-term contracts with to renewable energy projects with guaranteed strike price.確保再生能源項目“保底價格”的長期合同An agreement to dr

8、ive growth and development of offshore wind.推動海上風電增長與發展的協議Minimum goal of 50 GW of OWF capacity by 2030,including 5GW FOW.到 2030 年之前至少實現50吉瓦的海上風電裝機容量，其中包括 5吉瓦漂浮式海上風電Promote renewables through fixed price guarantee.通過可靠、穩定的價格推動可再生能源發展Allocate RO certificates based upon generation capacity.可再生能源義務根據發電

9、能力分配Implement measures to reduce the Levelised Cost of energy(LCOE).實施措施以降低平準化度電成本（LCOE）Allow investment decisions before formal CfD contracts.允許開發商在差價合同正式確定前繼續進行投資決策Adopt differentiated strike prices;Supply Chain Plan(SCP)to boost local supply chain.對不同類別再生能源采用對應的“保底價格”。制定供應鏈計劃(SCP)推動英國本地供應鏈發展Ambit

10、ious targets with substantial investments;Established OWIC to enhance collaboration between industry and government.大刀闊斧設立海上風電發展目標，并進行大量投資。成立了海上風電行業委員會（OWIC）以增進行業與政府之間的合作。Implement policies and incentives for FOW commercialization.實施政策和激勵措施以推動漂浮式海上風電的商業化Not specifically designed for renewables and d

11、id not enough allocation for wind energy.并非為可再生能源設計，風能的NFFO配額不足Lack of cost control;Cost-effectiveness and difference in technology maturity are not considered缺乏成本控制；忽略了不同可再生能源的成本效益和成熟度水平差異Underestimated strike prices cannot cover the fluctuating costs over long contract duration.低估“保底價格”將無法覆蓋長期合同期間

12、存在的波動成本1990s2000s20122013201420192020sPolicyKey Content InnovationDrawbacks政策政策重點內容重點內容創新創新點點短板短板Policy Timeline 政策時間線政策時間線Development of UK Governments Policy英國政府政策的演變4Office of Gas and Electricity Markets(Ofgem)天然氣和電力市場辦公室天然氣和電力市場辦公室 Ofgem is the Great Britains energy regulator working with stakeh

13、olders to deliver a net-zero economy,at lowest cost to customers;stamping out bad practices ensuring fair treatment;and enabling competition and innovation.Ofgem是英國的能源監管機構，與持份者合作，以最低成本為客戶提供碳中和經濟，打擊不良行為，確保公平待遇；并促進競爭和創新。Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult(ORE Catapult)海上可再生能源孵化器海上可再生能源孵化器ORE Catapult i

14、s the leading UK OWF innovation hub.It drives the development of market-ready technologies for offshore wind.Through its technical expertise,support for market pathways,and large-scale testing capabilities,it facilitates the growth of the UK supply chain.ORE Catapult是英國領先的海上風電創新中心。它推動海上風電成熟技術的發展，通過提

15、供專業技術支持、開拓市場渠道，以及大規模的測試能力，促進了英國海上風電供應鏈的增長。Key Stakeholders 主要持份者The Crown Estate(CE)/Crown Estate Scotland(CES)皇家皇家資產管理資產管理局局/蘇格蘭皇家蘇格蘭皇家資產管理資產管理局局CE manages seabed in England,Wales,and Northern Ireland,by leasing seabed areas to developers,facilitating project development,and ensuring sustainable an

16、d responsible use of seabed.皇家資產管理局負責管理英格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭的海床，并通過向開發商出租海床區域、促進項目開發以確?？沙掷m和負責任地使用海床資源。CES operates independently and manages assets in Scottish waters under the Scotland Act 2016.蘇格蘭皇家資產管理局根據2016 年蘇格蘭法案獨立運營并管理蘇格蘭水域的資產。DESNZ 與 14 個機構和公共機構合作，主要職責包括確保能源供給安全、保障能源市場正常運行、鼓勵節能實踐，把握實現碳中和目標的機遇，引領全球綠色產

17、業發展。Department for Energy Security and Net Zero(DESNZ)能源安全和凈零排放部能源安全和凈零排放部 Works with 14 agencies and public bodiesDeliver security of energy supplyEnsure properly functioning energy marketsEncourage greater energy efficiencySeize the opportunities of net zero to lead the world in new green industri

18、esNational Grid Electricity System Operator(ESO)英國國家電網電力系統運營商英國國家電網電力系統運營商ESO manages and administers the front-end of CfD process,including registration,CfD applications,assessing the eligibility of applications,conducting reviews for non-qualification(Tier 1 Disputes),and CfD allocation.ESO管理CfD前端

19、流程，包括注冊、申請、評核、審查（第一級爭議）以及CfD分配。National Grid Electricity Transmission(ET)英國國家電網電力傳輸公司英國國家電網電力傳輸公司ET owns and maintains HV electricity transmission network in England and Wales.ET在英格蘭和威爾士擁有并維護高壓輸電網絡。5Offshore Wind Industry Council(OWIC)海上風電產業委員會海上風電產業委員會 Scottish Offshore Wind Energy Council(SOWEC)蘇格

