15至逐步減少最佳方案-用全球升溫潛能值低的制冷劑替代氫氟碳化合物.pdf

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1、Click to edit Master title style2_Title Slide15 to Phasedown:Best Practices for Replacing HFCs with Low-GWP Refrigerants April 4,2024 10:30 AM 12:00 PM ET Pooya Soltanian Sedeh IKEA US RETAIL LLC 1234Agenda Douglas Rheinheimer Paramount Pictures Michael Deru NREL Welcome and Introductions 5Closing a

2、nd Q&A 6Katharine Kaplan DOE Polling Instructions Please navigate to the session in the app and select Polls from the menu Katharine Kaplan Department of Energy 6U.S.DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY&RENEWABLE ENERGY BTO Overview Internal Only 2/23/21 ver.2/22 15 to Phasedown:Best Pra

3、ctices for Replacing HFCs with Low-GWP Refrigerants DOE Building Technology Office R&D 7 DOE Building Technology Office R&D Portfolio DriverLow GWP refrigerants As the grid gets cleaner,reducing emissions from refrigerants becomes ever more important 8 U.S.DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFIC

4、IENCY&RENEWABLE ENERGY Next Generation Refrigerants Fundamental Research and Development R&D focused on 150 GWP refrigerants for space conditioning,water heating,and commercial refrigeration for all building types in support of the AIM Act which targets an 85%HFC phasedown by 2035 Heat exchangers an

5、d compressor development for heat pumps using GWP 150 refrigerants.Low-GWP(A3)refrigerant leak study assessment-Correlations for real-world refrigerant release rates for a range of systems,leak locations,leak orifice sizes,and system operating state Low-GWP refrigerant leak detection sensors enables

6、 field detection of leaks in large refrigeration systems to enable repair and determine composition for re-charging ORNL has developed a testbed to evaluate the performance of low GWP refrigerants in heat exchangers Frist-of-its-kind low-cost sensor developed by ORNL to detect leakage from equipment

7、 using propane 9 U.S.DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY&RENEWABLE ENERGY Next Generation Refrigerants Equipment Solutions Supermarket systems CO2 refrigeration system Micro-cascade refrigeration system with low-GWP alternative separate units are located over display cases to reduce ref

8、rigerant charge Vending machines Vending machine development using propane refrigerant(GWP=3)Dispensing machine development with 454c refrigerant(GWP=146)Residential multifunction hydronic heat pump/water heater using propane with GWP=3 high-efficiency hydronic unit;40%overall annual energy savings

9、Low GWP heat pump water heaters focused on the deployment and performance optimization of HPWHs using refrigerants with a GWP=4 or less ORNL worked with OEM to develop the trans-critical CO2 commercial refrigeration system ORNL has demonstrated that a heat pump water heater refrigerant charge can be

10、 reduced to 114 grams while using propane as refrigerant 10 U.S.DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY&RENEWABLE ENERGY Next Generation Refrigerants Upcoming Workshops DOE hosted the first of a series of workshops aimed at breaking down barriers to low GWP refrigerants 4/1/2024-4/2/2024.Fo

11、cus space conditioning and water heating residential and light commercial Additional workshops anticipated throughout 2024 to address different product types and industries(e.g.,industrial).Interested stakeholders invited to contact Katharine.Kaplanee.doe.gov Todays Presenters Michael Deru,Manager A

12、dvanced Building Equipment Research Group National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)Pooya Soltanian Sedeh,Cluster Engineer IKEA Douglas Rheinheimer,Senior Vice President of Studio Services,Energy and Engineering,and Facility Operations Paramount Pictures Michael Deru National Renewable Energy Labora

13、tory Navigating the Maze of HFC Phasedown Regulations Michael Deru michael.derunrel.gov April 4,2024 NREL|14NREL|14 Why HFCs Matter Global phasedown of HFCs is expected to avoid 0.45C warming by 2100 World Meteorological Organization.2018.Global Ozone Research and Monitoring ProjectReport No.58 NREL

