綠色創新發展研究院：2024年東北亞低碳城市最佳實踐綱要（英文版）（88頁）.pdf

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1、Compendium ofbest practices on low-carbon cities inNorth-East AsiaCompendium ofbest practices on low-carbon cities inNorth-East AsiaINTRODUCTION 4A:GOVERNANCE AND POLICY CASES 5 Case A1:Reducing Emissions of New Buildings Using Certification Standards in Areas with Heavy Snowfalls(Sapporo,Japan)6 Ca

2、se A2:Greenhouse Gas and Energy Target Management System for the Public Sector (Incheon,Republic of Korea)10 Case A3:Reducing Emissions through Renewable Energy and an Energy Management System on a Remote Island(Sado,Japan)12 Case A4:Pilot on Constructing Cold Chain Facilities Close to the Farm Gate

3、(Cixi City,Zhejiang Province,China)15 Case A5:Deployment of 100 percent Renewable Energy and Certification Systems (Kitakyushu,Japan)19 Case A6:Ecological Modernization of the Transport System(Moscow,Russian Federation)23B:STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT CASES 29 Case B1:Accelerating Coal-to-Solar Transition

4、 in Ger Districts Through Climate Financing (Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia)30 Case B2:Innovative Financing Pilot Project for Deployment of Distributed Photovoltaic Solar for Rural Revitalisation in Hanyin County,Shaanxi Province,China 33 Case B3:Public Engagement in Mindful Energy Consumption:Eco-Smart Meter

5、ing App “E-Keeper”(Suwon City,Republic of Korea)36 Case B4:Empowering Community Partners in Developing Plastic Reduction Education Initiatives and Activities(Beijing,China)39 Case B5:Public Engagement in Eco-Friendly Lifestyle Activities(Kyoto,Japan)43 Case B6:Carbon Neutral Point System(Daegu City,

6、Republic of Korea)46C:NATURE-BASED AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS CASES 51 Case C1:Deployment of a Digital Agricultural Brain(Shanghai,China)52 Case C2:Climate-Smart Grassland Management Project(Xilin Gol,Inner Mongolia,China)56 Case C3:Novartis Southwest Sichuan Carbon-Sink Forestry,Community and Biodive

7、rsity Project(Liangshan Prefecture,Sichuan Province,China)59 Case C4:One Billion Tree Initiative(Mongolia)63Table of Contents Case C5:Urban Forest(Pyongtaek,Republic of Korea)66D:CIRCULAR ECONOMY CASES 71 Case D1:Renewable Energy at the Community Level:A Biogas Plant(Hongseong County,Republic of Kor

8、ea)72 Case D2:Harumi Flag-Hydrogen Town(Tokyo,Japan)76 Case D3:The Worlds First RESET Waste Certified Site-Brookfields One East(Shanghai,China)81 Case D4:A Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)Project Led at the Local Level-Daegu Bangcheon-Ri Landfill Gas CDM Project(Daegu,Republic of Korea)844INTRODUCTI

9、ONDeveloping low carbon and resilient cities serves as an important pathway for realizing national and local mitigation targets while assuring long-term economic growth and improving the quality of life.This compendium collates a total of 20 cases from North-East Asia on how cities and urban centres

10、 are making efforts to reduce their carbon emissions and build resilience through the following 4 categories:Governance and Policy Stakeholder Engagement Nature Based and Innovative Solutions Circular EconomySince the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015,there has been growing commitments to the

11、transition to a low carbon economy,with more than 130 countries committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions as of early 2022.In North-East Asia,Japan and the Republic of Korea have pledged to become carbon neutral by 2050,1 whereas China has committed to building an ecological civilization with

12、 carbon emissions peaking before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060.2 The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea has also pledged to reduce its emissions footprint by 15.63 percent by 2030 and 50.34 percent with international support.3 Mongolia has also enhanced the target of its Nationa

13、lly Determined Contribution(NDC)to achieve a 22.7 percent reduction in greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from its business-as-usual scenario by 2030 through domestic efforts and to increase its reduction target to 27.2 percent with international support.4 The Russian Federation also aims to achieve carbo

14、n neutrality by 2060 starting with transforming the fossil-fuel-rich Sakhalin Island into carbon neutral by 2025.5With the increasing urbanization of countries within the subregion,cities play critical roles for implementing projects and policies towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(S

15、DG)and meeting pledged reductions in GHG emissions.As in many of the cases presented in this compendium,reducing such emissions often has impacts on many interrelated SDG Goals,often helping to reduce poverty,improve food and energy security,as well as improving the ecosystem for both wildlife and h

16、umans.The compendium aims to facilitate learning between cities and accelerate the implementation of emissions reduction measures that are effective for their local conditions.1 Japan and the ROK pledged carbon neutrality in October 2020.2 In September 2020,China committed to peaking and carbon neut

17、rality goals by 2030 and 2060 respectively.3 Values are extracted from DPRKs VNR for 2021.In 2019 climate action summit,DPRK had raised its previous commitments from 2016 of approximately 8%as per its NDC and 32%with international cooperation to approximately 16.4%and over 52%respectively.4 Mongolia

18、s NDC was approved in November 2019 by government decree No.407 and a total mitigation of 44.9%by 2030,through the use of forests.5 As announced at COP 26,as stated through its implementation of Russias new 2050 strategy of Social and Economic DevelopmentGOVERNANCE AND POLICY CASESCase A1Reducing Em

19、issions of New Buildings Using Certification Standards in Areas with Heavy Snowfalls(Sapporo,Japan)Case A2Greenhouse Gas and Energy Target Management System for the Public Sector(Incheon,Republic of Korea)Case A3Reducing Emissions through Renewable Energy and an Energy Management System on a Remote

20、Island(Sado,Japan)Case A4Pilot on Constructing Cold Chain Facilities Close to the Farm Gate(Cixi City,Zhejiang Province,China)Case A5Deployment of 100 percent Renewable Energy and Certification Systems(Kitakyushu,Japan)Case A6Ecological Modernization of the Transport System(Moscow,Russian Federation

21、)A6A:GOVERNANCE AND POLICY CASESGovernance and Policy cases cover the innovations on frameworks,regulations,directives and subsidies as examples for city-led emissions management and climate adaptation.In these cases,strategic goals are achieved through careful planning and often require coordinatio

22、n between agencies,as well as private entities and civil society.Case A1:Reducing Emissions of New Buildings Using Certification Standards in Areas with Heavy Snowfalls(Sapporo,Japan)Country/City:Japan/Sapporo Implementing agency:Housing Division,Urban Affairs Bureau Funding:-Funding source:Local Go

23、vernment Website:https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/zisedaihojo.htmlBackgroundSapporo is the political,economic,and cultural centre of Hokkaido,a metropolis with a population of more than 1.9 million people and is blessed with abundant nature.It is also one of the worlds coldest

24、 and snowiest cities,with an annual snowfall of approximately 5 meters in winter as shown in Figure 2 below.Sapporo aims to reduce its emissions by 55 percent from 2016 levels by 2030 to become a Figure 1:Photos of Heavy Snowfalls in Sapporo,Japan.Figure 2:Sapporo Winter Snowfall Levels from 2016 to

25、 2020(Left)Percentage of Buildings with Solar Systems Installed in 2020(Right).(Source:Ministry of the Environment,Statistical Survey on CO2 Emissions in the Household Sector,2020.)Winter snowfallPercentage of solar power systems installed10000Hokkaido(Sapporo)TohokuKanto,KoshinHokurikuTokaiKansaiCh

26、ugokuShikokuKyushuOkinawaAverage2468101214%20165122017465201833520194272020331Average479200300400500600cm7Zero Carbon City by 2050.Sapporo has developed advanced city promotions.In 2020,the city obtained the highest rank in the LEED for Cities and Communities,one of the categories of LEED,an interna

27、tionally recognized environmental performance evaluation system.However,due to the extreme cold and heavy snowfall,energy consumption related to heating in Sapporo is three times higher than the national average in Japan.In addition,the use of photovoltaic(PV)systems was lower than other cities of J

28、apan and needed to be promoted in line with adaptation to climate conditions to achieve the target as previously shown in Figure 2.Therefore,to achieve decarbonization,Sapporo needed to increase the number of energy-efficient houses,and priority has been given to the improvement of insulation and ai

29、rtightness in new houses and buildings,which will have a long-term impact on carbon dioxide emissions into the future.Project ImplementationIn 2012,Sapporo established the Next Generation Housing,a housing performance standard unique to Sapporo that exceeds national standards and has been working to

30、 promote highly insulated and airtight housing.New Next Generation Housing is defined as housing that meets both of the following criteria:Meeting standards for insulation,etc.;Houses that are highly insulated and airtight and use extremely little primary energy.As a standard,four grades were set ba

31、sed on indicators such as the average skin heat transfer coefficient(UA).Fulfilment of sustainability requirements;Houses that not only energy efficiency but also install solar panels and storage batteries as a flexible addition or deletion in response to technological innovations and other changes

32、from the perspective of achieving the SDGs.The standards were formulated based on the recommendations of the technical study committee,which included experts and others.At the start of the certification and subsidy system,in addition to publicising the system on the citys website and in PR magazines

33、,briefing sessions were held for construction companies,house builders,sash and insulation material manufacturers,etc.,and the industry was informed in advance.As small builders may be unfamiliar with calculating the heat loss coefficient of a house,technical manuals,and dedicated calculation sheets

34、 have been prepared to reduce the labour required by the builder to calculate the heat loss coefficient.The minimum level in Sapporo corresponds to the national energy efficiency standard,while the Sapporo standard is a measure that encourages more insulated housing as shown in Table 1 below.ClassUA

35、 valueW/mK(Heat Transfer)Primary energy consumptionHeating+VentilationPrimary energy consumption BEIC valuecm/mTop Runner/Platinum0.1835 percent0.60.5 or lessHigh/Gold0.2245 percent0.8Standard/Silver0.2860 percent1.0 or lessBasic/Bronze0.3675 percentMinimal0.4690 percentAdditional Sustainability Req

36、uirementsSolar power generation facility Total output:1.5 kW or more Connecting to energy storage facility.If connected to an electric vehicle,V2H shall be installed.power storage facility Capacity of energy storage facilities:2.0 kWh or more To charge and discharge electricity by connecting to a so

37、lar power generation facility.Table 1:Sapporos New Energy Efficiency Building Standards Emphasizing Insulation and Energy Self-Sufficiency with Power Generation and Storage.8The Sapporo Next Generation Housing was revised to further promote a decarbonised society,and the new system began operating i