20、蘭海上風電能源委員會蘇格蘭海上風電能源委員會 SOWEC is established in partnership between the Scottish public sector and offshore wind industry,working with the DeepWind and Forth&Tay Offshore clusters.SOWEC由蘇格蘭公共部門和海上風電行業聯合建立，與DeepWind和Forth&Tay Offshore兩個區域性產業集群開展密切合作。OWIC is co-chaired by the Minister of State for Ener

21、gy Security and Net-Zero and a government-appointed industry co-Chair,actively driving progress towards offshore wind delivery.OWIC由能源安全和凈零排放部部長及一位政府任命的行業主席聯合主持,積極推進海上風電建設進程。Life Cycle of an OWF Development in UK英國海上風電開發的生命周期Overview 概覽概覽Stage 4.ConstructionSurvey&DesignInvestmentTransmission Infras

22、tructureSupply ChainRegulated by Offshore Wind Health and Safety Association1 3 years25 40 yearsStage 1.Pre-Leasing&BiddingStage 2.Development to ConsentStage 3.Pre-final Investment DecisionPre-qualification QuestionnaireInvitation to TenderPlan-level HRAAgreement for LeaseDevelopment Consent OrderO

23、ther LicensesForm of LeasePre-Application&RegistrationApplication&QualificationCfD Allocation&Notification1 3 years3 5 years1 3 yearsStage 5.Operation&MaintenanceStage 6.Decommissioning第一階段：前期租第一階段：前期租賃及招標賃及招標第第二二階段：階段：許可手許可手續辦理續辦理第第三三階段階段：最終投最終投資決策資決策階段階段第第四四階段：施工階段：施工第五階段：運維第五階段：運維第六階段：退役第六階段：退役資格

24、預審調查招標邀請規劃及棲息地法規評估租賃意向協議開發許可令其他執照租賃表申請前期及注冊申請及資格審查差價合同分配和通知測量與設計輸電基礎設施投資供應鏈受海上風電相關健康與安全機構監管67Submit Detailed Project ProposalsSign AfLApplyProvide design informationStage 1.Pre-Leasing&Bidding前期租賃和招標1-3 yearsPre-qualification QuestionnaireDevelopers開發商Invitation to TenderSite Selection&Spatial Refin

25、ementAssess EligibilityPlan-level HRAAgreement for LeaseGrant Wind Farm AfL(10 years max)and Transmission AfL ReviewQualify ApplicantsConduct HRAProcess for Stage 1 Pre-Leasing and Bidding 流程圖流程圖-第一階段：前期租賃及招標第一階段：前期租賃及招標資格預審調查資格預審調查招標邀請招標邀請規劃及棲息地法規評估規劃及棲息地法規評估租賃意向協議租賃意向協議申請提交詳細項目計劃書提交設計資料簽署租賃意向協議選址和

26、空間細化資格評估審核申請人資格審核開展棲息地法規評估授予風電場租賃意向協議（最多十年）和輸電租賃意向協議Pre-Leasing and Bidding 前期租賃及招標Pre-Qualification Questionnaire資格預審調查問卷資格預審調查問卷Invitation to Tender 招標邀請招標邀請Plan-level Habitats Regulations Assessment 規劃及棲息地法規評規劃及棲息地法規評估估Crown Estate Leasing Rounds 皇家皇家資產管理資產管理局租賃輪次局租賃輪次PQQ assesses interested deve

27、lopers legal requirements,financial performance and technical experience.評估感興趣的開發商的法律要求、財法律要求、財務業績和技術經驗務業績和技術經驗Qualified developers are required to submit detailed project proposals that outline the developers project plans,technical expertise,financial capabilities,and commitment to environmental a

28、nd social considerations.合格的開發商必須提交詳細的項目建項目建議書議書，概述開發商的項目計劃、技術專長、財務能力以及對環境和社會考慮的承諾Successful bidders are required to provide project design information to undergo a Plan-level HRA to ensure no significant adverse impacts on sensitive nature conservation sites.Mitigation measures may be necessary,or

29、in worst-case,the project will be cancelled.成功的投標人必須提供項目設計信息，以進行規劃級評核，以確保不會對敏感的自確保不會對敏感的自然保護地點產生重大不利影響然保護地點產生重大不利影響。緩解措施可能是必要的，或者在最壞的情況下，該項目將被取消Agreement for Lease 租賃意向協議租賃意向協議AfL grants the developer the right to proceed with furthe r p r o j e c t development by paying the annual option fee.Develo

30、per shall apply and obtain planning consent and secure a grid connection throughout this period.AfL 授予開發商通過支付年度期權費年度期權費進行進一步項目開發的權利。開發商應申請并獲得規劃許可，并在此期間確保并網并網8EIA 環境影響評估Grant/Refuse DCO within 3 months在3個月內授予/拒發開發許可令授予風電場租約（期限60年）和輸電租約9Stage 2.Development to Consent許可手續辦理許可手續辦理3-5 yearsDevelopment Co

