Wellcome：2018全球健康監測報告（英文版）(132頁).pdf

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1、2018 Wellcome Global Monitor How does the world feel about science and health? About Gallup Gallup delivers analytics and advice to help leaders and organisations solve their most pressing problems. Combining more than 80 years of experience with its global reach, Gallup knows more about the attitud

2、es and behaviours of employees, customers, students and citizens than any other organisation in the world. For more information about Gallup, please visit Copyright standards This report has been commissioned by Wellcome. Copyright Wellcome. It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons

3、CC-BY licence, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution of the data or text provided that the original author and source are credited. If you do edit the text, then you must acknowledge this on the republished article. We suggest that you cite this report as follows: Gallup (2019) Wellcome

4、Global Monitor First Wave Findings. Please note that the images used throughout the report are the copyright of the photographer or Gallup and are not available under Creative Commons. Cover image: A hospital pharmacy in Mali. Godong / BSIP / Science Photo Library 3 | Wellcome Global Monitor 2019 Fo

5、reword 4 Summary of key findings 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 8 Summary 10 Why study global public attitudes to science? 10 What research questions are in the Wellcome Global Monitor? 12 How was the Wellcome Global Monitor survey developed? 13 What next? 15 Regional country groupings 15 Chapter 2: Unde

6、rstanding and interest in science and health 18 Summary 20 Introduction 21 The definition of science 22 Understanding of what studying science constitutes 24 Perceived knowledge of science 26 Science and health information seeking 36 Interest in learning more about science and health 38 Special focu

7、s: gender differences in perceived science knowledge and education 41 Conclusion 46 Chapter 3: Trust in science and health professionals 48 Summary 50 Introduction 50 The development of a new measure of trust: the Wellcome Global Monitor Trust in Scientists Index 51 Understanding the predictors of t

8、rust in scientists 59 Confidence and trust in health professionals and hospitals 64 Confidence in hospitals and health clinics 67 Who people trust the most to give them medical or health advice 70 Conclusion 73 Chapter 4: Science and society 74 Summary 77 Introduction 76 Do people feel that science

9、benefits them? 77 Do people feel that science benefits other people in their country? 81 The combined view: how people feel about the benefits of science on a personal and societal level 83 Do people believe that science will improve life for the next generation? 91 Do people think science and techn

10、ology will increase or decrease the number of jobs in their local area in the next five years? 91 The relationship between religion and science in peoples lives 96 Conclusion 102 Chapter 5: Attitudes to vaccines 104 Summary 106 Introduction 106 Awareness of vaccines 108 Perceptions of the safety of

11、vaccines 109 Perceptions of the effectiveness of vaccines 110 Perceptions of the effectiveness and safety of vaccines 112 Factors related to perceptions of vaccine safety 117 Perceptions of the importance of vaccines for children 119 Did people report vaccinating their children? 121 The relationship

12、 between trust in scientists and attitudes to vaccines 122 The relationship between trust in doctors and nurses and attitudes to vaccines 123 Conclusion 124 Appendix: Wellcome Global Monitor Questionnaire 2018 126 Acknowledgements 131 Contents To read our full technical report, access more detailed

13、country profiles and download the full dataset, please visit Wellcome.ac.uk/monitor 4 | Wellcome Global Monitor 2019 Foreword Health is a personal experience, a social issue and a global concern. Any attempt to improve health, whether through new treatments, policies or procedures, will be most effe

14、ctive when patients and the public are engaged. No matter how great your idea or how robust your science, it still has to be accepted by the people who stand to benefit from it. Most of the time, that will mean someone putting their trust in healthcare professionals and the science and technologies

15、that underpin modern medicine. Wellcome Global Monitor is the largest study to date into global attitudes to science and health. Having collected responses from more than 140,000 people in over 140 countries, it offers a wealth of information about peoples interest and trust in science in almost eve