38、n April 2023.The new standard restructured insulation and other standards and made it newly mandatory to install photovoltaic power generation and storage facilities based on the new national energy efficiency standards.If the Next Generation Housing is satisfied,a housing interest rate reduction ca

39、n be applied in conjunction with a fixed-rate mortgage for the full term,which is handled by more than 300 financial institutions nationwide in partnership with the Japan Housing Finance Agency.Results and ImpactsIncrease in Energy Efficiency Housing:As a result of Sapporos efforts to promote and ed

40、ucate the public through certification,labelling,and subsidy schemes to promote Next Generation Housing,energy efficiency in detached houses is gradually increasing,shifting from 19 percent when this standard was established(in 2012)to a higher level of 73 percent in 2020.This is shown in Figure 3 b

41、elow of the number of new certifications per year since 2015.Technical Improvement of Homebuilders:By promoting the spread of energy efficiency standards that exceed those of the national government,this has contributed to the commercialisation of highly insulated houses by various housing manufactu

42、rers,as well as to the development of higher-performance products by sash manufacturers and insulation material manufacturers,thereby improving the technological capabilities of related industries.Lessons learnedBy 2030,the aim is to achieve 100 percent of new houses with energy efficiency equivalen

43、t to a zero energy home or better.Disseminate Sapporos initiatives throughout the country.Promote cross-sectoral initiatives by bringing together various actors,including citizens,businesses,and government,with the aim of realising the SAPPORO,Environmental Capital,a sustainable city where the next

44、generation of children can live happily.Issues with rental housing:Rental housing is governed by commercial values of how to build and rent at minimum cost.At present there are no direct means to promote housing built intended for rental to achieve higher tiers and the subject is under further consi

45、deration on persuading owners to meet stricter standards.Technical support for small and medium-sized enterprises:Generally,technical support is needed for small and medium-sized enterprises as they often lack in-house technical skills with regards the construction of houses which have significant t

46、hermal insulation and high airtightness,capacity building and tools are provided to help accelerate the transition towards the new standards.Figure 3:Number of New Buildings and their Certification Levels.201505101520253035404520162017201820192020 Minimal Basic Standard High Top Runner9References 1.

47、Sappro City Government.(2023).The city has begun operating the new“Sapporo Next Generation Housing Standard.https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/zisedai.html 2.Sappro City Government.(2023).Explanation of the System“The new Sapporo version of next-generation housing and the subsid

48、y system.”https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/documents/r5_0323_zisedai-seidokaisei.pdf 3.Sappro City Government.(2022).Technical Review Meeting on Revision of“Sapporo Next Generation Housing Standards”https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/r4_zisedai-kijun-minao

49、shi.htmlhttps:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/r4_zisedai-kijun-minaoshi.html 4.Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.(2012)Local Government Revitalization Policies (Regional Policy Trends)https:/www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000215399.pdf https:/www.soumu.go.jp/main_conten

50、t/000215399.pdf https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/documents/r5_0323_zisedai-seidokaisei.pdf https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/documents/r5_0323_zisedai-seidokaisei.pdf 5.Sappro City Government.(2023).Explanation of the System“The new Sapporo version of nex

51、t-generation housing and the subsidy system.”https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/documents/r5_0323_zisedai-seidokaisei.pdf 6.Sappro City Government.(2022).Technical Review Meeting on Revision of“Sapporo Next Generation Housing Standards”https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10s

52、hien/zisedai/r4_zisedai-kijun-minaoshi.html https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/r4_zisedai-kijun-minaoshi.html https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/r4_zisedai-kijun-minaoshi.html 7.Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.(2012)Local Government Revitaliz

53、ation Policies (Regional Policy Trends)https:/www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000215399.pdf https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/documents/r5_0323_zisedai-seidokaisei.pdf https:/www.city.sapporo.jp/toshi/jutaku/10shien/zisedai/documents/r5_0323_zisedai-seidokaisei.pdf10Case A2:Greenh

54、ouse Gas and Energy Target Management System for the Public Sector(Incheon,Republic of Korea)Country/City:Republic of Korea/Incheon Implementing agency:Incheon City Hall Funding:-Funding source:Local Government Website:Background The central government sets an annual target rate for Greenhouse Gas(G

55、HG)reduction in areas for local governments and the public sector and operates a system to manage its implementation performance.This project aims to induce voluntary and active participation of citizens and the private sector by leading public efforts to reduce GHG emissions.Project implementationT

56、he Greenhouse Gas Target Management System targets buildings and vehicles used in the public sector,and the central government checks them by setting GHG reduction targets every year.The guidelines for the GHG target management system are prescribed by law,and the Ministry of Environment oversees th

57、e overall operation.Each mayor and public organization head,has a role in promoting GHG reduction activities to achieve reduction targets,and this performance is disclosed.It supports facility improvement,and installation of new facilities in the public sector is provided with the budget of the nati

58、onal and local governments.Incheon Metropolitan City plans various projects to achieve its goals and is also encouraging members of the public to participate.It improves energy efficiency through the upgrading of facilities such as the installation of renewable power generation facilities in public

59、buildings and replacing older light fixtures Figure 4:Installation of Solar Power Generation Facilities in Incheon Public Institutions and Lights off at Incheon City Hall during lunchtime.Figure 5:Carbon-neutral win-win cooperation MOU signed(business,academia,and the public sector)11with high-effic

60、iency LED lighting devices.The city also carries out behavioural change projects,such as compliance with air conditioning and heating temperatures,prohibition of bringing disposable items into the building,and enforcement of the alternative-day-no-driving system.To encourage private participation in

61、 GHG emissions reduction,various campaigns conducted both online and offline through awareness raising and education on GHG reduction and carbon neutrality,amongst members of the public sector.In addition,a carbon point system is being implemented for the purpose of incentivising citizens to practic

62、e carbon neutrality.This programme,as depicted in Figure 6 below,which is a nationwide GHG reduction practice system that reduces the use of electricity,water supply,and urban gas in homes,commerce,and apartment complexes and gives carbon points according to the reduction rate.This programme provide

63、s an annual incentive of up to about$300 if a participant reduces energy(electricity,waterworks,city gas)usage this year by 5 percent or more compared to the same period last year or two.Private businesses,schools,apartments and individuals can participate.Results and impactsGreenhouse Gas Reduction

64、s Through Efficiency and Awareness Campaigns:Incheon Metropolitan City had the highest reduction rate of GHG emissions in the public sector,including public buildings and vehicles,at 61.4 percent in 2022,among 17 metropolitan governments in the Republic of Korea.Incheon City emitted 25,987 tons equi

65、valent of CO2 in 2021,reducing 11,870 tons equivalent of CO2(61.4 percent)from 37,857 tons equivalent of CO2(average GHG emissions from 2007 to 2009).Incheon Metropolitan City is recognized as one of leading metropolitan cities in the Republic of Korea in efforts to reduce GHG emissions and as a loc

66、al government.It has been ranked No.1 for more than five years.The GHG target management system directly improves energy efficiency and contributes to GHG reduction and continues to raise awareness among the public.Lessons learnedBudget Sustainability Important for Continued Incentives:To maintain i

67、ncentives and upgrading,the results and effects are proportional to the budget.Stable budget input is therefore essential for continuous project promotion and expansion.This system for the public sector has a limit to the reduction of large amounts of GHGs emitted by the government.Inducing active v

68、oluntary private participation is crucial in realizing practical and sustainable GHG reduction effects towards carbon neutrality.As it is difficult to establish a legally binding system for the private sector at the local government level,efforts are needed to expand the public sector efforts to the

69、 private sector through private cooperation networks.Private Partnerships can Enable Project Longevity:Various incentives and specific projects that can incentivise private participation should be devised,with efforts made to share the results and achievements actively.Recently,Incheon Metropolitan

70、City has created a cooperative body and coalition of 35 organizations,including the private and public sectors in the Incheon area,and plans to promote continuous performance management towards carbon neutrality.Figure 6:Carbon Point Programme Operating StructureParticipantSaving electricityand wate

71、r usageIncentiveMinistry of Environment(overall management)Local government(program operation)Korea Environment Corporation(Support operation)12Case A3:Reducing Emissions through Renewable Energy and an Energy Management System on a Remote Island(Sado,Japan)Country/City:Japan/Sado Implementing agenc

72、y:General Policy Division,Planning Department Funding:JPY 7,597,145,000 Funding source:Ministry of Environment of Japan Grant Website:https:/www.city.sado.niigata.jp/life/1/19/104/BackgroundSado City is the largest remote island in Japan and has a diverse and beautiful natural environment,including

73、the Toki(Japanese Crested Ibis).Local industries such as tourism and agriculture,forestry,and fisheries have developed by utilising its natural and cultural resources.The population has declined year by year and now stands at 51,910.The declining population faces several challenges,including falling

74、 birth-rates,an aging population,depopulation,economic stagnation,and declining disaster preparedness.As Sado is not connected to the mainland by a power grid,electricity demand is also limited to the island,which results in challenges in balancing between the supply and demand for electricity.To en

75、sure energy security,the island has been diversifying its power sources beyond the three diesel thermal power units,which currently produce 94 percent of the islands share of electricity generation,and the energy supply will primarily come from renewable energy sources such as solar power.Project im

76、plementationSado was selected as a Decarbonisation Leading Area by the Ministry of the Environment to ensure stable energy sharing and received a grant for its regional development.The grant was used to implement a self-sustaining,decentralized,and renewable energy system using energy management sys

77、tems(EMS)in remote island areas.The total project cost:JPY 7,597,145,000.Sado has established the Sado City Decarbonisation Promotion Council with demand facilities,renewable energy power generators,island-related organisations,advisors,and financial institutions with the Figure 7:Carbon Point Progr

78、amme Operating StructureSado CityPlanningDivisionRenewable EnergyRelated BusinessesAdministrativeOrganizationsFinancialInstitutionsIsland RelatedOrganizationsExternal ProfessionalOrganizationsOtherOrganizations inCitySado City Decarbonization Promotion Council Tohoku Electric Power Network Co Sado G

79、as Co Sado City Recycling Promotion Council,etc.Niigata Prefecture Kanto Regional Environment Office,Ministry of the Environment,JapanExternal SupportCoordination The 4th Hokuetsu Bank,etc.Construction Industry Association Sado Island Federation of Commerce and Industry Traffic and automotive suppli

80、ers Real estate agent,etc IGES Institute for Future of the University of Tokyo Advisor to Sado City Comprehensive Strategy,etc.13aim of realising the Decarbonisation Leading Areas.As part of the energy creation project,125 public and private facilities will be equipped with solar panels to generate

81、renewable energy with an output of 7,313 kW and an annual generation capacity of 8,195 MWh.In addition,biomass power generation will also generate 2,964 MWh of renewable electricity,bringing the total to 13,363 MWh of renewable energy in Decarbonisation Leading Areas as can be seen in Table 2 below.