14、|15NREL|15HFC Phasedown Guide English and Spanish versions NREL|16NREL|16 Refrigerant Safety ASHRAE Standard 34 defines refrigerant safety classifications https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/85155.pdf R410A R134A R454B R32 Propane Ammonia NREL|17NREL|17 HVAC Refrigerants Global Warming Potentials(GWP)

15、of common refrigerants Systems Refrigerant Safety Group 20-year GWP 100-year GWP Packaged HVAC(RTUs,split systems,VRF,.)Current refrigerants R22 A1 5,280 1,760 R410A A1 4,260 1,924 Alternate refrigerants R32 A2L 2,430 677 R454B*A2L 1,675 466 Chillers Current refrigerants R22 A1 5,280 1,760 R134A A1

16、3,710 1,300 Alternate refrigerants R513A*A1 1,633 572 R1233zd*A1 1 1 R1234ze*A2L 1 500 g of refrigerant)Jan 1,2027 R404A,R407A,HFC 134A R454C,R455A,naturals*Equipment sales allowed through Jan 1,2026,for equipment made prior to Jan 1,2025 https:/www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction/regulatory-actions-

17、technology-transitions NREL|25NREL|25 AIM Act:Managing Use and Reuse of HFCs Proposed rule published October 2023 Leak repair for systems with 15 lb of refrigerants(53 GWP)Automatic leak detection for systems 1,500 lb of refrigerants Use of reclaimed refrigerant for new installations and servicing o

18、f existing equipment after Jan 1,2028 Disposable cylinders must go to certified reclaimer after Jan 1,2025 Requires tracking of all HFC containers used for servicing or installation of refrigerant containing equipment https:/www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction/managing-use-and-reuse-hfcs-and-substitu

19、tes NREL|26NREL|26 Minimize climate impacts from release Provide a sustainable resource for maintenance of existing equipment Washington HB 2401 sets up a refrigerant recovery program Refrigerant producers and importers pay into a fund Technicians are paid for refrigerant recovery and return Why Ref

20、rigerant Recovery is Important Refrigerant Recovery Australia National refrigerant management solution since 1993 https:/.au/NREL|27NREL|27 State HFC Regulations 12 states have finalized regulations restricting high GWP HFCs(California,Colorado,Delaware,Maine,Maryland,Massachusetts,New Jersey,New Yo

21、rk,Rhode Island,Vermont,Virginia,Washington)Most implemented EPA SNAP rules 20 and 21 with exceptions and/or additions EPA SNAP rules 20 and 21 banned high GWP refrigerants EPA SNAP rules 20 and 21 were released in 2016 and repealed in 2017 based on a federal lawsuit https:/usclimatealliance.org/NRE

22、L|28NREL|28 EPA certifications and regulations https:/www.epa.gov/section608 https:/www.epa.gov/snap https:/www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction California SNAP https:/ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/califo rnia-significant-new-alternatives-policy-snap NREL HFC Phasedown factsheet English and Spanish

23、 versions https:/betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/s ites/default/files/attachments/Hydrofluorocarbon Phasedown.pdf https:/betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/s ites/default/files/attachments/86844.pdf Resources NREL|29NREL|29Thank you Pooya Soltanian Sedeh IKEA US RETAIL LLC Inter IKEA

24、Systems B.V.2024Internal3115 to Phasedown Best Practices for Replacing HFCs with Low-GWP Refrigerants-April 2024 Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 Internal32 1 Policies and Legislations 2 IKEA Way 3 4 Challenges and Opportunities 5 Paths Moving Forward Agenda Background Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024Internal

25、Background Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 Internal34 IKEA Retail businessBackground IKEA Roadmap Define the Scope Current Position Measuring the Gap Evaluate Solutions Plan and Implement Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 InternalBackground Environmental Impact Indicators Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 Internal3

26、6 IKEA Retail businessBackground Refrigerants Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024InternalPolicies and Legislation Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024InternalPolicies and Legislation Global Approach Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024InternalPolicies and Legislation Impact on IKEA US RETAIL LLC Direct Impact Manufacturers a