31、nsent Order(DCO)Developers開發商Apply申請Other LicensesMarine License海事執照Sign Form of Leases and Pay Rent簽署租賃表，支付租金Form of LeaseGrant Wind Farm Lease(60 years)and Transmission LeaseAccept/Refuse to proceed within 28 days在28天內接受/拒絕進入下一輪Pre-application Consultation申請前期咨詢Review application within 6 months在6

32、個月內審核申請Issue opinions on EIA and Marine License within 8 weeks在8周內發布環境影響評估和海事執照意見Planning Permission規劃許可Review and Grant Connection AgreementConnection Agreement 并網協議Generation License發電許可Other Permits 其他許可Review and Grant Generation License開發許可令開發許可令其他執照其他執照租賃表租賃表審核并授予并網協議審核并授予發電許可Development to Co

33、nsent 許可手續辦理Development Consent Order(DCO)開發許可令 Marine License 海事執照Provides a streamlined pathway for obtaining necessary permissions for offshore wind farm projects,involving several stages and various consents.為獲得海上風電場項目必要的許必要的許可可提供了一條簡化的途徑，涉及多個階段和各種許可。Issued by the MMO,NRW,or Marine Scotland to b

34、e a key regulatory requirement in UK waters,with decisions typically made within 13 weeks.由 MMO、北威州或蘇格蘭海事局頒發的海事執照海事執照是英國水域的一項關鍵監管要求，通常會在13周內做出決定。Planning Permission(Onshore Grid)規劃許可（陸上電網）Generation License 發電許可證Onshore works for OWF projects may need separate planning permission,included within a S

35、ection 36 consent in Scotland or a DCO in England and Wales,or from the local planning authority.海上風電項目的陸上工程可能需要單獨的規劃許可單獨的規劃許可，包括蘇格蘭第 36 條同意書或英格蘭和威爾士的 DCO 許可，或來自當地規劃機構的許可。OWF developers must obtain a generation license from Ofgem,following a six-step process that includes application submission,comp

36、leteness check,Ofgems decision,and contact with the industry code administrator.海上風電開發者必須從Ofgem獲得發電發電許可證許可證，遵循六步流程，包括申請提交、完整性檢查、Ofgem的決定以及與行業規范管理員聯系。10Primary Consents/Permits 主要協議主要協議/許可許可Special Protection Areas 特別保護區Offshore generating stations safety zones 海上發電站安全區Aviation Lighting and Radar Mit

37、igation 航空照明和雷達防護Cable and Pipeline Crossing Agreements 電纜和管道交叉協議Connection Agreement 并網協議Outlines the terms for an OWFs grid interconnection,including the connection point,allocated capacity,and associated charges,varying by project characteristics and regulatory framework.概述了海上風電與陸地電網互連的條款，包括連接點、分

38、配容量和相關費用，這些條款因項目特征和監管框架而異。Supporting Consents/Permits 支持性協議支持性協議/許可許可Decommission scheme of ORE installations 裝置退役方案Grid Connection Agreement 并網協議The Conservation of Offshore Marine Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 mandates developers to demonstrate plans to Avoid,minimise,or mitigate impacts o

39、n protected habitats and species.2017 年海洋棲息地和物種保護條例要求開發商展示避免、最小化或減輕對受保護棲息地和物種影響的計劃避免、最小化或減輕對受保護棲息地和物種影響的計劃。The entity is mandated by the Secretary of State to develop and implement a decommissioning program for the installation.國務大臣會授權負責設施的實體制定并實施設施的退役計劃退役計劃。A crucial part of UKs OWF development,ass

40、essing potential environmental impacts and informing decision-making through a structured process.是英國海上風電發展的重要組成部分，通過結構化流程評估潛在環境影響環境影響并為決策提供信息。A safety zone of 500 meters during the construction phase and 50 meters during the operational phase.施工階段 500 米和運營階段 50 米的安全區。From the relevant transmission

41、system operator(TSO)or distribution network operator(DNO)to connect an offshore wind farm to the onshore electricity grid.從相關輸電系統運營商(TSO)或配電網絡運營商(DNO)獲得，用于將海上風電場連接連接到陸上電網。Agreements and mitigation measures may be necessary to address potential impacts on aviation safety and radar systems.可能需要達成協議和采取

42、緩解措施，以解決對航空安全和雷達系統航空安全和雷達系統的潛在影響。Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)環境影響評估Projects involving submarine cables require agreements to ensure safe operations associated with crossing existing infrastructure.如果在敷設海底電纜時需要穿越現有基礎穿越現有基礎設施設施，需要簽訂協議以確保安全.11Stage 3.Pre-final Investment Decision最終投資決策階段1-3 yea

43、rsPre-Application&RegistrationRegister注冊Application&QualificationCfD Allocation&NotificationApply申請Request Review申請審核Request Appeal申請申訴Supply Chain Plan Approval供應鏈計劃審批Round Variation/Budget Revision輪次變更/預算修訂Register Applicants登記注冊申請人Assess Eligibility資格評估Review審核Qualify Applicants申請人資格審查Submit seal