82、For EMS,large storage batteries are deployed mainly in public facilities that serve as major disaster-prevention centres,and each facility is networked to create an energy management system incorporating demand response,thereby securing independent and decentralised power sources,and making electric

83、ity supply and demand visible.Results and impactsPositive impacts of energy efficiency upgrades:As part of the energy efficiency project,initiatives to reduce electricity consumption through energy efficiency were promoted in 22 public facilities such as primary and secondary schools,including the u

84、se of light emitting diodes(LEDs)and air-conditioning upgrades,resulting in an overall reduction of 1,472,619 kWh of electricity annually.Accelerating renewable energy generation:Through various initiatives such as renewable energy and energy efficiency,CO2 emissions from electricity consumption in

85、the civilian sector in decarbonised regions will be net zero.A survey on power purchase agreement(PPA)projects for 18 facilities have been initiated in 2022 to develop requirements for solar power and storage batteries while utilising PPA projects,as well as to carry out facility renovations to save

86、 efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions.In 2023,PPA equipment will be installed in public facilities.Upscaling other initiatives:In addition to the commercialisation of Decarbonisation Leading Areas,the project will also consider appropriate waste and sewage disposal and promotion of resource recycling

87、 such as plastics(*civilian sector CO2 measures,reduction of waste disposal costs,etc.)and agriculture,forestry and fisheries sector measures(reduction of chemical fertilisers,appropriate residue disposal,and livestock management,etc.).Total emissions can still rise despite efforts at decarbonisatio

88、n:Regarding changes in GHG emissions in Sado City over time,in 2021,GHG emissions are still increasing despite reduction and renewable energy measures due to increasing building and facility occupancy rates as seen in Table 3 below.40 percent of Sado Citys GHG emissions are derived from electricity,

89、and there is a high potential to significantly reduce GHG emissions by replacing it with renewable energy with funding already secured and well-established renewable energy technologies available.On-site(facility installation)Number of facilities125 facilitiesTotal facility electricity demand14,628

90、MWh/yearTotal self-consumption of renewable energy8,195MWh/yearTotal storage battery capacity13,720kWhNumber of mega-storage batteries10 locations(one in each district)Off-site(renewable energy)Solar radiation2,204MWh/yearWoody biomass2,964MWh/yearTable 2:On-site and Off-site Renewable Energy Transi

91、tion Installation.14Lessons learnedImportance of energy storage for lowering emissions:Sado aims to shorten the project period(early realisation of project effects)by maximising the implementation of renewable energy and large-scale storage batteries,mainly in public facilities,and by networking the

92、se facilities to achieve centralised energy management.Sado City also hopes to realise the Remote Island Sado Model of Decarbonisation Leading Areas in Sado,the largest remote island in the country,and to extend this successful example horizontally to other 256 remote island regions in Japan.Regulat

93、ions to support stable energy supplies:Off-site renewable energy,such as solar and woody biomass,is generated and supplied to consumers in the leading area.Legally,electricity must be supplied via a retail electricity supplier to ensure a stable supply of renewable electricity.Furthermore,a constant

94、 balance between the supply and demand of electricity at each facility through the use of centralised EMS and demand response(DR)management through the use of battery storage,demand cut-off or reduction smart systems as examples.Other initiatives to accelerate green economy:In addition,Sado City was

95、 the first local government in Japan to declare itself Nature Positive,which aims to restore the ecosystem through reduced farming and to promote investment in nature and a recycling-oriented economy.The aim is to create a regional recycling symbiosis zone and to create islands where its citizens ca

96、n continue to live in peace.References 1.Sado City Government.(2022).The city was selected as a leading decarbonization area.https:/www.city.sado.niigata.jp/soshiki/2005/38500.html 2.Ministry of the Environment(2022).The City Selection Proposal.https:/policies.env.go.jp/policy/roadmap/assets/precedi

97、ng-region/1st-teiansyo-10.pdf 3.Ministry of the Environment(2023).Progress Report of Sado City.https:/policies.env.go.jp/policy/roadmap/assets/preceding-region/1st-shinchoku-joukyo-houkokusyo-10.pdf 4.Sado City Government.(2022).Sado City Decarbonization Promotion Council Meeting Results.https:/www.

98、city.sado.niigata.jp/soshiki/2005/47516.html 5.Zero Carbon Cities:Linking Decarbonization to Regional Development(n.d).YearAmount of emissions(tons of CO2)Comparison with 2016201626,573-201726,350 0.8%201825,484 4.1%201925,662 3.4%202025,021 5.8%202125,344 4.6%Table 3:Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Car

99、bon Dioxide from 2016 to 202115Case A4:Pilot on Constructing Cold Chain Facilities Close to the Farm Gate(Cixi City,Zhejiang Province,China)Country/City:China/Cixi City,Zhejiang Province Implementing agency:The Peoples Government of Cixi County Funding:20 million yuan Funding source:Chinas Central G

100、overnment Funding Website:-BackgroundFood loss is costly to the climate and environment.According a 2011 FAO assessment,global food loss and waste generates around 4.4 gigatons equivalent of CO2 per year.Emissions from food loss and waste resulting specifically from the absence of refrigeration tota

101、lled around 1 gigaton equivalent of CO2 in 2017.As climate change-induced extreme weather events such as heatwaves,droughts,and floods become more frequent and reduce food production capabilities,more emphasis is being put on the need to reduce food loss and waste through increased refrigeration and

102、 a robust cold chain.Food loss is particularly high in developing countries.While developing countries produce nearly 80 percent of the worlds food,they refrigerate only around 20 percent of perishable food products(compared with 60 percent in developed countries).As an essential first step in the f

103、resh food cold chain is precooling and cold storage for new produce.Precooling and cold storage allow farmers to maximize the sellable life of fresh produce while maintaining nutritional quality and reduces energy consumption in the rest of the food cold chain.In China,less than 20 percent of the pr

104、ecooling and cold storage demands close to the farm gate are met,making investments in other components of the food cold chain inefficient.Post-harvest losses for fruits and vegetables can exceed 45 percent,accounting for the largest amount of food loss in the food supply chain.Only around 35 percen

105、t of the countrys fruits and vegetables move through the food cold chain,compared with 95 percent in the United States.To address this issue,the 2021 No.1 Document released by Chinas central government pointed out the importance of building cold chain facilities near farms.Figure 8:Photo of a Cold-c

106、hain Warehouse.(Source:Ningbo Daily)16Project implementation The county of Cixi in Zhejiang Province produces 1.2 million tons perishable items every year,mainly fruit and vegetables.The local need for cold storage capacity in Cixi county is 1.5 million cubic meters.However,with no more than a quart

107、er of this demand being satisfied,there is an urgent need for both building new cold chain facilities and mobilizing existing cold storage resources.To understand the challenge,the Cixi Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs conducted an investigation.It discovered that most of Cixis refrigerat

108、ed warehouses are owned by local farmers and are mainly for self-use.It found that farmers generally use these cold stores for about six months a year,leaving them empty the rest of the time,and that 60 percent of farmer-owned cold storage facilities are seasonally vacant.Therefore,the government so

109、ught to build precooling facilities and cold stores to meet the increasing demand,while at the same time pursuing the equally important task of finding ways to more efficiently utilize the existing refrigeration capacities.In 2021,Cixi was selected as a site for a pilot project to build cold chain f

110、acilities closer to farms,receiving project funding of 20 million yuan from the central government.To address the unmet need for“first mile”cold chain facilities,Cixi has taken the pilot project as an opportunity to test innovative solutions,including by digitizing the management of cold chain facil

111、ities.Project funds have not only been used to build more“first-mile”facilities but have also been invested in the development and running of an online tool called“Shared Cold Storage”that optimizes the use of existing cold stores.The tool can be utilized by regulators,cold storage owners,and farmer

112、s and has several applications.The first application is a cold storage map,which promotes the integration of the cold chain network.Cold stores of more than 50 cubic meters in size,along with refrigerated trucks,portable cold storage,and other facilities,are all included in a map of Cixi cold chain

113、facilities.The map fully integrates geographical data from the Department of Natural Resources,cold chain facility regulatory data from the Department of Commerce,electricity consumption data from the local power department,as well as other relevant data,allowing it to precisely monitor cold storage

114、 status and implement cross-sectoral supervision in a comprehensive manner.A mobile phone app has also been developed.The“Shared Cold Storage”app collects smart meter data on the power consumption of the refrigeration facilities,enabling analysis of their vacancy status.The app simplifies cold chain

115、 facility management via its“one-key sharing function,which allows facilities managers to set sharing mechanism of cold storage.For users,the app provides the functions of smart searching and map searching of cold chain facilities,allows visibility into warehouses in VR preview mode,and contains nav

116、igation functions and owner contact information.These functions enable farmers to quickly find suitable facilities for precooling and cold storage.The second application enables early warning.By installing smart meters,temperature,and humidity sensors,monitors and other equipment,cold storage facili

117、ty owners can monitor the cold store operations in real-time.This enables accurate de-risking and improves convenience in the maintenance of cold chain facilities.The government also collaborated with local cold chain associations and other social organizations to provide door-to-door maintenance se

118、rvices.If there are abnormal data readings,facility owners are notified and can call for assistance from technicians by simply placing an order on the app.These timely maintenance services can effectively reduce food loss caused by malfunctions.The app also integrates public services including polic

119、y inquiry and information exchange,making information on agricultural policies from various government departments available on a central platform.It also includes a module for handling agricultural project declarations,approvals,and verifications,streamlining formerly cumbersome administrative proc

120、edures.17Results and impactsClimate change mitigation:Since implementation of the pilot,the number of cold storage facilities in Cixi has gradually increased.The capacity of refrigeration warehouses has increased by more than 30 percent,and the precooling rate of perishables has increased by 10 perc

121、ent.Since the Shared Cold Storage tool has been online,from mid-2021,more than 22,000 cold storage owners and farmers have registered.The Map of Cixi Cold Chain Facilities has so far covered 457 shared cold stores,with a shared storage capacity of 1.14 million cubic meters,increasing the utilization

122、 rate of cold storage by 15 percent.According to electricity monitoring data provided by the local power supply department,the increased cold storage utilization rate has effectively optimized the allocation of resources and contributed to carbon emission reductions.Resilience enhancement:The projec

123、t also increased farmers resilience to climate change by improving their ability to cope with,resist,and recover from climate disasters.Before the arrival of the typhoon“Yanhua”in 2021,Cixi farmers utilized the Shared Cold Storage online tool to identify suitable cold stores to preserve the harveste