27、nd importers Although no direct impact on IKEA,it positively supports us drive towards our sustainability goals High GWP Less available more costly Low GWP Increase in availability Decrease in cost Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 Internal40 IKEA Retail business IKEA Way Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 Inter

28、nalIKEA Way Low GWP Refrigerants Refrigerant HFOs e.g.R1234ze Hydrocarbons e.g.Propane(R290)Ammonia(R717)Carbon Dioxide(R744)GWP 1-7 3 0 1 Safety Rating A2L(typical)A2L-A3 B2L A1 PFAS Potential restrictions from 2025(EU)No impact No impact No impact Capital Cost Mid Mid High High Efficiency Mid Mid

29、High Low Equipment Lifetime Mid Mid High Mid IKEA Retail business Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 InternalIKEA Way Refrigerant Recommendations HVAC Application Retrofit New Equipment Future Small AC R452B R290 R1270 Medium AC R454B R454B R32 R468A Chillers with scroll compressors R515B R454B R452B R290

30、R1234ze R516A with screw compressors R515B R513A R290 R1234ze R717 with centrifugal compressors R515B R513A R1233zd R1336mzz R514A R1234ze R717 Heat Pump R454B R450A R452B R1233zd R290 R1234ze R744 R1270 R1234yf Refrigerants in red have been classified as PFAS in the EU PFAS Restrictions proposal In

31、ter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 InternalIKEA Way Refrigerant recommendations Catering Application Retrofit New Equipment Future Domestic refrigeration-R600a-Small self-contained refrigeration-R290-Large self-contained refrigeration R448A R449A R452A R407H R455A R454C R454A-Remote refrigeration R448A R449A

32、 R407H R744 R454A R290 R450A R513A R1234yf R717 R1234ze-R744-Refrigerants in red have been classified as PFAS in the EU PFAS Restrictions proposal Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 InternalPaths Moving Forward Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 Internal Drop-in replacement:minimal modifications to the existing e

33、quipment,as the drop-in refrigerant has near exact properties Retrofit replacement:require modifications to the existing equipment;may be costly,as the retrofit replacement may require smaller or larger charges,and may be of a different safety class;Some chemical properties may also limit compatibil

34、ity with some components or materials;Retrofit refrigerant is also used as a blanket term for both,as drop-in replacements would also be dependent on the equipment specifications Refrigerant replacement is a good solution in the short-and medium-term,with some refrigerants offering better refrigerat

35、ion properties than the refrigerants commonly used Paths Moving Forward Retrofit/drop-in Refrigerant Recommendations Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024Internal46IKEA Retail businessOld/Current Refrigerant Replacement Refrigerant GWP Category Safety class Timeframe Additional information HV AC R410A R452B 6

36、98 HFC/HFO blend A2L Current/mid-term Improved cooling and energy efficiency R454B 465 HFO B2L Current/mid-term Improved cooling and energy efficiency R470A 980 HFC/HFO blend A1 No impact Similar cooling and energy efficiency R466A 733 HFC blend A1 Current/mid-term Potential issues with compatibilit

37、y R134a R515B 293 HFC/HFO blend A1 Current/mid-term Slightly lower cooling performance R513A 629 HFO blend A1 Current/mid-term Similar cooling and energy efficiency R450A 605 HFC/HFO blend A1 Current/mid-term Slightly lower cooling performance Ref rig era tio n R404A R134a R407F R513A 629 HFO blend

38、A1 Current/mid-term Similar cooling and energy efficiency R450A 605 HFC/HFO blend A1 Current/mid-term Slightly lower cooling performance R407H 1,492 HFC blend A1 Current/mid-term Similar cooling and energy efficiency Paths Moving Forward Refrigerant Replacement Options Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 In

39、ternal47 IKEA Retail businessPaths Moving Forward Existing Equipment Focus should be placed on equipment efficiency and the refrigerant GWP;additionally,consider replacement of the entire HVAC or refrigeration system when large or multiple pieces of equipment require replacement Good Practice:Freque