44、ed提交密封件Sign Contract簽署合同Run Auction&Allocate CfD拍賣及分配差價合同RO Check可再生能源義務檢查Minor&Necessary Agreement次要及必要協議Contract Management合同管理Developers開發商申請前期及注冊申請前期及注冊申請及資格審查申請及資格審查差價合同分配和通知差價合同分配和通知Contract for Difference(CfD)差價合同Overview 概覽概覽Introduced in 2013,the CfD scheme is the primary mechanism to suppo

45、rt large-scale,low carbon power infrastructure in the UK.于 2013 年推出，是支持英國大規模低碳電力基礎設施的主要機制。CfD is a 15-year private law bilateral contract between a generator and the LCCC,a government-owned company.CfD 計劃是發電商與政府所有的公司 LCCC 之間簽訂的為期 15 年的私法雙邊合同。Contracts are awarded in competitive auctions,driving effi

46、ciency and cost reduction.合同通過競爭性拍賣授予，從而提高效率并降低成本。If the market reference price is below the strike price,generators receive a top-up payment.If its above,the difference must be paid back.如果市場參考價格低于執行價格，發電商將收到追加付款。如果超過，則必須退還差額。The LCCC issues,manages,and makes CfD payments.The National Grid ESO over

47、sees the allocation process,and Ofgem handles certain appeals.LCCC 發行、管理和進行差價合約付款。國家電網 ESO 負責監督分配過程，Ofgem 負責處理某些上訴。The scheme has proven effective in providing stable revenue streams for completed OSW projects,mitigating market risks,and stabilising the volatile electricity price.該計劃可有效地為已完成的OSW項目提供

48、穩定的收入來源，降低市場風險，穩定波動的電價。Mechanism of CfD schemeSource:Low carbon contracts company12Developers開發商Allocation Round(AR)分配輪次分配輪次CfD auctions are conducted in Allocation Rounds(AR)to effectively manage the budget and accommodate market changes.拍賣以分配輪次(AR)形式進行，以有效管理預算并適應市場變化Starting from AR5,rounds are he

49、ld annually,whereas before they were held approximately every 2 years.從 第5輪分配開始，每年舉行一次，而之前大約每兩年舉行一次。Key documents published prior to AR 開發分配輪次之前的關鍵文件:Core Parameters 核心參數ASP Methodology Note 行政履約價格方法說明Exemptions Request Notice 豁免申請通知Standard Terms and Conditions 標準條款和細則Allocation Framework 分配框架Alloc

50、ation Round Notice 分配輪次通知Budget Notice 預算通告From the table aside,43%and 28%of maximum saving on administrative strike price respectively for Fixed Bottom OSW and Floating OSW as a result of competition in CfD AR.根據右表，由于AR競爭，定式風電和浮動式風電的行政執行價格分別最大節省了 43%和 28%。AR分配分配輪次輪次Schedule 期間期間OSW Capacity 海上風電海上風

51、電容量容量(GW)Administrative Strike Price(/MWh)(Clearing Price|Max.%saving)行政履約價格行政履約價格(/MWh)(市市場場出清出清價格價格|最大節省百分比最大節省百分比)AR1Oct 2014 to Mar 20152014年十月至2015年三月1.16Fixed Bottom OSW 定式風電:140(Clearing Price 出清價格:114.39|18%)AR2Mar to Sep 20172017年三月至九月3.2Fixed Bottom OSW 定式風電:100(Clearing Price 出清價格:57.5|43

52、%)AR3May to Sep 20192017年五月至九月5.5Fixed Bottom OSW 定式風電:53.00(Clearing Price 出清價格:41.61|21%)AR4Dec 2021 to Jul 20222021年十二月至2022年七月7.0Fixed Bottom OSW 定式風電:46.00(Clearing Price 出清價格:37.35|19%)Floating OSW 浮動式風電:122.00(Clearing Price 出清價格:87.30|28%)AR5Mar 2023 to Sep 20232023年三月至九月5.0Fixed Bottom OSW

53、定式風電:44.00Floating OSW 浮動式風電:116No bidder due to low maximum price由于最高限價較低，沒有投標人AR6Due to open in Mar 2024(on-going)待定2024年三月始動TBA 待定Fixed Bottom OSW 定式風電:73Floating OSW 浮動式風電:176Raised maximum price 最高限價上調AR72025(consultation on-going)2025年(咨詢進行中)TBA 待定TBA 待定Contract for Difference(CfD)差價合同13Pennav

54、el Floating OSW in FranceResults Released in May 20240.23 0.27Floating OSW 浮動式風電:73Lower than expected.低于行業預期14Stage 5.O&M 運維運維Stage 4.Construction 施工施工1-3 yearsSurvey&Design測量及設計測量及設計Site assessment場地評估Investment投資投資Transmission Infrastructure輸電基礎設施輸電基礎設施Request Review需求審查Construction 施工Bid and Bec