124、d grapes,honey pears and other fruits.These fruits were later sold to the market when the prices rose by 10 to 20 percent,saving farmers from financial losses.Social and economic benefits:Owing to the increasing capacity of cold chain facilities,local farmers can sell their harvests off season when

125、produce prices are usually higher.The effective use of spare cold storage facilities has enhanced farming productivity.The proper use of the cold chain has not only extended the shelf life of perishable produce,but also helped expand its selling radius.Farmers have reported an average 5,000 yuan inc

126、rease in earnings annually thanks to the revenues from renting the refrigeration facilities and increase in selling prices.Lessons learnedPolicy,funding and stakeholder support are important:The policy and financial support from the central government was essential for the pilots success.With strong

127、 political momentum and adequate funding,the local government was able to engage with stakeholders and expand the beneficiary households to more than 20,000.Data transparency and trust important to success:The transparency of information and cross-sector and cross-department collaboration also contr

128、ibuted to the projects success.Local authorities and farmers alike were able to monitor the project implementation process using the map of Cixi cold chain facilities in the online tool,which displays the status of cold storage in real-time.Public oversight also strengthened implementation of the pi

129、lot project.References 1.FAO.(2014).Food Wastage Footprint&Climate Change.Rome.http:/www.fao.org/3/bb144e/bb144e.pdf.2.IIR.(2021).Annex The Carbon Footprint of the Cold Chain,7th Informatory Note on Refrigeration and Food.April.https:/iifiir.org/en/fridoc/the-carbon-footprint-ofthe-cold-chain-7-lt-s

130、up-gt-th-lt-sup-gt-informatory-143457.3.International Renewable Energy Agency(2018).Renewable Power 4.UNEP and FAO.2022.Sustainable Food Cold Chains:Opportunities,Challenges and the Way Forward.Nairobi,UNEP and Rome,FAO.https:/doi.org/10.4060/cc0923en 5.Crnews.(2021).Open up the first kilometer for

131、fresh and live agricultural products to go out of the village and enter the city-the person in charge of the Department of Market and Informatization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs replied to a reporters question.18 6.Huang,J.(2021).Food Loss and Waste in China:Status Quo,Policies

132、and Actions.https:/www.dcz-china.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Policy_Brief-Food_Loss_and_Waste_in_ China-12-2021.pdf 7.LeadLeo.(2022).2022 Report on Development Trends of Cold Chain Logistics Innovation in China.https:/ 8.Central Document No.1(2021)http:/ 9.Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agricu

133、lture and Rural Affairs.(2022).Cixi Shared Cold Storage Practice Are Being Promoted at the National Meeting.http:/ 10.The Peoples Government of Ningbo Municipality.(2022).Cixi shared cold storage:through the circulation of agricultural products the first kilometer.http:/ 11.The Peoples Government of

134、 Cixi County.(2021).Cixi was selected as one of the pilot areas for the National Pilot on County-wide Promotion of Constructing Cold Chain Facilities Close to the Farm Gate.http:/ 12.Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the Peoples Republic of China.(2023).Cixi uses the“shared cold storage”a

135、pplication to fully promote the county-wide cold storage and preservation pilot.http:/ A5:Deployment of 100 percent Renewable Energy and Certification Systems(Kitakyushu,Japan)Country/City:Japan/Kitakyushu Implementing agency:Renewable Energy Promotion Division,Green Growth Promotion Department,Envi

136、ronmental Bureau,Kitakyushu City Funding:-Funding source:Local Government Website:https:/www.city.kitakyushu.lg.jp/shisei/menu01_00345.htmlBackground Kitakyushu has pledged its commitment to contributing to global climate change mitigation efforts,setting a target to achieve net-zero GHG emissions b

137、y 2050.As outlined in its net-zero roadmap,the city aims for a substantial reduction of at least 47 percent in GHG emissions by 2030.A prominent facet of Kitakyushus decarbonization strategy centres on the expansion of renewable energy sources.To expedite the adoption of renewable energy and stimula

138、te innovation in related technologies,Kitakyushu introduced the Kitakyushu Model for 100 percent Renewable Energy in February 2021 and 100 percent Renewable Energy Certification System in December 2021.The two initiatives are tailored to drive the transition to renewable energy in distinct sectors:p

139、ublic facilities and private companies.Concerning public facilities,Kitakyushu plans to shift the power sources of all municipal establishmentscomprising around 2,000 facilitiesto a 100 percent renewable energy framework by 2025.The effort encompasses facilities for which the City Government is resp

140、onsible for electricity bills.For the private sector,the city is dedicated to accelerating the integration of power generated from renewable sources.Beyond the core decarbonization objective,the initiatives encompass broader aspirations,including the realisation of an“Advanced Battery System City”an

141、d active contribution towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Project implementationFrom 2021 onward,the Kitakyushu Model for 100 percent Renewable Energy is designed with a three-step framework to facilitate the transition towards renewable energy utilisation at public facilities:Figu

142、re 9:Kitakyushus 100 percent Renewable Energy Certification Sticker(Source:Kitakyushu Government)20Step 1:Integration with existing renewable power sources.Public facilities are connected to readily available renewable energy sources,including wind farms and biomass energy.The city is strategically

143、expanding its utilisation of biomass power(waste-to-energy)at public facilities,with projections for connections to reach 200,600,and 1,200 facilities in 2021,2022-2023,and 2024-2025,respectively.Step 2:Implementation of solar panels and battery systems at public facilities.Third-party entities are

144、entrusted with the installation of solar panels and battery systems at public facilities.The electricity generated from solar panels is managed by Kitakyushu Power Company.Moreover,surplus energy generated by solar panels and local renewable sources is stored within batteries.The stored energy is op

145、timally utilised during peak hours characterised by high electricity cost,thereby contributing to reducing electricity costs.Smart systems enable a energy management system(EMS)Step 3:Installation of energy efficient equipment.In scenarios involving construction or facility renovation,energy efficie

146、nt equipment is installed.This approach enhances overall energy efficiency and curtails the total power consumption.In the execution of this project,Kitakyushu has embraced the“Usage Rather Than Ownership”business model.This approach eliminates the initial costs of renewable energy equipment.Under t

147、his business model,solar panels,batteries,and other energy efficient equipment are owned by third parties.The government needs to pay a fixed usage fee for equipment and electricity bills,bypassing the need for upfront costs.For a comprehensive overview of the pivotal stakeholders and their respecti

148、ve roles shown in Figure 10.Following the initiation of efforts to transition public facilities to renewable energy,Kitakyushu introduced 100 percent Renewable Energy Certification System to accelerate the integration of renewable power within private enterprises.Under this system,companies utilisin

149、g power sourced exclusively from renewable energy or other decarbonized sources are eligible to seek certification from the government.The process for application and certification is outlined in Figure 11.Figure 10:System Structure of Kitakyushu Model for 100percent Renewable Energy at public facil

150、ities(Source:Translated from Kitakyushu Government)No Initial CostEquipment InstallationEMSBattery Power Supply Management and Operation(Solar panel,battery,and energy efficient devices)Equipment Usage FeeEquipment Installation Company(Equipment Owners)(Affordable Price)Surplus ElectricityElectricit

151、y BillSolar PanelsEnergyEfficientEquipmentPublicFacilitiesManagement by Kitakyushu PowerKitakyushuPowerStorge of affordable surplus electricitygenerated by local RE power plants21To encourage companies to participate in the certification system,the government provides the several benefits for certif

152、ied entities,including:Authorization to utilise the certification sticker and logo on promotional materials and business cards.Consideration of additional evaluation points during government subsidy assessments Eligibility for low-interest loans while participating in municipal projects.Publicity on

153、 the citys website and social media platformsFurthermore,the initial 100 certified companies will be recognized as“Decarbonization Pioneering Companies”,meriting a special certificate to acknowledge their pioneering role.To meet the increasing demand from the above renewable energy adoption initiati

154、ves,Kitakyushu is focusing on three pillars of renewable energy generation:wind power,energy storage,and hydrogen.Firstly,wind power stands as a foundational energy source for Kitakyushu,fortified by the citys designation as a hub port and the advantageous wind conditions prevalent in the Hibikinada

155、 Sea Area.The city has incorporated wind power,especially offshore wind.Secondly,with the increasing integration of renewable energy,energy storage assumes paramount importance.Kitakyushus blueprint entails the widespread deployment of storage batteries.Thirdly,Kitakyushu has undertaken demonstratio

156、n projects within the Kitakyushu Hydrogen Town to foster the advancement of hydrogen technology.Results and impactsThrough the promotion of renewable energy adoption across public facilities and corporate entities,Kitakyushu has been instrumental in advancing the citys renewable energy deployment.Th

157、e citys initiatives have fostered advancements in renewable energy-related technologies,particularly in the domains of energy storage and the reduction of battery costs.Renewable energy for public facilities:260 public facilities have converted to 100 percent renewable energy by the end of 2021.Nine

158、 power retailers have endorsed the 100 percent renewable energy certification system by February 2023,and 36 companies have joined the certification system by June 2023.Kitakyushus effort on promoting the utilisation of renewable energy in both public facilities and private companies have yielded th

159、e following outcomes:Demonstration of power purchase agreements business model:The concerted effort has provided Figure 11:Overview Diagram of Kitakyushu City Decarbonized Electricity Certification System(Source:Translated and adopted from Kitakyushu Government)Power Retailersendorsed the System3.Ve

160、rification1.Contract3.Application4.ConfirmationKitakyushu CityGovernmentPrivateCompanies22invaluable insights into the societal and economic intricacies entwined with the expansion of renewable energy.This encompasses valuable lessons derived from the innovative usage other than ownership business m

161、odel,which has facilitated the transition to renewable energy sources.Enhanced power grid resilience:The incorporation of locally generated renewable energy coupled with the integration of energy storage systems has fortified energy security and resilience.Lessons learned The citys experiences provi

162、de a roadmap for other regions aspiring to advance their renewable energy ambitions in a holistic and sustainable manner.Key lessons from Kitalyushus effort on 100 percent renewable energy include:Financial challenges for implementation and upgrades:Technical and financial hurdles pose significant c

163、onsiderations for sustained progress.Firstly,the proliferation of renewable energy necessitates substantial upgrades to transmission grids.Secondly,while hydrogen holds pivotal status as a renewable energy source in Kitakyushu,cost factors continue to impede its wider-scale integration.Role of local

164、 governments in markets:Local governments must embrace a leading role,leveraging their substantial purchasing power,governments wield the potential to significantly influence the marketplace.Kitakyushus proactive approach in adopting renewable energy in public facilities effectively amplifies the pr