40、nt leak checks,or leak detection systems for refrigerants Refrigerant recovery The use of recycled or reclaimed refrigerants Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 Internal48 IKEA Retail businessPaths Moving Forward New Equipment-Low-GWP-Low leakage rate-Energy efficient Indirect Emissions-TEWI(Total Equivalen

41、t Warming Impact)-LCCP(Life Cycle Climate Performance)Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024InternalChallenges and Opportunities Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024Internal50IKEA Retail businessChallenges and Opportunities Refrigerants and Safety at a Glance Inter IKEA Systems B.V.2024 Internal51 IKEA Retail businessR

42、egular Maintenance Seal and Insulate Equipment Employee Training Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling Documentation and Record-Keeping Periodic Leak Testing Regulatory Compliance Equipment Centralization Holistic Approach HVAC and Refrigeration Challenges and Opportunities Opportunities Inter IKEA Sys

43、tems B.V.2024 Internal52 IKEA Retail businessProduct Availability and Leadtime Regulatory Requirements Building Codes Flammability and Toxicity Constructability Recently Installed Equipment Variations between AHJs Requirements Challenges and Opportunities Challenges Douglas Rheinheimer Paramount Pic

44、tures 15 to Phasedown:Low Global Warming Potential(GWP)Refrigerants To keep the styles of the deck uncorrupted when pasting a text inside a text box,always use Home/Paste/Keep Text Only.Each image must cover its respective screen area.GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL:WHAT?1)Global Warming Potential(GWP)of a

45、 greenhouse gas(GHG)indicates the amount of warming a gas causes over a given period of time(normally 100 years)Why?Coming soon to a site near you.1)By January 1,2033,the maximum GWP of refrigerants entering the Californian market must not exceed 750,banning the sale of refrigerants like R448A,R449A

46、 and R134a 55 To keep the styles of the deck uncorrupted when pasting a text inside a text box,always use Home/Paste/Keep Text Only.Each image must cover its respective screen area.56 GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL(GWP)TABLE FOR EMISSONS GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL(GWP)TABLE FOR EMISSONS Which refrigerant is

47、 right for you?Why not CO2 heat pump?GWP of 1!Need higher temperature differential,interior to exterior(Delta T)Requires a higher pressure with permitting implications Does have higher output temperature range Why not another low GWP refrigerant?Lower GWP may be higher toxicity and higher flammabili

48、ty,i.e.A2L,see ASHRAE 34 categories Building codes implications,design and operational training requirements Challenges for new technologies United Laboratories(UL)listing or other Authority Having Jurisdiction(AHJ)expectations Correct application for technology AND applying/operating as intended It

49、s worth noting that different greenhouse gases last in the atmosphere for different lengths of time,and they also absorb different amounts of heat.The“global warming potential”(or“GWP)of a GHG indicated the amount of warming a gas causes over a given period(normally 100 years).GWP is an index,with C

50、O2 having the index value of 1,and the GWP for all other GHGs is the number of times more warming they cause compared to CO2.E.g.,1kg of methane causes 25 times more warming over a 100-year period compared to 1kg of CO2,and so methane has a GWP of 25 To keep the styles of the deck uncorrupted when p

51、asting a text inside a text box,always use Home/Paste/Keep Text Only.Each image must cover its respective screen area.Which refrigerant is right for you?Do you have an equipment manufacturer standard?Where are they in the replacement testing?Which ones have been vetted by National Labs and industry

52、experts?What climate zone is your installation in?Do you have your inventory?What is your capital investment plan?Lifecycle Analysis complete?57 OUR BIGGEST OPPORTUNITY IS COOLING THE SPACE OUR BIGGEST OPPORTUNITY IS COOLING THE SPACE Studio Lot Energy Profile To keep the styles of the deck uncorrup