55、ome Licensed OFTO(25 years)競標并成為持有許可證的OFTO(25年)Supply Chain供應鏈供應鏈Run Tender&Select Operators to be OFTOFeasibility Studies可行性研究Policy Support政策支持Investments in supply chains and UK Ports投資供應鏈與英國港口Operators 運營商運營商Sign Transfer Agreement with OFTO 與OFTO簽署轉讓協議Operation,Maintenance,and Decommission of T

56、ransmission Assets 輸電資產的運營、維護與退役Provide Code and Regulations提供規范和規章Wind Turbine Original Manufacturer(OEM)風機制造商風機制造商Maintenance of Turbine within Warranty Periods 維修期內的風機維護Regulated by Offshore Wind Health and Safety Association 海上風電健康與安全協會負責監管海上風電健康與安全協會負責監管25-40 yearsUndertake Overall Responsibili

57、ty of Operation&Maintenance of OWF 承擔海上風電場的運營與維護責任Contract Services with OFTO and OEM 與OFTO和OEM簽訂合同Procure Equipment 設備采購Sign EPC Contract 簽署EPC合同Assembly&Installation 組裝及安裝Manufacture Wind Turbines 風機制造 Regulation:the Construction Design and Management Regulations 2015施工設計與管理法規2015Rescale and Refin

58、ancing規模再調整與再融資Developers開發商招標競選運營商成為OFTOMonitor OFTO Performance under Regulation The Tender Regulations 2015根據招標法規2015監督OFTO表現15Foundation Installation 基礎基礎安裝安裝Subsea Cable Installation 海底電纜安裝海底電纜安裝Wind Turbine Generator Installation 風力發電機安裝風力發電機安裝Offshore wind foundations are classified into five

59、 types,installed using jack-up or floating vessels.Jack-up vessels carry multiple foundations,while floating vessels are weather-sensitive but require less deck space.The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 enforced by the UK Health and Safety Executive provide safety and structural integrity guideli

60、nes.風機的基礎分為五種類型，可使用自升式或浮式平臺船安裝。自升式平臺船可裝載多個基礎。而浮式平臺船對天氣敏感，但需要的甲板空間較小。由英國衛生與安全英國衛生與安全執行委員會執行委員會實施的英國工作健康與安全法規英國工作健康與安全法規1974提供了關于工作場所的安全和結構完整性的具體指導方針。There are two primary subsea cable installation method:single lay and burial by plough or separate surface lay followed by burial by jetting using ROV.A

61、rray cable laying is more challenging than export cable laying due to operational complexity.Challenges include inadequate seabed surveys,inflexible burial requirements,and limited experienced staff.The UK Government plans to enhance local workforce skills.海底電纜安裝方法主要有兩種：單次鋪設掩埋和犁埋式或單獨表層敷設，然后使用 ROV 進行

62、噴射埋設。由于操作復雜性，陣列電纜敷設比輸電電纜更具挑戰性，包括海底調查不足、掩埋要求不靈活以及經驗豐富的工作人員有限。英國政府計劃提高本地勞動力技能。Turbine installation on offshore wind projects primarily uses jack-up vessels for stability.Initially,various vessels were used,but limitations led to a shift towards specialized vessels.The standard EN IEC 61400-3-1:2019+A1

63、1:2020 provides design requirements for offshore wind turbines.風機的安裝主要使用自升式平臺船來確保穩定性。最初，安裝過程使用了各種船只，但它們的局限性導致大部分開發商轉向選擇專用船只。EN IEC 61400-3-1:2019+A11:2020 提供了海上風機的設計要求。Survey and Design 測量與測量與設計設計Activities include site assessments such as Geophysical surveys,Geotechnical investigations,Hydrographic

64、al survey to improve the geological model,environmental impact assessments,and feasibility studies.項目包括現場評估如地球物理勘測、地質勘測、海道測量以改進地質模型、環境影響評估和可行性研究。Construction 施工Offshore Transmission Infrastructure 海上輸電基礎設施海上輸電基礎設施Offshore transmission infrastructure construction is regulated by Ofgem,and various cod

65、es.海上輸電基礎設施建設受到天然氣電力市場辦公室和不同技術標準的監管。System Operator-Transmission Operator Code(STC)系統系統-傳輸操作傳輸操作規范規范:sets out details on roles,responsibility,obligations and rights of the NETSO and TOs.規定了 NETSO 和 TO 的角色、責任、義務、權利等。Connection Use of System Code(CUSC)連接和系統使用標連接和系統使用標準準:constitutes the contractual fra

66、mework for connection to,and use of the transmission system.構成傳輸系統連接和使用的合同框架。Grid Codes 電網規范電網規范:cover all material technical aspects relating to connections to the operation and use of transmission system,operation of the electric lines and electrical plant connected to it or to a distribution syst

67、em.涵蓋與輸電系統的運行和使用、電力線路的運行以及與其或配電系統相連的發電廠的連接相關的所有重要技術方面。Distribution Codes 配電標準配電標準:detailing the technical parameters and considerations relating to connection to,and u s e o f,t h e i r e l e c t r i c a l n e t w o r k s.詳細說明與連接和使用其電網有關的技術參數和注意事項Operation and Maintenance(O&M)運營與維護16O&M services inv