165、oportion and competitive edge of renewable energy.Private Sector engagement:Within Kitakyushus initiatives to expedite the transition to renewable energy,private enterprises play pivotal roles.These roles encompass ownership of renewable energy assets,provision and operation of efficient equipment,a

166、nd active participation in certification systems.References 1.Kitakyushu City Government.(2021a).Regarding the Achievement of 100percent Renewable EnergyPowering for Municipal Public Facilities in the Fiscal Year 2025.https:/www.city.kitakyushu.lg.jp/files/000916827.pdf2.Kitakyushu City Government.(

167、2021b).Regarding the Commencement of the Kitakyushu City Decarbonized Electricity Certification System.https:/www.city.kitakyushu.lg.jp/files/000958708.pdf23Case A6:Ecological Modernization of the Transport System(Moscow,Russian Federation)Country/City:Russian Federation/Moscow Implementing agency:T

168、he Government of Moscow Funding:-Funding source:Local Government Budget Website:https:/www.mos.ru/en/Background Moscow is located in the northern part of Eurasia and is susceptible to temperature increases in the course of ongoing climatic changes.In 2010,the city experienced an extreme heat wave wi

169、th a total duration of 42 days and temperatures up to 37.50.Since transport is one of the sources of anthropogenic heat and emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants,optimizing it and cutting the emissions is necessary to reduce the negative impact of the climate and adapt to climate change.In th

170、e 20th century,Moscows development was focused on the public transport,considering the low levels of personal vehicles.However,after the opening of international markets,citizens began to rapidly purchase personal vehicles:between 1990 and 2010 the number of cars registered in Moscow increased by 4.

171、2 times(from 917 thousand to 3,854 thousand).This resulted in persistent traffic congestion,increased emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases.There were significant economic losses from excessive fuel consumption.Since 2011,comprehensive and balanced development has been the priority of Moscows

172、 transport system management,while improving the quality of the citys environment.It is reflected in Moscows State program,which implies diversification of transport types,prioritization of public transport over private transport,electrification of public transport,development of a charging network

173、for electric vehicles,optimization of freight transport and measures to reduce the average length of private transport trips.Figure 12:Moscows Mayakovskaya station,a part of its extensive metro system.24In September 2011 the Government of Moscow approved the State Program of Moscow Development of th

174、e Transport System.6 Together with the citys environmental policy,the programs aims include:Increasing passenger transportation by public transport.Shortening traffic intervals for public transport.Increasing the environmental sustainability of public transport.Making traveling by public transport m

175、ore comfortable.Developing travel tickets valid for various types of public transport.Optimizing the paid parking system in the city center and high traffic areas.Decreasing the number of trips by car to the city center.Reducing the number of transit freight traffic through the city.Creating new ser

176、vices for planning,purchasing and traveling by various types of public transport.Implementing advanced technologies into the transport system of Moscow.Project ImplementationRail transport has been a key for Moscows public transport.Since 2011,more than 200 km of metro lines and 100 stations have be

177、en built with Moscows“Big Circle Line”fully launched in 2023 and is now the largest metro circle line in the world.In addition to the“Big Circle Line”,4 Moscow Central Diameters have been launched,which are new“overground metros”of Moscow,integrating railway lines into the city network and connectin

178、g remote districts to the city center.At present,approximately 90%of citizens live within walking distance from a rail transport station.To further augment public transport utilizing the waterways through the city,the first regular route of electric vessels was launched early in 2023,and the launch

179、of the second route is planned for the end of the year.The new river transport will operate on schedule all year round,regardless of weather.River transport is an alternative type of public transport helping to reduce road congestion,in addition to enabling urban planning goals.The vessels are elect

180、rically powered,and thus their use will reduce emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases.The transport means diversified through the expansion of public transport options and regulating emissions and individual car arrangements.Every day there are up to 2-2.5 million cars on the roads.The road ne

181、twork constraints remain due to the historical features of city planning.In 2011-2022 1,232 km of roads were built in Moscow,which increased the length of the road network by 20%.Road development is aimed at improving connectivity and reducing congestion.In 2011,with the city streets congested with

182、illegally parked vehicles,the first step of the program was the introduction of high fines and an evacuation system for illegal parking.This relieved roadsides from improper parking and thereby increased their capacity.In addition to dissuading illegal parking,paid parking zones have been gradually

183、introduced across the city.By the beginning of 2023,more than 90,000 parking spaces have been created in the paid parking area of Moscow.With greater road discipline among drivers,a reconstruction program of over 400 central streets in 2014-2018 could be implemented.Traffic lanes were narrowed to a

184、standard width of 3.5m,which allowed wider sidewalks and the planting of trees without reducing the traffic lanes.Bicycle lanes and paths were created on some of the reconstructed streets to facilitate low carbon mobility.Moscows short-term bicycle rental service has been developing since 2013.Curre

185、ntly the bike-sharing system has 776 rental stations and more than 10 thousand bicycles.The city bike rental system is supported through subsidies from the Moscow city budget,acquiring bicycle rent services under a government contract,and integrating bike rental with the Moscow Transport app.6 Decre

186、e of the Government of Moscow dated September 2,2011 No.408-PP“On Approval of the State Program of the city of Moscow Development of the Transport System“25The length of bike lanes in Moscow is estimated at approximately 500 km,their layout is depicted in Figure 13 below.In 2015 short-term scooter r

187、ental services(kick-sharing)appeared in the city.Now there are approximately 60 thousand electric scooters available for rent.To support the development of the service,subsidies were allocated to scooter rental operators in 2021 and 2022 to partially reimburse the costs of purchasing new electric sc

188、ooters.Other than the measures intended to improve passenger and traffic flow within the city and to reduce the wastage of fuel spent in congestion,significant emphasis has also been placed on“Greening”the vehicle fleet.The environmental performance of the vehicle fleet is improved through federal e

189、nvironmental requirements for new vehicles engines(from 2016-at the level of Euro 5)and regional environmental requirements for freight transport and buses entering certain areas of Moscow(low emission zones).For example,trucks that cant meet the requirements of at least Euro 3 emission standard are

190、 forbidden from entering the central part of the city to improve the air quality.The restriction is regulated round-the-clock.There are also special subsidies allocated to car-sharing operators and taxi service companies to purchase vehicles of at least Euro 4 emission standard and electric vehicles

191、.Starting from 2011,old Euro 2 emission standard buses were replaced by Euro 4 and Euro 5 buses,since 2012 by at least Euro 5 buses and starting from 2021-by electric buses only.Currently,the bus fleet operating on city routes includes Euro 5 buses and more than 1,200 electric buses.The replacement

192、of diesel buses with electric buses is expected to be completed by 2030.Land public transport also includes a modern tram network.Figure 13:The layout of bike lanes in Moscow(excluding dedicated lanes for public transport)by the end of 2022(Source:Moscow Transport portal,https:/transport.mos.ru/bicy

193、cle)26Measures taken to improve the efficiency and attractiveness of public transport include;Upgrading vehicles to ensure accessibility for people with limited mobility,the best sanitary andhygienic(air temperature,air exchange,etc.)and leisure conditions(access to Wi-Fi,chargers).Creating dedicate

194、d lanes for public transport.Improving connections between different types of public and private transport,thus increasingthe transfers convenience.Introducing transport interchange hubs and intercept parking lots.Creating alternatives to private cars for door-to-door trips:developing taxi transport

195、ation andshort-term car rental services(carsharing):o Moscows taxi passenger traffic has increased by 36.5 times since 2010(from 16 millionto almost 585 million people per year).o 22,000 Euro 5 vehicles and 50 electric vehicles in Moscows car-sharing fleet.48 milliontrips were made in 2022.Mobility

196、as a service(MaaS)approach:online portal and mobile applications for simplicity ofpublic transport use and navigation.To promote the purchase of electric vehicles in Moscow,charging stations are being installed across the city and the fee for placing electric vehicles in paid city parking lots has b

197、een canceled,7 so parking for electric cars is free.About 400 charging stations for electric vehicles are publicly available in Moscow.From 2020 till the end of 2024,Moscow has cancelled the transport tax for owners of all-electric cars,to promote the electrification of vehicles.Results and impactsR

198、educed Pollution Through Vehicular Upgrades:The total environmental efficiency of the entire set of measures to green the transport system can be assessed by Moscows environmental monitoring data.The concentration of pollutants near highways in 2022 decreased by 3.8 times compared to 2011(carbon mon

199、oxide,nitrogen oxide,sulfur dioxide).Nitrogen dioxide remained at the same level and particulate matter concentration decreased by 1.5 times for PM2.5 and 1.4 times for PM10 compared to 2014 levels.Over the past ten years,the renewal of the city transport fleet and the transition to electric buses h

200、ave reduced CO2 emissions by 130,000 tons.Between 2010 and 2022,the proportion of cars meeting Euro 4,Euro 5 and Euro 6 environmental requirements in Moscow increased from 30%to 75%,as shown in Figure 14 below.7 Decree of the Government of Moscow dated May 17,2013 No.289-PP“On the organization of pa

201、id city parking lots in the city of Moscow”Figure 14:Changes of the Moscow vehicle fleet based on Euro emissions standard.27Increasing Electrification of Transport:The development of electric transport has a significant potential for reducing emissions of major pollutants from road transport in Mosc

202、ow.Currently,more than 50%of passenger trips in the city are made using electric transport,while personal electric cars use is still low.The tram fleet has been renewed by 95%,and the underground carriage fleet by 70%.In 2019(the pre-pandemic year),the share of public transport in passenger traffic

203、increased to 70%from 63%in 2014.Increased Share of Pedestrian and Personal Mobility Devices:As a result of street improvement works in 2015-2016,the number of pedestrians increased by 2-4 times,the speed of traffic flows grew by 5-7%,and the accident rate decreased by 37%.The citys short-term bicycl

204、e and electric scooter(kick-sharing)rental services are being actively developed.In 2022 3.3 million city bike trips and 26.3 million kick-sharing trips were made by users.Over the five years of the services existence,the number of kick-sharing trips rose by 226 times.Lessons learnedThe main success

205、 factor of Moscows transport development is the coherence and comprehensiveness of the implemented measures,and their distribution in time,whereby the first block of measures paves the way for the subsequent ones.During the implementation of the comprehensive program,a significant number of challeng

206、es have been overcome:technical,communicational and financial ones.Managing the Expansion of Transport Options:Massive construction and reconstruction of the road network,tram tracks and metros lead to changes in the habitual routes of residents,create noise and cause inconvenience and delays in tra