53、ted when pasting a text inside a text box,always use Home/Paste/Keep Text Only.Each image must cover its respective screen area.58 HOW DOES LOW GWP FIT INTO YOUR SUSTAINABILITY PLAN?HOW DOES LOW GWP FIT INTO YOUR SUSTAINABILITY PLAN?-540 individual HVAC units-19,000 Facility lighting fixtures-50 mil

54、es of underground utilities To keep the styles of the deck uncorrupted when pasting a text inside a text box,always use Home/Paste/Keep Text Only.Each image must cover its respective screen area.59 HOW DOES LOW GWP FIT INTO YOUR STRATEGY?HOW DOES LOW GWP FIT INTO YOUR STRATEGY?Energy Measurement&Man

55、agement*Diversify Risk&Invest in Alternative Energy Sources Improve Facility Service&Quality Reduce Energy Consumption/Carbon Footprint HVAC Conversions Lighting Retrofits Network Control&Automation Underground Cable Upgrades Microgrid/Transformer Upgrades Power Distribution Upgrades Install Fuel Ce

56、lls/other options Install Solar Install Micro-turbines Prioritize Opportunities Smart Metering Measure Improvement Made Establishes measurement system Tracks benefits of programs implemented Reduced energy expense Reduced maintenance&operating cost Faster response Less interruption Higher reliabilit

57、y Improved comfort Reduces energy cost Redundant supply Eco responsible Improves ROIC Objectives Programs Benefits*Should precede all other programs in order to track benefits achieved To keep the styles of the deck uncorrupted when pasting a text inside a text box,always use Home/Paste/Keep Text On

58、ly.Each image must cover its respective screen area.60 Refrigerant Comparison Refrigerant Comparison To keep the styles of the deck uncorrupted when pasting a text inside a text box,always use Home/Paste/Keep Text Only.Each image must cover its respective screen area.Our focus is electric heat pumps

59、 and low GWP refrigerants Efficiency and carbon reduction Electrification Sunsetting of numerous refrigerants in CA/USA Larger temperature range than previous heat pumps evaluated Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)are up to 3,790 times more damaging to the climate than CO 50%in stationary residential,commerci

60、al and industrial air conditioning and refrigeration By January 1,2033,the maximum GWP of refrigerants entering the Californian market must not exceed 750,banning the sale of refrigerants like R448A,R449A and R134a 61 ELECTRIFICATION AND EMISSION CONTROL ARE HAND IN HAND ELECTRIFICATION AND EMISSION

61、 CONTROL ARE HAND IN HAND NEW TECHNOLOGY UNDER EVALUATION High-GWP Refrigerants|California Air Resources Board Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions|US EPA To keep the styles of the deck uncorrupted when pasting a text inside a text box,always use Home/Paste/Keep Text Only.Each image must cover its re

62、spective screen area.Someone has done this before you.Probably in this room No need to do the research and development,it has been done Step 1,make an accurate,up to date inventory of equipment assets Talk to your authority having jurisdiction(AHJ)and their interpretations of utilizing your refriger

63、ant of choice Talk to your standardized equipment manufacturer,discuss their known pros and cons Leverage your lifecycle and known capital investment models for assets If it is too good to be true,it is.Focus on efficiencies as well,coefficient of performances,refrigerant volumes,leakage points,recl

64、aiming/reuse/retrofits of existing assets 62 LESSONS LEARNED LESSONS LEARNED To keep the styles of the deck uncorrupted when pasting a text inside a text box,always use Home/Paste/Keep Text Only.Each image must cover its respective screen area.63 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME!QUESTIONS?THANK YOU FOR YOUR

65、TIME!QUESTIONS?Douglas Rheinheimer,PE Senior Vice President,Studio Services,Energy and Engineering,Facility Operations Paramount Pictures Douglas_R Q&A Your Feedback is Important to Us Use the 2024 Summit mobile app to:Find sessions by track Build your personal schedule Network with attendees Learn about speakers Provide feedback on the Summit Download Whova from the App Store or Google Play and search for the event Better Buildings Summit