68、olve the project owner,wind turbine OEM,and OFTO.運維服務涉及項目業主、風機制造商、海上輸電運營商項目業主、風機制造商、海上輸電運營商。Typically managed through a multi-contract system.通常通過多合同多合同系統進行管理。The wind turbine OEM is responsible for maintaining the turbines during the initial years of operation;Once the warranty expires,the project

69、owner has several options for O&M.風機制造商負責在運行的最初幾年對風機進行維護；一旦保修期滿，項目業主有多種運維選擇。The Offshore Wind Health and Safety Association(OWHSA)supports the industry to ensure high health and safety standards.海海上風電健康與安全協會上風電健康與安全協會(OWHSA)支持該行業確保高健康和安全標準。The estimated operational lifespan of offshore wind turbines

70、 is 25 years,expected to increase to 30 years.海上風力發電機的預計運行壽命為25年，預計將增加至30年。Digital detection technologies in O&M have improved the identification of potential turbine faults.數字化檢測數字化檢測技術提高了對潛在風機故障的識別。The Crown Estate has extended its seabed leases to 60 years,providing an opportunity to sustain OSW

71、projects.英國皇家資產管理局已將其海底租約延長至海底租約延長至 60 年年，為維持海上風電場項目提供了機會。17Stage 6.Decommissioning 退役退役Guidance:Decommissioning of Offshore Renewable Energy Installation Under the Energy Act 2004能源法案下進行海上可再生能源裝置的退役2004指南Prepare Decommissioning Programme 準備退役方案Make Securities and Remove Turbines,Substructures,and E

72、lectrical Equipment支付保證金并拆除風機、基礎設施和電氣設備Transportation to Port 運輸到港口Developers開發商Handling of Waste 處理廢棄物Consult Crown Estate and MMO,Apply Marine License申請海事執照Fisheries Liaison 與漁業界溝通協調Secretary of State Issues S105 Notice Requiring Decommissioning Programme國務大臣發布S105號公告,要求制定退役方案Discuss Decommissioni

73、ng Programme and Grant Marine License討論退役方案并授予海事執照Discuss Decommissioning Programme 討論退役方案Approve Decommissioning Programme 批準退役方案Return Securities退回保證金Prepare Decommissioning Report 準備退役報告Post Decommissioning Monitoring 退役后監測Decommissioning 退役Project 項目項目Country 國家國家Foundation Type 基礎類型基礎類型 Comm.Ye

74、ar投運年度投運年度Decomm.Year退役退役年度年度Decomm.Method退役方式退役方式Nogersund/SvanteSweden瑞典Tripod三腳架 19902007Unknown未知Yttre StengrundSweden瑞典Monopiles單樁 20012015Partial removal部分拆除LelyThe Netherlands荷蘭Monopiles單樁 19942016Full removal全部拆除HooksielGermany德國Tripile三樁組合 20082016Unknown未知VindebyDenmark丹麥Gravity Base重力基礎19

75、912017Full removal全部拆除UtgrundenSweden瑞典Monopiles單樁20002018Partial removal部分拆除BlythUK英國Monopiles單樁20002019Partial removal部分拆除18Approximately 3.5 GW of offshore wind capacity will reach the end of its operational life by 2035.大約 3.5 吉瓦的海上風電容量將在2035 年達到其運營壽命。The OSPAR Convention requires license takers

76、 to establish bonds or similar financial instruments to ensure sufficient funding for the required removal at the end of OSW lifetime.按照奧斯陸巴黎公約奧斯陸巴黎公約(OSPAR公約公約),開發商需設立保證金或類似金融方案，以確保在海上風電設施生命周期結束時有足夠的資金可供拆除The Energy Act 2004 introduced statutory decommissioning scheme for offshore wind and marine e

77、nergy installations.能源法案2004引入了海上風電和海洋能源裝置的法定法定退役計劃退役計劃。Other regulations including Site Waste Management Plan in DCO offer guidance on the treatment of site waste during the decommissioning process.其他法規包括項目開發許可令中規定的工地廢棄物管理計劃為廢物處理廢物處理提供了指導方針。OWF owners agree to a decommissioning bond as part of the

78、initial leasing agreement.海上風場業主需要將退役保證金退役保證金作為租賃協議一部分。If decommissioning is chosen,a decommissioning assessment is required.如果選擇退役，則需要進行退役評估退役評估。Efforts should be made to restore the seabed to its original condition.業主應努力使海底恢復到原來的狀態恢復到原來的狀態。Decommissioned offshore wind farms 已退役風場已退役風場R&D/Financial

79、 Support 研發/財務支持Overview 概述概述Floating Wind Joint Industry Programme(JIP)漂浮式海上漂浮式海上風電產業風電產業聯合項聯合項目目National Floating Wind Innovation Centre國家漂浮式風電創新中心國家漂浮式風電創新中心Cornwall Floating Wind Accelerator康沃爾漂浮式風電康沃爾漂浮式風電加速器加速器Floating Offshore Wind Centre of Excellence(FOW CoE)漂浮式漂浮式海上海上風風能能卓越中心卓越中心 R&D suppo