16、ry part of the world. Differences in attitudes between regions are fascinating, but Im just as struck by the similarities. Wherever they are, people want to know more about science and health, and 75% of us have confidence in our own countrys healthcare system. We asked people specifically about vac

17、cines. They are our most powerful public health tools, protecting billions of people from deadly and debilitating infections like polio or measles. But to achieve sufficient coverage of the population to be effective, people have to feel able to trust vaccines, healthcare workers and scientists. The

18、 vast majority of those surveyed agreed that vaccines are important, and even parents who were sceptical about safety or effectiveness mostly said their children had received at least one vaccine. Like so many health issues, the acceptability of vaccines relies on a number of social factors as well

19、as peoples personal choices. This means that understanding people and society through history, sociology, anthropology is at least as important as understanding viruses and immunology. Its the flipside of traditional public engagement, where the aim has been for the public to understand the science.

20、 In fact, it has to cut both ways. Science is part of society: if all of us can be more open to ideas and perspectives we dont necessarily share, the research that society supports and does will become more relevant and, ultimately, more effective. Instead of science being done for the public, it wi

21、ll be done with the public. Wellcome Global Monitor presents an unprecedented and comprehensive view of current relationships between science and the public around the world. As well as providing context for further research, its findings can inform the development of policies to increase trust and

22、engagement between scientists and society. It shows the diversity of attitudes towards science and health, and much that we all have in common. Working together, sharing, collaborating and learning from each other, we can make the most of science and research to improve our health, our lives and our

23、 world. Jeremy Farrar, Director of Wellcome 5 | Wellcome Global Monitor 2019 Face to face interview taking place in Benin. Gallup 2018 Nationally representative surveys conducted in over 140 countries, using more than 140 languages and interviewing more than 140,000 people. Timeline: Sep 2017 to Mar

24、 2018: developing and testing the survey questionnaire Apr to Dec 2018: collecting the data in over 140 countries Jan to May 2019: analysing the results Jun 2019: publishing the findings The Wellcome Global Monitor first wave 6 | Wellcome Global Monitor 2019 Summary of key findings Wellcome Global M

25、onitor is the first study of public attitudes to science and health on a global scale, conducting nationally representative surveys of people aged 15 years or older in over 140 countries. We spoke directly to over 140,000 people around the world. The survey covers topics such as whether people trust

26、 science, scientists, and information about health, the levels of understanding and interest in science and health, the benefits of science, the compatibility of religion and science, and attitudes to vaccines. The report explores how attitudes vary by characteristics such as nationality, gender, in

27、come, and education. It is the first time international and regional differences in attitudes have been studied at this level of detail. Understanding and interest in science and health Almost everywhere, men are more likely to claim greater science knowledge than women. This gap exists even when me

28、n and women report equal levels of science attainment. This gender gap is largest in Northern Europe, standing at a 17-percentage-point difference, and the lowest is in the Middle East, with a 3-percentage-point difference. Young people say they know more about science than older people do. Worldwid

29、e, more than half the people aged 1529 (53%) say they know some or a lot about science, compared to 40% of those aged 3049 and 34% of those aged 50 and older. Almost two-thirds of people worldwide (62%) say they are interested in learning more about science, particularly people living in low-income

30、countries, 72%. The basic concepts of science and scientists are not universally understood across all countries, even in high-income nations. In Central Africa, for example, 32% said they understood none of the definitions presented to them or said they didnt know. In Northern America and most of E

31、urope this figure drops as low as 2%. Globally, 28% of people say they recently sought information about science, and 41% have recently sought information about medicine, disease or health. Trust in science and health professionals Globally, 18% of people have a high level of trust in scientists, wh

32、ile 54% have a medium level of trust, 14% have low trust and 13% said dont know. This ranges from a third of people having high trust in Australia and New Zealand, Northern Europe and Central Asia to around one in ten in Central and South America. While most of what is related positively to a person