207、nsport.Such issues have a negative impact on residents perception of transport projects and require long-term work with residents on future transport benefits.The transport complex temporarily replaces closed metro stations with free buses and informs people on construction works through the city me

208、dia,social networks and announcements in transport.On the contrary,the creation of new green spaces improves the perception of projects.Financing the Renewal of Public Transport:The Green bonds,intended for the renewal and electrification of public transport,allow not only to effectively attract fun

209、ding for projects that have a calculated environmental effect,but also to popularize the projects and environmental activities among the population.STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT CASESCase B1Accelerating Coal-to-Solar Transition in Ger Districts Through Climate Financing(Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia)Case B2Innovati

210、ve Financing Pilot Project for Deployment of Distributed Photovoltaic Solar for Rural Revitalisation in Hanyin County,Shaanxi Province,ChinaCase B3Public Engagement in Mindful Energy Consumption:Eco-Smart Metering App“E-Keeper”(Suwon City,Republic of Korea)Case B4Empowering Community Partners in Dev

211、eloping Plastic Reduction Education Initiatives and Activities(Beijing,China)Case B5Public Engagement in Eco-Friendly Lifestyle Activities(Kyoto,Japan)Case B6Carbon Neutral Point System(Daegu City,Republic of Korea)B30B:STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT CASESStakeholder engagement cases involve collaboration w

212、ith many stakeholders.Often,key recipients are directly involved in the planning and consultation process to achieve desired goals for residents and beyond.Case B1:Accelerating Coal-to-Solar Transition in Ger Districts Through Climate Financing(Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia)Country/City:Mongolia/Ulaanbaatar

213、Implementing agency:Project Developer-The Asia Foundation,Project Executor URECA,GerHub Funding:-Funding source:Carbon finance Website:-BackgroundThe idea for this project stemmed from The Asia Foundations desire to offset the carbon emissions of their Mongolia Office.However,this was not easy to ac

214、complish,not only because there is no specialized market for carbon credits verification,valuation,and exchange in Mongolia,but also because of the difficulty of finding matching projects with social and environmental benefits.The Foundation discovered an opportunity in the Ger Districts of Ulaanbaa

215、tar,Mongolia,which has become one of the worlds most polluted cities.The citys elevated level of pollution is attributed to the approximately one million residents who reside in traditional gers or yurts,where coal,tires,and refuse are burnt to keep warm in the harsh winter conditions that can plumm

216、et to temperatures as low as minus 45 degrees Celsius.Burning coal,which is essential for survival in Ulaanbaatars gers,is extremely costly for the around 200,000 underprivileged families in the Ger area communities.Less than 40 percent of these households Figure 15:Installation of Solar Panels in G

217、er District(Source:The Asia Foundation)31earn$90 per month,whereas the expense of purchasing coal can cost as much as$400 annually.Moreover,burning coal indoors and outdoors can cause serious health issues and has become a major contributor to Mongolias carbon emissions.Project implementationWorking

218、 with URECA,a young climate-tech company,and local NGO GerHub,the Asia Foundation initiated a pilot project in March 2022 that leverages climate finance to accelerate coal-to-solar transition in the Ger Districts.The projects objective is to extend access to carbon credit mechanisms to individual re

219、newable energy producers in Mongolia who currently face limited opportunities to engage in such incentive programmes.This initiative also targets those outside the centralized heating system and possessing only partial access to the electrical grid.The pilot has recruited five low-income households

220、to fund their shifts from coal-burning stoves to solar energy systems,and to use that transition to generate and sell carbon credits through the URECA marketplace.The verification,valuation,and exchange of carbon credits involve the use of a complex system developed by URECA.The system integrates AI

221、-based technology and verifies the emissions savings from replacing coal with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind,by using data collected from tamper-proof smart meters.The data is then connected to a blockchain system that links carbon credits to individual producers and keeps track of

222、the exchange or retirement of these credits.This smart,cost-effective system generates high-quality carbon credits,even for household-level producers,that are connected to a URECA marketplace where they can be sold and bought.The Asia Foundation also worked with GerHub to engage with residents in th

223、e“ger”area communities.The project has supported five beneficiary households,containing eleven children,replacing their coal-burning stoves with1.8-5kW solar energy systems with electric heaters and“ger”insulations.Apart from paying for the solar systems and improved insulation,the project team will

224、 continue to provide continuous technical support,monitor household satisfaction,and evaluate the overall impact of the initiative.An initial baseline assessment estimates that each family will cut their carbon emissions by 10 to 20 tons per year and save their fuel costs by as much as 70 percent.Th

225、e project partners are seeking to answer significant questions on how highly the market will value pilot households carbon credits.If the valuation can reach the low-end target of$80 per ton,the pilot households will be able to earn between$800 and$1,600 per year by generating and selling carbon cre

226、dits,adding to the hundreds of dollars saved on energy costs.This is a major achievement in terms of improving the quality of life of residents and reducing air pollution in Ulaanbaatar every winter.Results and impactsThe five families produced their first carbon credits at the end of November 2022.

227、The carbon credits are now available for purchase on the URECA marketplace.3 of the 20 tons equivalent of CO2 put up for sale have already been purchased.Climate Change Mitigation:The project is playing an important role in mitigating GHG emissions and improving public health by reducing coal consum

228、ption.The pilot has reduced the households reliance on fossil fuels,mainly coal.Without the implementation of the initiative,the households would be left with little option but to continue to rely on fossil fuels such as coal for heating.This would lead to emissions of carbon as well as air pollutan

229、ts in Ger area communities,particularly during winter.32Social Benefits:The combustion of coal indoors and outdoors has dire health implications and serves as a significant contributor to Mongolias carbon emissions.This initiative has forged a path for households and children to live in a much healt

230、hier environment through the reduction of indoor and outdoor air pollutants.The project empowers families to lead improved lives by ensuring cleaner indoor air quality.Moreover,it aids women and children in diminishing and ultimately eradicating the need to burn coal for heating.Households stand to

231、save up to 70 percent of their energy expenditure,while project participants can also generate income from the sale of carbon credits.Lessons learnedSmall scale pilot projects such as this can better test the strength of cutting-edge technologies on how to engage communities with families,helping to

232、 meet their needs.It is of great importance to build inclusive participation into climate action by engaging grassroots communities to act and to be part of the solution.References 1.The Asia Foundation.(2022).In Mongolia,a Quest to Democratize Carbon Credits.https:/asiafoundation.org/2022/11/09/in-

233、mongolia-a-quest-to-democratize-carbon-credits/2.URECA.(2023).Coal-to-Solar Initiative:Empowering Ger District Communities through Climate Financing.https:/ B2:Innovative Financing Pilot Project for Deployment of Distributed Photovoltaic Solar for Rural Revitalisation in Hanyin County,Shaanxi Provin

234、ce,China Country/City:China/Hanyin County,Ankang City,Shaanxi Province Implementing agency:Tencent Sustainable Social Value,China Construction Bank Shaanxi Branch,Huanghe Photovoltaic,National Energy Administration,the Research Institute of Finance and Banking of the Peoples Bank of China,Ankang Mun

235、icipal government,Hanyin County government,Shaanxi Local Financial Supervision and Administration,Shaanxi Rural Revitalization Bureau,Shaanxi Electric Power Corporation of State Grid,Shaanxi Power Exchange Center and others.Funding:-Funding source:Philanthropic Funds,Bank Loans Website:-BackgroundTo

236、 maximize the use of solar resources and contribute to the carbon peaking and neutrality goals,in 2021,Chinas National Energy Administration initiated a pilot programme entitled“County-wide Development of Distributed Solar Photovoltaics,”with 26 counties in Shaanxi Province selected as pilot areas.A

237、lthough Shaanxi has set an ambitious target of achieving 4.2 million kilowatts of installed solar capacity,implementation progress has been slow.In 2022,merely six percent of the set target was completed.In addition to constraints imposed by poor electricity infrastructure in rural areas,there are t

238、wo other main reasons for the current underachievement.First,the return on investment(ROI)of rural PV projects are not profitable enough to attract private investors.Second,the state-owned enterprises that are usually responsible for implementation of these projects lack capacity in engaging with in

239、dividual farmers.In mid-2022,Tencent Sustainable Social Value(SSV),in partnership with China Construction Bank(CCB)Shaanxi Branch,initiated the project“Innovation Pilot on Distributed Solar Photovoltaic for Rural Revitalization.”The objective of the pilot is to drive distributed solar PV uptake in S

240、haanxi Province and explore an innovative financing mechanism for charitable projects.Project implementation Tencent SSV,serving as the principal,contributed 8 million yuan to the project,entrusting CCB Trust Figure 16:Installation of Solar Panel in Hanyin County.34to set up a charitable trust.A pro

241、ject company was founded under this trust as the main vehicle to operate the pilot project.The 26 pilot areas in Shaanxi were selected against three main criteria:Counties with low solar resources with 900 to 1,200 annual equivalent utilization hours where the profitability of PV projects is not sub

242、stantial enough to attract commercial investments.8 Counties that have also been selected as National Rural Revitalization Pilot areas,which means that the average annual income per household is ten to thirty thousand yuan.Counties where CCB has extensive solar PV project experience,meaning a founda

243、tion has been laid in both political and practical terms.In the first phase,the project has recruited close to 40 households in Hanyin County of Ankang City to each install 10kW solar panel systems,with CCBs Shaanxi Branch offering half of the installation costs in loans.The generated electricity ha

244、s been integrated into the national grid,with revenues from sales of electricity received by the project company going toward paying a stable annual rent to the farmers and repaying the bank loans.Remaining revenues will be used to reimburse the charitable fund and reinvest in other philanthropic pr

245、ojects.In the upscaling phase,the pilot plans to cover 3,000 to 4,000 households.A new industrial investor,Huanghe Photovoltaic,will be brought in to work with the capital fund to set up a new project company.Tencent will own 20 percent of the company while Huanghe Photovoltaic will own the remainin

246、g 80 percent.In addition,it is expected that CCB Shaanxi Branch will offer a loan of up to 80 percent of the construction costs.The pilots innovative financing structure is illustrated in Figure 17.Compared with traditional philanthropic projects where funding comes solely from donations,this new fi

247、nancing model leverages industry funds and bank loans with charitable funds.It is expected that this innovative financing model will make similar charitable projects more sustainable.First,the inclusion of charitable funds ensures that the projects selected have cascading social benefits.Second,CCBs

248、 management of the charitable fund ensures a transparent and secure use of the donations that fulfil its philanthropic purposes.Moreover,the addition of leverage enables the expansion of beneficiaries.For example,by using the new financing model,the second phase of the pilot can recruit approximatel