80、rt in Policy and Regulation;R&D:cost reduction,electrical systems,mooring systems,logistics,windfarm optimisation,foundation,and asset integrity and monitoring.政策和法規；研發：政策和法規；研發：降低成本、電氣系統、系泊系統、物流、風電場優化、地基以及資產完整性與監測。R&D support in Design stage:advanced numerical solutions for FOW,especially moorings

81、and anchors,dynamic cables,and electrical systems.設計階段：設計階段：針對漂浮式風電的先進數值解決方案，特別是系泊裝置和錨固、動態電纜和電氣系統。R&D support:development of wind resource tools specifically tailored for the Celtic Sea.Design and build a floating offshore wind simulator.研發：研發：開發專門針對凱爾特海的風資源工具。設計和建造漂浮式海上風模擬器。R&D support in Construct

82、ion,O&M:for floating offshore projects,mooring and anchoring,dynamic cable systems,environmental interaction.施工、運維：施工、運維：用于漂浮式海上項目：系泊和錨固、動態電纜系統、環境相互作用等。Reach cost parity with other low carbon energy source and support the development of technologies in floating offshore wind.達到與其他低碳能源平價，支持漂浮式海上風電技術的

83、發展。Optimize the design of floating offshore wind technologies and enhance collaboration between industry and academia.優化漂浮式海上風電技術設計，加強產學界合作。Unlock 24GW of capacity in the Celtic Sea and develop innovative technology solutions.釋放凱爾特海 24吉瓦 產能并開發創新技術解決方案。Reduce the cost of energy from floating wind,acc

84、elerate the development of floating farms,create opportunities for UK supply chain,and drive innovation.降低漂浮式風電的能源成本，加速漂浮式風場的發展，為英國供應鏈創造基于，并推動創新。Support MechanismSupporting AreasExpected Impact支持機制支持機制支持領域支持領域預期影響預期影響19Offshore Wind Growth Partnership(OWGP)海上風電增長合作伙伴海上風電增長合作伙伴F i n a n c i a l s u p

85、 p o r t i n construction stage:creation and enhancement of port infrastructure necessary for floating offshore wind projects.建設階段的財政支持：創建和加強浮動海上風電項目所需的港口基礎設施。Facilitate UKs floating offshore wind supply chain by driving cost reduction efforts.通過推動降低成本的努力，促進英國浮動海上風電供應鏈的發展。Accelerate growth in the UK

86、s offshore wind supply chain.加速英國海上風電供應鏈的增長Financial support in business transformation of companies operating in offshore wind sector and supply chain projects.為海上風電行業和供應鏈項目運營公司的業務轉型提供金融支持Floating Offshore Wind Manufacturing Investment Scheme(FLOWMIS)漂浮式漂浮式海上風電制造投資計劃海上風電制造投資計劃2019202312 million Bud

87、get1200萬英鎊預算萬英鎊預算160 million Budget1.6億英鎊預算億英鎊預算Financial Support 財務支持財務支持R&D Support 研發支持研發支持Conclusion and Recommendations 總結及建議 Conclusion 總結Offshore wind is one of the most important sectors in the global transition towards green energy sources.Based on this fact,Arup conducts a comprehensive in

88、vestigation on the current state of the UKs offshore wind market,with a specific focus on the advancement of floating offshore wind technology in deep-sea areas.This presentation examines the UK Governments policies across various development stages of offshore wind power and explore its governance

89、structure and division of responsibilities among government departments and agencies throughout the entire life cycle of offshore wind development.It also analyses the development and framework of the UKs offshore wind policy,encompassing aspects such as seabed allocation schemes,the development and

90、 consent process,competitive allocation mechanisms within the Contract for Difference(CfD)scheme,as well as incentive mechanisms like subsidies,tax preferences,and financial support for innovation,research,and international collaboration.在全球綠色能源轉型的浪潮中，海上風電是轉型過程中最重要的領域之一?；诖?，奧雅納對英國海上風電市場的現狀進行了全面調查，并對

91、深遠海區域漂浮式海上風電技術的進展給予高度重視。此次匯報深入分析了英國政府針對海上風電發展各階段制定的政策，探討了在整個海上風電發展周期中，政府部門和機構之間的治理架構和職責劃分。還分析了英國海上風電政策的制定和框架，包括海床分配計劃、開發和審批流程、差價合同（CfD）機制下的競爭性分配機制，以及政府補貼、稅收優惠、對創新、研究和國際合作的財政支持等激勵機制。21Recommendations 建議China 中國中國UK 英國英國Comparison&Analysis 對比分析對比分析Recommendation 建議建議Incentives激勵政策激勵政策Lack diversified

92、trading mechanisms and varieties電力市場機制在可再生能源電力消納和市場化交易方面仍存在不足，缺乏多樣化的交易機制多樣化的交易機制和品種品種。Fixed price(feed-in tariff)Contracts for Difference英國的激勵策略已從固定電價固定電價（上網電價補貼）轉變為基于市場的計劃（差價合約差價合約）。CfD increases flexibility of market transactions差價合約機制可增加市場交易的靈活性靈活性。Consumption of renewable energy power Marketizat