33、s level of trust in scientists cannot be explained, learning science at school or college, and confidence in key national institutions (such as the government, the military and the judiciary) are the strongest factors. Other factors that significantly relate positively to trust in scientists include

34、 living in a rural location as opposed to having an urban residence, the extent to which people feel it is difficult to get by on their income, higher levels of income inequality in a country, and lack of access to mobile phones and the internet. Globally, 73% of people say they would trust a doctor

35、 or a nurse more than other sources of health advice, including family, friends, religious leaders or famous people. This figure ranges from a low of 65% in East Asia and the Middle East, to a high of about 90% in parts of Europe, Northern America and Australia and New Zealand. People in high-income

36、 countries are about as likely to have confidence in hospitals and health clinics in their country as lower-middle-income countries (78% and 82% respectively). Those who find it difficult or very difficult to get by financially in upper-middle and high-income countries have the lowest confidence in

37、hospitals and health clinics than any other group elsewhere in the world. 7 | Wellcome Global Monitor 2019 Personal household income may be more strongly related to peoples confidence in hospitals and health clinics than national income is. People who say they find it difficult to get by on their pr

38、esent income are less likely to say they have confidence in their countrys hospitals and health clinics. Worldwide, more than eight in ten people (84%) say they trust medical and health advice from medical workers (such as doctors and nurses) but that decreases to 76% for trust in that same advice f

39、rom the government. Science and society Worldwide, about seven in ten people feel that science benefits them but only around four in ten think it benefits most people in their country. About a third of people in North and Southern Africa, and Central and South America feel excluded from the benefits

40、 of science. South America has the highest proportion of people who believe that science neither benefits them personally nor society as a whole, about a quarter of people. In high-income countries, people who say they are finding it difficult to get by on their present income are about three times

41、as likely as people who say they are living comfortably to be sceptical about whether science benefits society as a whole, or them personally. Overall, out of more than 140 countries in this study, people in France are most likely to see science and technology as a threat to the local employment pro

42、spects. Regionally, the people of Western Europe and Eastern Europe are the most pessimistic regions about the impact of science and technology on jobs in their countries. Among people with a religious affiliation, 55% would agree with their religious teachings in a disagreement between science and

43、their religion; 29% would agree with science, and 13% say it depends on the issue. Among people who say they have a religion, the highest percentages of people who say that science has disagreed with their religious teachings are in the US and Southern Europe (59%), Globally, 64% percent of people w

44、ho have a religious affiliation and who say religion is an important part of their daily life, say that when there is a disagreement, they believe religion over science. Attitudes to vaccines Globally, eight in ten people (79%) somewhat or strongly agree that vaccines are safe, while 7% somewhat or

45、strongly disagree. Another 11% neither agree nor disagree, and 3% said they dont know. In high-income regions, only 72% of people in Northern America and 73% in Northern Europe agree that vaccines are safe. In Western Europe, this figure is lower, at 59%, and in Eastern Europe is only 50%. In low-in

46、come regions, the proportion tends to be much higher, with highs of 95% of people in South Asia and 92% in Eastern Africa. In France, one in three people disagree that vaccines are safe, the highest percentage for any country worldwide. 92% of parents worldwide said that their children had received

47、a vaccine to prevent them from getting childhood diseases, while 6% said they did not, and 2% said they did not know. The highest percentage of parents who said their children did not receive a vaccine were Southern Africa, 9% and East Asia and Southeast Asia, 8%. In most regions, people who have hi

48、gh trust in doctors and nurses are very likely to consider that vaccines are safe. However, this is less true in Western and Eastern Europe. There is a positive relationship between overall trust in scientists and attitudes towards vaccines, though the relationship is strongest in high- income count

49、ries. A health educator talks to women about mother and child healthcare in a village in Chad. Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos Introduction 10 | Wellcome Global Monitor 2019: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction Why study global public attitudes to science? Science can lead to discoveries and new technologies that change peoples understanding of the world, influencing the way we live and how our communities and societies function. Active, transparent engagement between