249、y 4,000 to 5,000 households,compared with 200 households using the traditional financing model.The more than 20-fold increase in beneficiaries demonstrates the multiplier effect of the new financing model.Third,by working with industrial partners,the pilot can guarantee long-term maintenance of equi

250、pment and contribute to the rejuvenation of the local market.The pilot also engaged key stakeholders at both national,provincial,and local levels,including the National Energy Administration,the Research Institute of Finance and Banking of the Peoples Bank of China,Ankang Municipal government,Hanyin

251、 County government,Shaanxi Local Financial 8 China has divided solar resource regions into three categories based on annual equivalent utilization hours.Regions with annual equivalent utilization hours exceeding 1600 hours are classified as Category One,regions with annual equivalent utilization hou

252、rs between 1400 and 1600 hours are classified as Category Two,and regions with annual equivalent utilization hours between 1200 and 1400 hours are classified as Category Three.Figure 17:Traditional Financing Model and Innovative Financing Model35Supervision and Administration,Shaanxi Rural Revitaliz

253、ation Bureau,Shaanxi Electric Power Corporation of State Grid,Shaanxi Power Exchange Center,and others.Results and impactsFinancing models can improve outreach and impacts:In the first phase of the project,around 40 households in Hanyin County received funding to set up solar PVs with total capacity

254、 of around 400 kW,and each household received annual rent of around 500 yuan.In August 2023,Chinas National Development and Reform Commission,Ministry of Finance,and National Energy Administration jointly issued Promoting the Full Coverage of Green Power Certificates for Renewable Energy to Facilita

255、te Renewable Energy Power Consumption.This policy expands Chinas Green Power Certificate coverage to distributed solar photovoltaic power generation.In the next step,the pilot project plans to apply for Green Power Certificates to boost the ROI of the project,thereby making it more bankable.Lessons

256、learnedThe engagement of key stakeholders is crucial for successful pilot implementation.The combination of market-oriented ideas,innovative methods,and financing models has a multiplier effect on alleviating poverty and promoting social welfare.References 1.China Energy News.(2023).What Factors Hin

257、der the Implementation of County-Wide Distributed Solar PV Promotion in Shaanxi?https:/ 2.Shaanxi Charity.China Internet Public Welfare Summit-Sustainable Finance for Rural Revitalization and Dual Carbon Side Event Held in Xian http:/ 3.BJNews.(2023).New Sample of Rural Revitalization:A Finance+Publ

258、ic Welfare Experiment on a Rooftop in Southern Shaanxi Province.https:/ 4.Peoples Daily.(2023).Expansion of the issuance scope of renewable energy green power certificates.http:/ B3:Public Engagement in Mindful Energy Consumption:Eco-Smart Metering App“E-Keeper”(Suwon City,Republic of Korea)Country/

259、City:Republic of Korea/Suwon Implementing agency:Suwon City Government Funding:2 million KRW per year Funding source:Local Government Website:www.suwon.go.krBackground The building sector accounts for more than two-thirds of the total GHG emissions in Suwon City.On its pathway towards becoming an En

260、vironmental Capital of the country,the city launched the Carbon Monitoring in Our Home initiative to accelerate energy efficiency in residential buildings and promote the decarbonization of the building sector.A mobile application called E-Keeper developed by Ajou University Carbon Zero Energy Cente

261、r helps apartment residents monitor their energy usage in real time,including gas,electricity,and hot water consumption.It also allows them to compare their usage with other households and provides a carbon emission forecast.The initial phase of the project aims to involve 1,999 households in three

262、apartment complexes:836 households from Shinmyung Dongbo Apartment,363 households from Namgwang Housestory Apartment,and 800 households from Hillstate Homeshil Apartment.The project is expected to scale up based on the outcomes of its initial phase.The city aims to engage 20 percent of its total apa

263、rtment buildings,which amounts to approximately 60,000 households out of a total of 279,614,in the project by 2025.Project implementationThe third 5-year Master Plan on Climate Change Response of the city,published in 2022,outlines three key strategic approaches to reduce GHG emissions from the buil

264、ding sector,which is the largest source of GHG emissions as shown in Figure 19 below by 40 percent through enhancement of building efficiency,advancement of Zero-Energy urban development,and increased engagement of civil society.Within this framework,E-keeper,the mobile application for monitoring en

265、ergy consumption in residential buildings as part of the project,contributes to the establishment of an integrated energy system,leading to the decarbonization of the building sector.Figure 18:Representation Photo of Smart Metering App(Source:Gyeonggi News)37 Phase 1.To develop an implementation roa

266、dmap for the monitoring energy usage initiative and its pilot project plan,Suwon city formed a steering advisory committee and a dedicated council in December 2022.With the aim of promoting public engagement in energy efficiency and the decarbonization of residential buildings,Suwon city,Ajou Univer

267、sity,three participating apartment complexes,Suwon City Apartment Residents Association,Korea Housing Management Association,and Suwon City Neighbourhood Association Council signed an MOU.The city will operate monitoring server;the university will develop and manage the monitoring application and co

268、nducted performance analysis;Suwon City Apartment Residents Association will lead the participation of apartment complexes,and the council will lead the participation of residents.The first phase implemented for three months,with participation of a total of 1,999 households from three apartment buil

269、dings participating.Data monitoring and collection,and performance analysis were conducted.Phase 2.The second phase began in August 2023 and will continue until December 2023.The phase features expanded public engagement compared to the previous one,involving a total of 17,053 households from 15 apa

270、rtment buildings and 1 detached house.Additionally,the city will host two award events to recognize outstanding participants for their performance,while fostering private sector engagement in providing financial benefits for participants.The project provides a compelling example of public engagement

271、.The local government raises public awareness and interest in energy efficiency and the decarbonization of residential buildings through a series of discussions,seminars,and campaigns.They also designate Citizen Climate Ambassadors to promote the project.These ambassadors play a crucial role in enco

272、uraging more apartment buildings to participate and in facilitating project implementation by supporting the installation of the mobile application,opinion collection,and organizing public campaigns,and fostering collaborative and community-driven activities.Results and impactsData Availability has

273、an Impact on CO2 Reductions:The three apartment complexes participating in the first phase reduced their electricity usage by an average of 10.01 percent,12.17 percent,and 9.6 percent,respectively as seen in Figure 20.This is equivalent to a GHG emissions reduction of 26.94 tons of CO2 per month on

274、average.It also provides a financial benefit to households.Figure 19:Suwon city 2021 GHG Emissions per sector(Source:Suwon City Government)38Lessons learnedDue to the early stage of project implementation and limitations of the initial mobile application model,there is limited data available.More qu

275、antitative and qualitative data are required to assess practical impacts of the project,identify areas for improvement,and facilitate its broader scalability across the city.Strong Interest from Public:The project highlights the active engagement and strong interest of the public in adopting a low c

276、arbon lifestyle as a step towards decarbonizing the building sector.The collection of scientific and accurate data about their real-time energy usage through the mobile application encourages them to take active and bold actions.This benefits each household and contributes to the decarbonization of

277、the building sector,aligning with the citys goal of becoming a carbon neutral city.Scaling up of Project:For example,the city plans to scale up the project,aiming to engage 60,000 households by 2025.This expansion is projected to result in a total annual reduction of 19,396,800 tons of CO2 emission

278、reduction every year based on average CO2 reductions obtained from the project to date.The city is expected to achieve its goal of reducing GHG emissions from the building sector by 1.58 million tons of CO2 earlier than the planned target of 2030.This achievement will accelerate low carbon initiativ

279、es in other sectors of the city and contribute significantly to achieving its carbon neutrality goals.References 1.Suwon City Government.(2022).Suwon City Master Plan on Climate Change Response.2.Kang,Y.(2023).Carbon Monitoring Business Agreement Ceremony.https:/www.ajou.ac.kr/en/intro/sdgs_goal13.d

280、o?mode=view&articleNo=219347&article.offset=0&articleLimit=10 3.Kim,Y.(2023)Suwon is on its pathway towards becoming an Environmental Capital with public engagement https:/kgnews.co.kr/mobile/article.html?no=744756 4.Kim.Y(2023).Carbon Neutrality Policy with Citizen Participation.http:/www.urbansdgp

281、latform.org/profile/profile_caseView_detail.msc?no_case=640&from=list 5.“Carbon Monitoring in Our Home”(n.d).Presentation slides.6.Suwon City Government&Ajou University Carbon Zero Energy Center(n.d.).A Performance Report of the Pilot Project Carbon Monitoring in Our Home(Phase 1).Presentation slide

282、s 7.Suwon City Government(n.d.).Introduction of the Public-engaged Pilot Project Carbon Monitoring in Our Home.Presentation slidesFigure 20:Electricity Consumption Comparison Chart(source:Suwon city)050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000211,133Shinmyung DongboNamgwang HousetoryHillstate H

283、omeshil234,62682,57994,009269,205297,816Energy Consumption(kWh)23.3.22.3.23,493(9.96t)11,430(4.85t)28,611(12.13T)Reduced 10.01%Reduced 12.17%Reduced 9.6%39Case B4:Empowering Community Partners in Developing Plastic Reduction Education Initiatives and Activities(Beijing,China)Country/City:China/Beiji

284、ng and Qingdao Implementing agency:“Rethinking Plastic”Project,Beijing Huitian Community Foundation,Tiantongyuan Community Cultural Arts Center,Beijing Changping NGOs Incubation Center,Beijing Shunyi District,Science and Technology Association,Xingxingcao Teenager Public Welfare Benefit Organization

285、,Beijing Changping District Changshengyuan Community Government,Beijing Changping District Primary School Funding:410,000 yuan Funding source:Charitable Grants Website:-BackgroundWith the development of socio-economy and the acceleration of industrialization,human impact on the environment has becom

286、e increasingly severe,and the issue of plastic pollution has garnered significant international attention.In recent years,China has introduced various plastic reduction and prohibition policies,promoting initiatives such as development of alternative materials and extended corporate responsibilities

287、.These measures have contributed to a rise in public awareness towards plastic reduction.However,the full potential for public engagement remains untapped,primarily due to inadequate public understanding of plastic pollution and its implications,along with the lack of localized environmental educati

288、on materials addressing plastic pollution at the community level.Communities,as the fundamental units of urban governance and development,provide an ideal setting for ongoing environmental education for the public.However,community managers,volunteers,and NGO partners lack a systematic understanding

289、 of plastic waste management,making it difficult to translate public awareness into environmentally friendly behaviours.With the support of the“Rethinking Plastic”,Institute for Global Decarbonization Progress(iGDP)is carrying out the Clean Plastic Future public education project.This project seeks