93、ion of electricity trading建立健全健全并利用好電力市場體系。中國需要加快完善可再生能源電力消納可再生能源電力消納、電力市場化交易電力市場化交易等機制，豐富交易品種。Management Authorities管理部門管理部門Multiple departments and institutions 海上風電的管理涉及多個部門多個部門和機構機構，如國家能源局、自然資源部門、海事局等，在各自職責各自職責范圍內進行管理和監督A leading department(DESNZ)雖然也涉及多個部門，但通常有一個主導部一個主導部門門或機構機構負責協調和管理海上風電項目，如能源安

94、全和凈零排放部能源安全和凈零排放部(DESNZ)(DESNZ)。Lack a unified coordination platform海上風電項目涉及多個領域，需要各部門緊密緊密合作合作，而中國缺乏一個統一的協調平臺缺乏一個統一的協調平臺或機制機制，可能導致參與海上風電管理的相關部門難以形成合力，從而影響項目的推進。A one-stop service systemA dedicated agency or working group 構建一站式服務體系一站式服務體系。建議各級能源主管部門成成立專門機構或工作組立專門機構或工作組，負責協調海上風電業主開展與能源、海洋、軍事、環保等主管部門的溝

95、通對接。Planning and Construction of Transmission Infrastructure輸電通道規劃與輸電通道規劃與建設建設Developers responsible for construction and operation 主要采用風電項目開發商負責建設發商負責建設和運營運營海底電纜等輸電通道的方式。Developer responsible for constructionSells transmission assets to licensed OFTO引入了海上輸電運營商海上輸電運營商（OFTOOFTO），主流做法是海上風電場開發商負責建設基礎設施

96、開發商負責建設基礎設施，隨后將輸電資產出售給持有許可證的海上輸電持有許可證的海上輸電業主業主。Point-to-point transmission connection is unsuitable隨著深遠海風電逐漸邁向基地化、規?；?，傳統點對點輸電連接點對點輸電連接方式已經越來越不適合不適合當下的發展需求。A centralized management mechanism A sharing transmission scheme by a third party建立輸電通道集中管理機制集中管理機制。建議由第三方第三方提出輸電通道共享方案共享方案；輸變電通道建議委托由各開發商聯合指定的合作

97、方進行開發建設；建設完工后將現有輸電通道基礎設施出售或租賃出售或租賃給第三方第三方進行運維管理。Marine Spatial Planning海洋空間規劃海洋空間規劃Independently formulatedFailure to meet the requirements for sea area use在省管范圍內由各省獨立編制各省獨立編制海上風電規劃報告,上報國家能源局審批，其他區域尚無明確規定。此外，在項目核準前做的空間規劃往往深度不深度不夠夠，導致很多項目在核準后開工前因為不滿足用海要求不滿足用海要求而擱置。Interests and needs of local governm

98、ents,communities,environmental departments,and other stakeholders充分考慮了地方政府、社區、環境部門等多地方政府、社區、環境部門等多方面的利益和需求方面的利益和需求，并得到了法律和國家政策的全力支持。英國的海域使用權在進行一些基礎的勘測工作后即可獲取，后續開發政府部門主要負責審查及發放項目所需許可證。Lacks comprehensive marine spatial planning中國目前缺乏全面的海洋空間規劃全面的海洋空間規劃，特別是國管區域以及專屬經濟區規劃不明確，易導致相關海域發生爭議發生爭議。此外，相較于英國靈活的開發

99、管理流程，中國復雜繁瑣且具有重復性的審批程序易影響項目開發的推進。Marine space utilization efficiencyAvoid fragmented layoutOptimize the top-level design提高海域空間利用效率利用效率，完善在國管區域、專屬經濟區等布局海上風電的法律和制度設計，避免避免碎片化布局碎片化布局影響其他海洋活動的開展，提高海域使用效益?？山梃b英國的審批流程，優化項目開優化項目開發管理流程的頂層設計發管理流程的頂層設計，減少繁瑣復雜繁瑣復雜的審批程序，提升用海規劃內容深度，提高審批效率。Decommissioning Managemen

100、t退役管理退役管理Willingness of enterprises充分尊重企業意愿企業意愿，不得強制實施，但對于不符合安全運行條件且不愿意進行改造升級的海上風電場，開發企業需要及時拆除并修復生態環境。A decommissioning plan A decommissioning fund在英國，風電場所有者還需要制定退役計劃退役計劃和設立退役保證金和設立退役保證金等。Lacks a clear and standardized approval process中國的海上風電退役缺乏一個清晰、規范的審缺乏一個清晰、規范的審批流程批流程。此外，中國在海上風電退役方面的準則或標準不夠完善。Legal obligations and approval process Responsible decommissioning authorities確立海上風電退役的法法律義務和審批流程律義務和審批流程。參考英國相關法律，制定相關法規確立開發商在海上風電退役中的法律義務及退役主管部門退役主管部門。22