290、to explore effective approaches to engage and empower various stakeholders at the community level in reducing plastic Figure 21:Photo Collage of Community Outreach Activities and Education Initiatives.40pollution.The goal is to enhance public understanding of plastic pollution from a multi-dimension

291、al perspective and encourage more proactive plastic reduction behaviours.Project implementation The initiative is being piloted in Tiantongyuan Community to establish an action network for public education among community stakeholders.Tiantongyuan Community in Beijing comprises 25 neighbourhood comm

292、ittees and has a resident population exceeding 400,000.The surrounding areas are densely populated as well,with over one million residents within a 10-kilometer radius.In December 2021,in collaboration with Tiantongyuan Community Cultural Arts Center,Community Foundation and a social organization in

293、cubation center,the project team facilitated the implementation of public education activities.iGDP supported the Community Foundation in planning and organizing a youth art competition focused on plastic reduction.Building upon this,a community plastic reduction science exhibition was held.The exhi

294、bition showcased the creative artworks of young individuals,reflecting their expectations and thoughts on a Clean Plastic Future.Community residents were recruited as volunteer guides for the exhibition,where they educated the public about plastic reduction lifestyles and the hazards of plastic poll

295、ution.The exhibition yielded unexpected influence,and through community-driven promotion,it attracted over 200,000 visitors for learning and participation in both offline and online activities.Leveraging the impact of the science exhibition,iGDP collaborated with university student organizations to

296、organize a short video contest and partnered with a local NGO that provides youth with opportunities for public service to organize a seminar on reducing plastic waste.iGDP has equipped university student organizations and community NGOs with knowledge toolkits,enabling them to understand the develo

297、pment of plastic pollution issues and its impact on oceans,soil,and human health.A total of 118 college students and teams created and shared videos on social media platforms,reaching over 160,000 audiences.Moreover,144 youth participants engaged in community plastic reduction presentations,promptin

298、g over 10,000 residents to pledge their commitment to plastic reduction.Harnessing the influence of community workers and NGOs,we have been fostering the adoption of plastic reduction habits among the public.Through dialogue with the community workers and partners,the project team has recognized tha

299、t the key to reducing plastic pollution lies in source reduction and the removal of plastic waste from our living environment.Thus,prompted by initiatives from the cultural center,13 community workers participated in a workshop aimed at promoting low-carbon consumption at the community level.In the

300、workshop,they identified challenges and designed strategies for implementing low-carbon consumption at the community level and explored pathways to inspire residents to reduce waste at its source.iGDP provided the community workers with relevant action case studies and aided in formulating community

301、 action plans.In addition,in collaboration with community NGOs,iGDP orchestrated a short video dissemination campaign to document residents best practices in plastic reductions.This included creative transformations of plastic waste,clean-up efforts targeting plastic leakage into the environment,was

302、te sorting,and the reduction of plastic product usage.This initiative has reached over 1.5 million residents.Expanding on the lessons learned from the Tiantongyuan community,iGDP refined the plastic reduction knowledge toolkit and collaborated with the Changshengyuan community to devise a public edu

303、cation initiative.A dedicated project manager was appointed from Changshengyuan to oversee the project planning,execution,resource coordination,and resident engagement processes.This manager successfully extended plastic reduction education to primary schools by conducting 41lectures and facilitatin

304、g plastic reduction-themed art creation projects.To engage the communitys youngsters,the manager organized community council meetings,inviting them in discussions on how art could be employed for plastic reduction education within the community.The valuable insights from these young participants gar

305、nered enthusiastic responses from their families and community volunteers.Through collective efforts,the community utilized art exhibitions to attract a larger audience.In collaboration with young volunteers,a swap event was organized where participants could exchange used items,including childrens

306、books and toys.University student volunteers provided informative explanations at the event.The funds raised during this event will be used to support future plastic reduction education initiatives within the community.This multi-faceted approach not only increased awareness but also engaged various

307、 segments of the community in a concerted effort to reduce plastic consumption.Results and impactsCurrently,the Clean Plastic Future initiative has been successfully replicated in numerous communities across various cities in China.An increasing number of community workers have come to recognize the

308、 importance of promoting waste separation and reducing waste at its source,along with the necessity of public-oriented plastic reduction education.Community Workers and Educational Toolkits Essential for Project:The project team has collaborated with the government to distil the lessons learned from

309、 previous projects.A comprehensive educational toolkit tailored for community workers has been developed,which includes plastic reduction courses,activity planning templates,and case studies.This toolkit empowers community workers to systematically conduct plastic reduction education activities.Targ

310、eted Education Initiatives Bring Better Results:Notably,community workers are shifting their public education strategies.They are now delivering targeted explanations to the public about the significance of reducing plastic waste and proper waste separation.Moreover,they are customizing education in

311、itiatives to suit different demographic groups habits and interests.For instance,specific activities have been designed for teenagers,such as promoting non-plastic book covers and milk carton recycling.Young adults are engaged in Plogging activities,combining jogging with litter clean-up.Elderly ind

312、ividuals are introduced to plastic repurposing and reuse methods.This multifaceted approach showcases the adaptability of plastic reduction education to different age groups,fostering a comprehensive shift in behaviour.Lessons learnedAvoid Overloading Community Workers:Community workers play a pivot

313、al role in mobilizing local resources and adjusting plastic management mechanisms.However,due to the intricate nature of policies that street level bureaucrats are required to implement,they often require assistance from volunteers or NGOs to carry out public education activities.This usually involv

314、es collecting public feedback,discussing effective plastic reduction action plans.Moreover,the government should utilize its purchasing power when procuring waste separation services to specify related requirements for service providers.This ensures that community workers avoid being overwhelmed by

315、execution tasks,allowing them to capitalize on their strengths.Womens Participation Can Increase Engagement:In terms of community engagement,womens participation can make a difference by translating discussed topics into public actions.It is because women tend to prioritize childrens health,putting

316、more emphasis on maintaining harmonious community relations and community development.It motivates them to invest time and resources 42into participating in plastic reduction practices and discussions.Local Cultural Integration Improves Knowledge Proliferation:Lastly,the effectiveness of plastic red

317、uction education content is amplified when it is integrated with local culture and practical experiences.Such integration resonates better with the public,fostering increased willingness to engage in the dissemination of knowledge and experiences.Therefore,community partners should compile their pra

318、ctical experiences and transform them into case studies,thereby developing educational content that closely aligns with the daily lives of the residents.43Case B5:Public Engagement in Eco-Friendly Lifestyle Activities(Kyoto,Japan)Country/City:Japan/Kyoto Implementing agency:Global Environment Policy

319、 Office,City of Kyoto Funding:-Funding source:-Website:https:/www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/kankyo/soshiki/5-7-0-0-0.htmlBackgroundKyoto is an inland city located roughly in the center of Japan,with a population of approximately 1.45 million.Kyoto has been the ancient capital of Japan for more than 1,200 yea

320、rs and is now a tourist city with 43 million annual visitors.Kyoto City is also famous not only as a tourist destination but also as the birthplace of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol(COP3).In May 2019,at the Commemorative Symposium on the 49th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Session convened

321、in Kyoto City,the mayor of Kyoto City expressed his determination to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050,ahead of other local governments in Japan.The COP3 has been an opportunity for all citizens to work together on acting against global warming and steadily reducing GHG emissions.In 2020,the en

322、ergy consumption of the entire city of Kyoto has been reduced by 31.1 percent from its peak,while energy consumption from residential use has remained unchanged as can be seen in Figure 23 below.This indicated that it may be possible for Kyoto to further reduce its emissions through targeted measure

323、s at residents through public engagement.Figure 22:KYOSO Meeting Working Groups and Tasks.Decarbonized Lifestyle Vision for 2050Overview of 2050 KYOSO MeetingTargets/Indicators for 2030Action List for 2030ProjectPJPJPJPJPJPJconsumptionbehaviorPerspectives onbottleneck-typesolutions andaction initiat

324、orslivingrelationshipThematicWGPromotionTeamCitizensShareSuggestion,Participation,Practice44Kyoto City has been working with citizens and businesses under the slogan DO YOU KYOTO?which has been ongoing since 2008,to change the lifestyles of its citizens,promoting the use of public transport with no-

325、my car and implementing energy-saving initiatives with Lights Down,to promote and raise awareness of environmental awareness and practice environmentally friendly measures.As a result,Kyoto City has achieved reductions in energy consumption and waste:Reduced waste by approximately 53 percent compare

326、d to the peak.The share of cars as a means of transport within the city has decreased by approximately 18 percent(from 28.3 percent in FY2000 to 23.3 percent in FY2021).The share of public transport(railways and buses)has increased by approximately 26 percent (from 21.8 percent in FY2000 to 27.5 per

327、cent in FY2021).The number of tourists traveling by car has also decreased by approximately 70 percent(from 30 percent in FY2009 to 8.6 percent in FY2018).Project implementationIn order to realize a prosperous Kyoto that will fulfil the dreams of future generations,the Kyoto-based Decarbonised Lifes

328、tyle Promotion Team-2050 Kyoto Creation Meeting was established in September 2021,with citizens,businesses,and academics,mainly the young people who will lead Kyoto City in the future,to create a mechanism for each citizen to shift to their own unique decarbonized lifestyle,aiming to shift to a soci

329、ety and economic activities that do not emit CO2.The 2050 Kyoto Creation Meeting will share decarbonised lifestyles appropriate for Kyoto in 2050 and create mechanisms(projects)in which citizens can propose and participate in making choices in their daily lives that lead to decarbonisation,rather th

330、an endurance and mentality.Results and impactsBased on the discussions at the Kyoto Creation Meeting,a vision of a Kyoto-based decarbonised lifestyle is developed as a guideline to be shared by citizens.At the same time,targets and indicators for 2030,examples of actions(action list)to be taken by c

331、itizens,and mechanisms(projects)for citizens to put them into practice themselves based on the action list are compiled.Marketing and spreading of information:As a catchphrase for environmentally friendly initiatives calling on the citizens to realise the vision,the new slogan DO YOU KYOTO?2050,Lets

332、 change now.Lets change the future.was developed from the slogan DO YOU KYOTO?”.In addition,the official Kyoto City decarbonised Figure 23:Energy consumption in Kyoto CityOverall:decreasing trendResidential sector:generally leveling off19956000501001502002507008009001,0006001,20020002005201020152020

333、45lifestyle website 2050MAGAZINE and social networking service(SNS)such as Facebook,Instagram,Twitter or Spotify,have been set up to disseminate information and raise awareness of the vision.Pilot projects with businesses:Projects are created and demonstrated by the working groups(WGs)established under the Meeting(Consumption Behaviour WG,Housing WG,and Connections WG).In 2022,eight projects,inclu